Fundamentals of computer

GAJENDRA SURYAKANT POTDAR

FYBBA
2ND SEMESTER
ROLL NO: 234007
1. Types of operating system
 Types of operating systems
DISTINGUISHED BY THE RESPONSE TIME AND HOW DATA IS
ENTERED INTO THE SYSTEM
• SINGLE USER
• MULTI USER
• MULTITASKING
• MULTI PROCESSING
• EMBEDDED
• REAL TIME
  SINGLE USER
TWO TYPES:-
 SINGLE USER , SINGLE TASK
 SINGLE USER , MULTI TASKING
 Single user ,single task
• DESIGNED TO MANAGE THE COMPUTER SO
THAT ONE USER CAN EFFECTIVELY DO ONE
THING AT A TIME
• EXAMPLE : THE PALM OS FOR PALM
HANDHELD COMPUTERS
 Single user , multi tasking
• DESIGNED WITH A SINGLE USER IN MIND BUT CAN
DEAL WITH MANY APPLICATIONS RUNNING AT THE
SAME TIME
• TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM MOST PEOPLE USE
THEIR LAPTOP , PC COMPUTERS TODAY
• EXAMPLE: MICROSOFT WINDOWS AND APPLE MAC’S
PLATFORM
 Multi user
• ALLOWS MANY DIFFERENT USERS TO TAKE
ADVANTAGE OF THE COMPUTERS RESOURCES
SIMULTANEOUSLY
• ALLOWS MULTIPLE USERS TO ACCESS THE COMPUTER
SYSTEM AT THE SAME TIME
• TIME SHARING SYSTEM AND INTERNET SERVES AS THE
MULTI USER SYSTEMS
• EXAMPLES : UNIX, VIMS , AND MAINFRAME OPERATING
SYSTEM
 Multi tasking
• ALLOWS MORE THAN ONE PROGRAM TO RUN
CONCURRENTLY
• THE TASKS SHARE COMMON PROCESSING
RESOURCES
• IN THE PROCESS ONLY ONE CPU IS INVOLVED
• EXAMPLE :- WINDOWS ,MACOS , AND LINUX
  Multi processing
• REFERS TO UTILIZATION OF MULTIPLE CPUS IN A
SINGLE COMPUTER SYSTEM
• ENABLES SEVERAL PROGRAMS TO RUN
CONCURRENTLY
• REFERS TO ABILITY OF A SYSTEM TO SUPPORT
MORE THAN ONE PROCESSOR
• EXAMPLE:- UNIX OPERATING SYSTEM
 Embedded OS
• DESIGNED TO BE USED IN EMBEDDED COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
• ARE ABLE TO OPERATE WITH A LIMITED NUMBER
OF RESOURCES ON SMALL MACHINES
• ARE VERY COMPACT AND EXTREMELY DIFFICULT
EFFICIENT BY DESIGN
• IS A COMPUTER THAT IS PART OF A DIFFERENT
KIND OF MACHINE
• EXAMPLES INCLUDE COMPUTERS IN CARS,
DIGITAL TELEVISIONS ,TAMS , ETC.
 Real time operating system
• IT IS A MULTITASKING OPERATING SYSTEM
THAT AIMS AT EXECUTING REAL-TIME
APPLICATIONS
• THE MAIN OBJECTIVE OF REAL – TIME
OPERATING SYSTEM IS THEIR QUICK AND
PREDICTABLE RESPONSE TO EVENTS
• IN IT , THE TIME INTERVAL REQUIRED TO
PROCESS AND RESPOND TO INPUTS IS SO SMALL
THAT IT CONTROLS THE ENVIRONMENT
2. Various computer
programming languages
Computer language is the language of the
computer . It is different from the language that we
usually use to communicate. Machine code is a
computer language, which is given in a series of 0s
and 1s. It is a tiny electronic switch that is either
‘on’ or ‘off’ . When the switch is ‘on’ it represents 1
and when the switch is off , it represents 0 . The
using of only two number is called as binary code .
COMPUTER LANGUAGE IS DIVIDED INTO TWO TYPES

1. HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE (HILL)

2. LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE (LLL)
 High level language
 HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE BRINGS THE
PROGRAMMING CLOSER TO HUMAN LANGUAGE
 HILL HAVE THEIR OWN PUNCTUATION (SYNTAX)
RULES WHICH ARE STRICTLY OBSERVED
 HILL ARE NEEDED TO BE CONVERT INTO
MACHINE LANGUAGE . THE CONVERSION IS
DONE BY A GROUP OF PROGRAMS AS CALLED
COMPUTERS .
 Advantages of HILL:-
1. IN HILL INSTRUCTIONS ARE EASY TO READ , WRITE AND
UNDERSTAND
2. EASY TO UPDATE THE INSTRUCTIONS
3. EASY TO REMEMBER THE ADDRESS SEQUENCE OF
INSTRUCTIONS
4. EASY TO CONSTRUCT THE COMPLEX LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS
5. HILL ARE COMMON FOR ALL THE MACHINES , SINCE IT IS
MACHINE INDEPENDENT
 Disadvantages of HILL
1. PROCESSING SPEED IS TO SLOW
2. IT OCCUPIES MORE MEMORY SPACE
 Lower level language
 THE ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE AND MACHINE
LANGUAGE ARE CONSIDERED TO BE LOW LEVEL
LANGUAGES
 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE IS A STEP ABOVE THE
MACHINE
 CORRECT PROGRAMS ARE COMPILED AND
INTERPRETED TO LOW LEVEL LANGUAGE AND
EXECUTED BY THE COMPUTER
 Advantages of LLL
1. PROCESSING SPEED IS HIGH BECAUSE
IT IS ONE TO ONE LANGUAGE
2. TRANSLATION OF THE PROGRAM IS NOT
REQUIRED
3. IT OCCUPIES LESS MEMORY SPACE
 Disadvantages of LLL
1. LLL INSTRUCTIONS ARE DIFFICULT TO READ , WRITE, AND
UNDERSTAND
2. DIFFICULT TO UPDATE THE INSTRUCTIONS
3. DIFFICULT TO REMEMBER THE ADDRESS SEQUENCE OF
INSTRUCTIONS
4. PROGRAMMING METHODOLOGY VARY FROM MACHINE
TO MACHINE
5. ONLY SPECIALIST CAN BE ABLE TO OPERATE THESE
LANGUAGES
 Conclusion
THE ADVANCE COMPUTERS NOW NO LONGER
USES THE OLDER LANGUAGES FOR THEIR
OPERATIONS . IT HAS BEEN DEVELOPED AND
HAS BECOME MORE AND MORE USER FRIENDLY
THANKYOU