PRATIK MISHRA

CHEMISTRY(SCIEN
CE)
CARBON AND ITS COMPOUND

SOAPS AND
DETERGENTS
 TYPE OF REACTION
*This reaction are the properties of carbon
compounds.
* There are 4 type of reaction :-

1) COMBUSTION REACTION
2) OXIDATION REACTION
3) ADDITION REACTION
4) SUBSTITUTION REACTION
COMBUTION REACTION
*When carbon compound reacts with oxygen it
gives carbon dioxide along with light and heat and
sometime water is also produced.

*Carbon compound + oxygen  carbon

dioxide + water + heat +light

Example :-
CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O + Heat + Light
Some thing about combustion
* Saturated carbon compound ( Alkane) gives a clean
blue flam . It is known as complete combustion.

* Unsaturated carbon compounds (Alkyne and

Alkene) burns with a yellow flame with a lot of black
smoke. It is know as incomplete combustion.
•And incomplete combustion result in sooty deposit.

IMPORTANT PYQ
Why cooking vessels get blackened ?
Oxidation reaction
* A reaction in which oxygen is added to a
compound/molecule/atom is known as oxidation
reaction.
•Some substance are capable of adding oxygen
too others. This substance are known as oxidising
agent.

* Carbon is a good oxidising agent.

 Addition reaction
•Unsaturated carbon compounds add hydrogen in the
presence of catalysts such as nickel and forms
saturated hydro carbon. And such reaction is known
as addition reaction.

* Such reaction is also known as hydrogenation.

*This reaction is commonly used in the formation of

vanaspati ghee.(NOTE important pyq)
* CATALYSTS :- The substance that causes a
reaction to occur or proceed at different rate without
the reaction itself being affected.
Substitution reaction
* A type of reaction in which one type of atom or a
group of atom take place of another atom. This
reaction is known as substitution reaction.

* Saturated hydrocarbon are fairly unreactive and

are inert . But in the presence of sun light chlorine
is added to hydrogen is a very fast reaction.
Chlorine can replace the hydrogen atom one by
one.
Formation of coal & petroleum
* When dead plant and animal got burried under the
soil and it remain inside the soil for millions of year.
Due to high temperature and high pressure the dead
plant and animal got converter into coal. And this
process is known as carbonisation.

* When the aquatic organism die they sink in the

sea and soil deposited over them after million of
years that dead organism got converted to
petroleum du to high pressure and high
temperature.
Why do substance with or without flame
* A flame is only produced when gaseous substances
burn.
* When wood or charcoal is ignited the volatile
substance present vaporise and burn with a flame in
the beginning and then after sometime start glowing.
And produces heat.
SOAPS AND DETERGENTS
* This are sodium and potassium salts of long chain
of fatty acid.
* The fatty acid contain long chain of 16-18 carbon
atoms .
* The general formula of soap is - RCOONa
•Soap is divided into 2 parts
(1) pollar part (COONa) – hydrophilic
(2) Non pollar part (R) – hydrophobic

•Hydrophilic :- attracted by water

•Hydrophobic :- not attracted by water
SOAPS AND DETERGENTS
* Most dirt is oily in nature.
* The ionic end of soap interacts with water while the
carbon chain interacts with oil. The soap molecule
thus form structure called micelles.
* Micelles is a structure where one end of the
molecule is toward the oil droplet while the ionic end
faces outside.
* And when any external force is applied then the
micelles come out and clean the dirt.
SOAPS AND DETERGENTS
* Some time when soap reacts with calcium and
magnesium salt it produce a insoluble substance a
precipited and that is known as scum.
* Scum is the cause of hardness of water and we
need to use larger amount of soap . And to
overcome this problem another class of compound
called detergent is used as cleaning agent.
* Detergents are generally sodium salts of
sulphonic acid.
* Detergent is used to make shampoos and products
of cleaning c;oths.
THANK YOU FOR GIVING ME A
CHANCE TO PRESENT MYSELF
BRFORE SUCH A GREAT
GEATHERIGN!!!!
THANK YOU !!!
THANK YOU VERY MUCH !!!
HAVE A NICE DAY