OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY

Statistics and
Probability
 STATISTICS
Statistics is the study of collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and
organization of data. It is a mathematical discipline to collect and summarize
data.

Statistics is used to conduct research, evaluate outcomes, develop critical thinking,

and make informed decisions. It can be used to inquire about almost any field of
study to investigate why things happen, when they occur, whether reoccurrence
is predictable.

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 STATISTICS
Statistics is more concerned with the concept of randomness than the branch of pure
mathematics known as Probability Theory.

Statistics is preoccupied with making predictions;

Example: (1) Eruption of Taal Volcano.

(2) Population of the World in the next 10 years.
(3) Average score that student earns in Math class at the end of the Quarter.

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 PROBABILITY
Probability is a field of mathematics that deals with chance.

Experiment is any procedure that can be infinitely repeated and has a well-defined
set of possible outcomes, known as the sample space.

Outcome is a result of an experiment.

Event is any collection of outcomes, and a simple event is an event with only one
possible outcome.
Sample Space for a given experiment is a set S that contains all possible outcomes of
the experiment.
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 PROBABILITY
Probability is simply how likely something is to happen. Whenever we’re unsure
about the outcome of an event, we can talk about probabilities of certain outcomes–
how likely they are. The analysis of events governed by probability is called statistics.

It is also defined as the ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the total number
of outcomes of an event. The number of favorable outcomes can be denoted by x. The
formula to calculate the probability of an event is as follows.

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Example
The sample space for the experiment in throwing a die.

𝑆= {1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ,5 ,6 }
Find the probability of getting 5.

𝑛(5 ) 1
𝑃 ( 5 )=
𝑛 ( 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 )
𝑃 ( 𝑥 )=
6

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Example
What would be the probability of picking a black card at random from a
standard deck of 52 cards?
𝑛 ( 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 )
𝑃 ( 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 ) =
𝑛 ( 𝑆𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒 )
26
𝑃 ( 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 ) =
52
1
𝑃 ( 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 ) =
2

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Determine the questions below whether they are
STATISTICS or PROBABILITY.

How old are the people Does it rain often in

living in Macabling, Laguna than in Cavite?
Laguna?
STATISTICS STATISTICS
How many chances are
How many chances to
there to pick a king in a
get "tail" when tossing a
deck of cards?
coin?
PROBABILITY PROBABILIT 8
 Random Variable
A variable whose function of value at a random experiment determined by the
outcome of a probable occurrence is called a random variable.

A variable whose value is unknown or a function that assigns values to each of an

experiments.

It is inferred that a random variable is an operation in mathematics defined over the

sample space of a statistical experiment and generally assumes diverse values
with a definite probability linked with a piece value.

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EXAMPLE 1
Let us presume that two coins are tossed. What will be the
sample space?

H HH
H t HT
S={HH, HT, TH, TT}
t H TH
t TT
PROBABILITY TREE 10
 Let x (random variable) be the number of heads and with
each sample point we can associate a number for x as
shown in the table below:
OUTCOME X

HH 2
HT 1
Hence, X= {0, 1, 2}
TH 1
TT 0
X 0 1 2
X= 0 : TT
P(x) ¼ ½ ¼
X= 1 : HT TH
X= 2 : HH
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EXAMPLE 2
OUTCOME X
Find the random variable in tossing three coins. Let X
be number of heads. HHH 3
H HHT 2
HTH 2
H t HTT 1
H t H
t
THH
THT
2
1

t H H TTH 1
t
t H
TTT 0
S={HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT,
t THH, THT, TTH, TTT}
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 In tossing a three coins, what are the possible outcomes that
only two heads will fall?

Tossing three coin at the same time.

Define X = number of heads obtained

X= 0 : TTT
X= 1 : HTT THT TTH x 0 1 2 3
X= 2 : HHT HTH THH P(x) 1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
X= 3 : HHH

Hence, X= {0, 1, 2, 3}
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EXAMPLE 4
Write all the possible values of each random variable.

X: Even number outcomes in a roll

of a die.
S={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
X={2, 4, 6}
Y: Odd number outcomes in a roll of
a die.
S={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Y={1, 3, 5}
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EXAMPLE 3
Write all the possible values of each random variable.

Z: Scores of a student in a 10- item S={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

test.
Z={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

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KAYA PA?
LET’S GO!

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TWO TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLE

DISCRETE AND
CONTINUOUS
VARIABLE
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 DISCRETE VARIABLE
It refers to random variable which takes only a limited or a countable number
of values.

LIMITED FINITE COUNTABLE

EXAMPLE: (1) Number of boys in the classroom

(2) Number of words in a spoken word poetry

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 CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
It deals with random variable X which take any value between certain
intervals.
LOTS OF
MEASURED
INFINITE POSSIBLE
DATA
VALUES
EXAMPLE: (1) Weight of students in a class
(2) Amount of lemonade in a jug

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ACTIVITY
Identify the following whether it is a discrete variable of continuous
variable.

1. Amount of salt in a glass container

2. Number of pupils joined the Math Club
3. Speed of a Honda Civic car to the East
4. Average weight of 6 years old children in a barangay
5. Scores of 100 Grade 11 students in a test

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 Homework
Two dice are rolled together.
1. Illustrate a probability table.
2. What will be the sample space?
3. What is the probability of getting at least one ‘4’?
4. Let X be the pair with sum of 5.

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