Interpreting Plans

Lesson 3
and Drawings
 Defenition of
Terms
Filler-a temporary plant usually
small and early bearing one which
planted in between plants.
Planting board-a device used in lay-
outing the area for the crops.
​L a y - o u t i n g - l o c a t i n g t h e p o s i t i o n o f
plant in the orchard.
Staking-the placing of the pole to
mark the position of the plant to be
set.
​
 Defenition of
Terms
Orchard-an establishment
where fruit bearing crops are
grown.
Irrigation-the application of
water to the soil by any other
means than rainfall.
​
 Farm Plants
and Layouts
The Farming for the Future‘ (FFTF)
program can help you to plan the best
farm layout. It is an initiative of
NSW Government agencies focusing
on whole farm planning. A whole
farm plan considers the farm‘s
physical, financial and
human/personal resources for
both now and the future.
 Site
Assesment
An on-site assessment of a farm is
necessary so that a map can be drawn
of the property‘s
t o p o g r a p h y, b o u n d a r i e s , s o i l s , w a t e r
resources and so on, and a farm
business plan can be
formulated.
 Governmen
Acquaint yourself
t Plans
with relevant
Environmental Plans (REPs), Local Environmental
Plans (LEPs), and Development Control Plans
Regional

(DCPs) and their short and long-term effects

on your proposed or existing farm enterprise. This
will help reduce unforeseen risks and
enhance your farm business. Council‘s building
approval or development consent (DAs) may
be needed for siting greenhouses, siting and
constructing dams or erecting hail and
windbreak netting. Council approval to clear land or
a no burning of crop debris or waste
m a t e r i a l s o n f a r m ‘ m a y a p p l y. C o n s e n t w i l l b e
required if odor or noise is a nuisance likely to
be generated from the development.
 ​ esirable
D
Layout of
Site Selection
Site selection is im Vegetable
portant. Slopes to

m a x i m u m s u n l i g h t , Farm
the north east are preferred for
warmth, and
protection from wind. Slopes are
p r o n e t o e r o s i o n a n d n e e​d t o b e
f a r m e d w i t h c a r e . To p r e v e n t s o i l
erosion and the silting of waterways,
do not grow vegetables on slopes
greater than seven degrees (7°)..
​
 ​ esirable
D
Layout of
Buffer Zones
Vegetable
Buffer zones are areas of vegetated land
need to be established or left in place to
Farm
protect sensitive environmental areas
and provide a habitat/sanctuary for

​
wildlife. They should be located between
the area of farm activity and any areas of
possible water quality impairment or
contamination. Wa t e r environs or
f e a t u r e s t o b e p r o t e c t e d a r e :​
 ​ esirable
D
Layout of
Vegetable
Riparian areas ​ include flood plains, adjacent to
rivers and streams and other watercourses.
We t l a n d s ( t h e a r e a s o f l a n d t h a t a r e e i t h e r

Farm
temporarily or permanently covered with shallow
w a t e r, a n d w h i c h p l a y a c r u c i a l r o l e i n n u t r i e n t
r e c y c l i n g ) . We t l a n d s h a v e a h i g h e c o l o g i c a l
productivity and should not be drained, filled or
used as storages.
​
Drainage lines. Care for your creek. Leave a strip
of uncleared native vegetation between the top of
the bank and your farming activities for at least
20 m for small streams and 50–100 m for rivers
like the Hawkesbury–Nepean. This buffer zone
will intercept and filter farm chemical and
nutrient run-off.
 ​ esirable
D
Layout of
S o i l t y p e s n e e d t oVegetable
Soil types
be suitable for the

t y p e s a r e d e e p , w e l l - dFarm
crop being grown. The better soil
rained sands,
sandy loams and loams. Heavy clays
a r e m u c h l e s s s u i t a b l e a s t​h e y d r a i n
p o o r l y a n d w a t e r l o g e a s i l y. I f i n
doubt have a physical test of the soil
type.
 ​ esirable
D
Layout of
C h e c k f o r g r o u n d wVegetable
Groundwater contamination
ater contamination.
Any contamination of the groundwater
b y p o l l u t a n t s c a n a ff eFarm
ct your farm
business operations. Although well-
drained soils are
​
preferred
growing vegetables, there is a greater
for

risk that pesticides, herbicides and

fertilizer can leach through them and
contaminate groundwater resources.
 ​ esirable
D
Layout of
Wi n d p r o t e c t i o n a Vegetable
Wi n d b r e a k s
nd screening of the

p a d d o c k s i s r e c o m m e n dFarm
w h o l e f a r m a n d o f i n d i v i d u a l l a rg e
ed. Screening
o f t h e p r o p e r t y, e s p e c i a l l y w i t h t r e e s ,
p r e v e n t s m a n y c o m p l a i n t s a​b o u t f a r m
a c t i v i t i e s . Wi n d b r e a k s a l s o p r e v e n t
drift and movement of sprays, dust,
pests, and noise to adjoining areas.
 ​ esirable
D
Layout of
Vegetable
Soil management
​Yo u n e e d t o p l a n y o u r s o i l m a n a g e m e n t
strategies. It is important to provide good

Farm
drainage and install grassed drainage/
waterways in conjunction with fields
designed to prevent erosion from irrigation

​
a n d h e a v y r a i n . To p r e v e n t s o i l e r o s i o n o n a
3° slope on Hawkesbury sandstone derived
soils (sandy clay loam), you will need
contour banks at intervals of 50 m. The
Soil and Ve g e t a t i o n Management
D i r e c t o r a t e o f D LW C o f f e r s e x p e r t a d v i c e
in this area.
 ​ esirable
D
Layout of
Vegetable
Wa t e r m a n a g e m e n t
Wa t e r m a n a g e m e n t s t r a t e g i e s r e q u i r e p r e -
c r o p p i n g a s s e s s m e n t . Wa t e r s u p p l i e s m u s t

Farm
be able to meet the needs of crops in
periods of drought when water demand is
the highest. Inadequately designed water

​W a t e r
​
supplies will limit crop production and
p r o f i t a b i l i t y. quality is also
important. Poor water quality reduces the
growth and yield of crops. Using poor
quality water can damage both the
physical and chemical properties of the
soil.
 ​ esirable
D
Layout of
f l o o d i r r i g a t i o n i nVegetable
Av o i d h i g h - v o l u m e s p r i n k l e r a n d
areas of high soil
and/or water salinity or where the
w a t e r t a b l e i s r i s iFarm ng. In such
situations use low volume mini
sprinklers or drip irrigation and
irrigate at night.
​
 Orchard
Planting and
L a y o u t o f a n o Planting
​L AY O U T I N G
rchard is very
important. Layout means fixing the
p o s i t i o n o f t r e e s , rDesigns
oads, buildings,
etc. in an orchard being planned.
There are various systems of layout
in an orchard. Systems of layout
​
refer to the design of planting the
trees. It is desirable to have the trees
planted in a systematic way because:
 Orchard
Planting and
a n d Planting
​( 1 ) orchard operations like
intercultural irrigation are
carried out easily; (2) it makes
p o s s i b l e t h e d i s t r i Designs
bution of areas
equally for each tree; (3) it results in
maximum utilization of an area
​
a c c o r d i n g t o d i ff e r e n t k i n d s o f t r e e s ;
and (4) it makes supervision more
e a s y a n d e ff e c t i v e .
 Orchard
Planting and
T h e r e a r e f i v e s y s Planting
​S y s t e m s o f P l a n t i n g
tems of planting
fruit trees. In all these systems, trees
a r e p l a n t e d i n r o wDesignss. The distance
between row to row and plant to
plant varies with the system, type of
​
f r u i t t r e e s a n d t h e i r v a r i e t i e s . Tr e e s
with bigger canopy require greater
distance between them and vice
versa.
 Orchard
Planting and
I n s q u a r e s y s t e m ,Planting
​A . S q u a r e s y s t e m
the trees are
planted in four corners of a square
k e e p i n g t h e s a m e dDesigns
istance between
rows and from plant to plant in the
​
s a m e r o w. T h i s i s t h e s i m p l e s t a n d
easiest system of plantation.
 Orchard Planting
Design
and Planting
Advantagaes Disadvantages

>Irrigation channels and

paths can be made
straight >Comparatively less number of
>Operations like trees is accommodated in given
plowing, harrowing, area.
cultivation, spraying, and >Distance between plant to plant
h a r v e s t i n g b e c o m e s e a s y. and row to row remains the same
>Better supervision of and, hence, certain amount of
the orchard is possible as space in the middle of four trees
one gets a view of the
is wasted
orchard from one end to
t h e o t h e r.
 Orchard
Planting and
I n r e c t a n g u l a r s y s t ePlanting
​B . R e c t a n g u l a r s y s t e m
m the trees are
planted in the same way as in a
square system e xDesigns
cept that the
distance between rows will be more
than the distance between plants in
​
t h e s a m e r o w. F o u r a d j a c e n t t r e e s i n
this system make a rectangular
design.
 Orchard Planting
Design
and Planting
Advantagaes Disadvantages

>Intercultural operations
c a n b e c a r r i e d o u t e a s i l y.
>Irrigation channel can be >A large area of the orchard
made length and breadth between rows is wasted if
wise. intercropping is not practiced.
>Light can penetrate into >Less number of trees are
the orchard through the
planted.d
large inter spaces between
rows.
>Better supervision is
possible. 5. Intercropping
is possible.
.
 Orchard
Planting and
q u i n c u nPlanting
​C . Q u i n c u n x o r D i a g o n a l s y s t e m
B a s i c a l l y, x or diagonal
system is the same as the square
s y s t e m e x c e p t f o r tDesigns
he addition of a
tree in the center of each square. In
this system, the number of trees
planted in the same area is almost
​
double. But the distance between the
trees is much reduced. For this
reason, trees with shorter life space
a r e c h o s e n f o r t h e c e n t e r.
 Orchard
Planting and
f u l l s i z e , t h e c e n t r aPlanting
​B y t h e t i m e t h e m a i n t r e e s g r o w i n t o
l trees will have
finished their life cycle. The central
t r e e s a r e k n o w n a s f iDesigns
ller crop and the
others as main crop. If the filler crop
hinders seriously the growth of main
trees, it should be removed Papaya,
​
Guava, Lime, plum and peaches are a
few examples of filler crops in
orchards with trees like mango jack
and tamarind.
 Orchard Planting
Design
and Planting
Advantagaes Disadvantages

>Additional income can be

>skills is required to layout the
earned from the filler crop
till the main crop comes orchard.
into bearing. >Inter/filler crop can interfere
>Compared to square to with the growth of the main crop.
square and rectangular >Intercultural operations become
systems, almost double the difficult.
number of trees can be
p l a n t e d i n i t i a l l y.
>Spacing of the main crop0 is
>Maximum utilization of reduced if the filler crop is
the land is possible. allowed to continue after the
growth of the main crop.
 Orchard
Planting and
I n t h e h e x a g o n a l s y sPlanting
​D . H e x a g o n a l s y s t e m
tem, the trees are
planted at the corners of an equilateral
t r i a n g l e . S i x s u c h t r iDesigns
angles are joined
together to form a hexagon. Six trees

hexagon with a seventh in ​

are positioned at the corners of this
the center
all arranged in the three rows.
However the distance between tree to
tree in six directions from the central
tree remains the same.
 Orchard Planting
Design
and Planting
Advantagaes Disadvantages

>Compared to square
> Intercultural operations become
system 15% more trees can
be planted. difficult.
>It is an ideal system for > Skill is required to layout the
the fertile and well orchard.
irrigated land.
>Plant to plant distance
can be maintained the
same.
>More income can be
obtained.
 Orchard
Planting and
a n Planting
​E . C o n t o u r s y s t e m
Contour is imaginary line
connecting all points of equal
e l e v a t i o n a c r o s s a sDesigns
lope. In a hilly
area, a lot of depressions, ridges,
furrows, and place surface are found.
But when planting is done, a line is
​
made by connecting all the points of
the same elevation across the slope
from a base line. This spacing is
m a i n t a i n e d o n t h i s r o w.
 Orchard
Planting and
H o w e v e r, r o w t o r o w d i s t a n c e w i l l n o t b e t h e

Planting
same since the degree of slope varies from
spot to spot. Points of equal elevation at a
distance equal to plant to plant spacing are

Designs
market with the help of Dumpy level or other
suitable instruments. In these system contour
lines themselves become the rows and are
​
marked at the row to row distance. However it
is not possible to maintain the row to row
distance strictly all long the rows. Whenever
distance between adjacent contour line is
almost double, another contour is fitted in
that space.
 Orchard Planting
Design
and Planting
Advantagaes
>This system can be adopted in hilly regions and in leveled
land.
>Contour system can control the soil erosion.
> I t h e l p s s i m u l t a n e o u s l y i n t h e c o n s e r v a t i o n o f w a t e r.
>Preservation of plant nutrients supplied by manures and
fertilizers is possible.
>Contours from an easy path movements on the hill slopes are
used for carrying out various orchard operations such as
weeding, manuring, pruning, harvesting, disease and pest
control.
 Orchard Planting
Design
and Planting
Disadvantagaes

>Laying out of contour lines is difficult and time consuming.

>Special skill is required to layout this system.
>Special instruments are required for making contour lines.
>The row to row distance will not be equal and adjustments may
be required in the plant to plat distance.
>Rows are broken in to bits and pieces.
 Orchard
Planting and
Procedure for layout

Planting
In the layout procedures for different
system, a few common steps can be identified.
1. Measure the land.

Designs
2. Decide the types of trees to be
plated, planting distance and the system of
plating.
​
3. Prepare a plan on the paper marking
all details.

Preparing a plan on paper is tedious and time consuming but

the actual layout becomes easier.
 Orchard
Planting and
t h e p l o t o r a c o n t o uPlanting
​A b a s e l i n e ( p a r a l l e l t o a n y s i d e o f
r line) is market
always at the beginning of the layout
a n d i t f o r m s a Designs row of trees.
Subsequent rows are marked parallel
to this base line except in contour
system. The position of the trees in
​
each row is marked using the wooden
pegs leaving a space equal to half the
plant to plant distance on either side
(boundary).
 Orchard
Planting and
t h e t r e e s m a y s p rPlanting
​O t h e r w i s e , t h e r o o t s a n d c a n o p y o f
ead beyond the
b o u n d a r y. D e p e n d i n g o n t h e l e n g t h
a n d w i d t h o f t h e l a nDesigns
d, plant to plant
and row to row distances, boundary
space may be reasonably adjusted.
While preparing the blue print, all
​
these factors are taken into
consideration.
Thank
 How Crops are
Arranged
Row pl
anting
in
as in Row Planting
Crops are planted in rows or straight
applied
nal
r
conven
i z o n t
t i
al farm
o
ing lines, either singly or in multiple rows,
ho s a
ening i
or gard
system
of gro w ing
r
mainly to enhance maximum yields as
n linea
pa
crops i
t t e r n in at le
ast well as for convenience. An east-west
ection
one dir
rather
than
g
row orientation is preferred to maximize
plantin
withou
distinc
t any
t
light absorption, but this is not always
. It is
a r r
a
a
c
n
t
g
i
e
c
me
e
n t
d in mo
st possible. In many cases the topography
pr hether
crops w
direct
seeded
,
r
that includes the shape, terrain and slope
anted o
transpl
grown
from
g
of the land, as well as the location of
t i v e plantin
vege
materia
t a
ls, bot
h in
and
existing vegetation, roads, irrigation
n o c r opping
m o
le crop
ping . lines, buildings and physical barriers,
multip
dictate the row orientation.
 The specific advantages of row planting
over broadcasting or scattter
planting include the following :
1. l i g h t a b s o r p t i o n i s m a x i m i z e d a n d , c o n v e r s e l y, t h e e x c e s s i v e
shading effect of other plants is minimized thus favoring more
efficient
photosynthesis and improved crop yield;

2. wind passage along the interrows is enhanced which increases gas

exchanges and prevents excessive humidity;

3. access through the interrows facilitates cultivation, weeding, and

other farm operations including hauling;

4. movement within the crop area is convenient and allows close

inspection of individual plants;

5. visibility is enhanced.
 Row Planting
Arrangement
In row-planted fruit trees and other
Row-planted crops are either
perennial crops like coconut, oil palm
arranged in equidistant single rows
and rubber, the common types of
or in planting or spatial arrangement are
multiple rows. Planting in single the square, rectangular, quincunx, and
rows is most common in
monocropping or sole triangular or hexagonal.
cropping, the growing of a single
crop.
Different systems of planting arrangement within the row are practiced in
both
single and multiple row planting, depending on the characteristics and
requirement of the crop, particularly its extent of canopy expansion. In the
hill method of planting crops by direct seeding, the crops are arranged,
singly or in group, in uniform distances. But in the drill method, the only
c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s a u n i f o r m n u m b e r o f p l a n t s p e r l i n e a r m e t e r.
 Multiple Row Planting
Arrangement
Multiple row planting is a system of growing
crops in blocks or strips of 2 or more rows. The
adjacent blocks are separated by a space which
may remain vacant or planted to other crops.
This planting arrangement is common in
multiple cropping in which two or more crops
are grown in the same piece of land. It is also
employed in monocropping where an alley wide
enough to facilitate passage is needed.
Coconut and other perennial crops are often
intercropped with multiple rows of annual crops
like corn and pineapple. This is a common practice
of maximizing the use of vacant interrow spaces
when the maincrop has not fully developed thus
allowing sufficient light exposure. In some farms,
the intercrop consists of multiple rows of such
crops as coffee, cacao and banana. In this system,
both single row planting (for the maincrop) and
multiple row planting (for the intercrop) are
combined.

In vegetable production that employs

close spacing and where crops should be
within easy reach, the common practice is
to plant in plots having multiple rows. A
space between plots is provided to allow

passage .
 Spatial
Arrangement
in is
Spatial arrangement
the systematic
Intercropping
apportioning of the farm
area or any
growing surface for crop
production .
 In multiple cropping by intercropping,
the intercrop can be planted in any of
the following ways::

1 . within the rows of the maincrop;

2. between the rows of the maincrop;

3. in replacement series planting of the intercrop between two

adjacent hills within the same row of the main crop allows interrow
cultivation but the intercrop has limited exposure to sunlight.

This is exemplified by the planting of peanut or mungbean between

corn plants
within the same row or two coffee plants that are 3 m apart
between coconut plants.
 Spatial Arrangement in
Intercropping
Single row planting of the intercrop can also be done
between the rows of the maincrop. For example, peanut
or mungbean can be dibbled between two adjacent rows
of corn. This system of planting arrangement is
likewise common in coconut farms where fruit trees
like durian, lanzones and mangosteen are grown in
single rows between coconut.

In replacement series, one or more rows that are intended for

the maincrop are replaced with the intercrop. For example, a
3:2 corn+mungbean intercrop means that for every 4 rows that
are intended for sole corn, only 3 rows are planted to corn and
one row may be substituted with 2 rows of mungbean. Another
practice is in strip intercropping, for example the
simultaneous growing of 6 rows corn and 12 rows soybean in
alternating strips. These particular examples result to multiple
row planting arrangement.
 Methods of Planting Crops
in the Farm
In general, there are two methods of planting crops:
direct seeding and transplanting.
Direct seeding is either by broadcast, hill or dibble, or
by drill method. The hill and the drill
methods are alternative options in row planting.

Direct seeding or direct sowing is a method of planting

in which seeds are directly planted on the ground in the
farm or any growing surface while transplanting makes
use of pre-grown plants, seedlings or vegetatively
propagated clones. The term transplanting is also used
to refer to the practice of replanting an already
established plant in one location and moving it
elsewhere.
 methods of planting crops in
the farm
Direct seeding generally applies to large-seeded vegetables
a s we l l a s i n c e re a l s a nd gra i n l e gum e s. Tra nspl a nt i ng i s
most common with small-seeded vegetables, vegetatively
propagated crops, ornamental crops, fruit trees and many
perennial crops. The term direct seeding is also commonly
used to refer to the planting of seedpieces or underground
vegetative planting materials directly into the soil.

Planting crops by broadcasting or sabog tanim, or scatter

planting, commonly applies to small seeds, like rice and
mungbean, that are capable of germination and sustained
g r o w t h w i t h o u t s o i l c o v e r. T h e r e i s n o c o n t r o l o f p l a n t - t o -
plant spacing. The seeds are simply distributed on a well
p r e p a r e d g r o u n d b y h a n d o r w i t h a m e c h a n i c a l b r o a d c a s t e r.
 Methods of Planting Crops
in the Farm
With hand broadcasting, a volume of seeds is held by the hand
and thrown with a wide swath. Skill is important to ensure
even distribution of seeds per unit ground area
based on the desired seeding rate per hectare. For example, a
seeding rate of 100 kg per hectare means that the seeds have
to be distributed at an average of 0.01 kg or 10 g per sq
m e t e r. A s s u m i n g t h a t t h e c r o p i s r i c e w i t h a w e i g h t o f 1 0 0 0
grains of 29 grams, this is equivalent to a seeding rate of
a b o u t 3 4 5 s e e d s p e r s q m e t e r.

Excessive seeding per unit area will mean that the

prepared seeds will have been completely sown but a
portion of the farm is still unplanted, and so additional
s e e d s n e e d t o b e p r o c u r e d . C o n v e r s e l y, s e e d i n g b e l o w
the average will complete the planting of the entire
farm with some seeds still left.
 Methods of Planting Crops
in the Farm
In lowland rice, the seeds are broadcasted on puddled soil or
over water and allowed to germinate without covering. The
broadcast method of planting crops is also common with
mungbean and cowpea grown as green manure. But in upland
farming, it is best to pass a tooth harrow or rake after
broadcasting to cover the seeds. The soil covering will hide the
seeds from seed-harvesting organisms like chicken and birds. It
will also ensure that the seeds have full contact with the soil
which will maximize germination and improve the chance of the
seedlings to fully develop.

In pasture establishment, a large herd of livestock can be released

after broadcasting to press the seeds into the ground by their
hooves.
Dibbling is an old method of planting crops practiced by
subsistence farmers in hilly lands. My late cousin used to do this on
a portion of the farm in Akle, San Ildefonso, Bulacan. That part of
the farm, now grown to coconut that is regularly harvested for
copra, has a very steep slope with shrubs, stumps of trees, and large
limestone. Plowing by carabao was impossible so that the only way
to prepare the land was by slash-and-burn or kaingin system.
 Methods of Planting Crops
in the Farm
Slashing and burning are done during summer when the grasses
a r e d r y, a n d c o r n i s p l a n t e d a t t h e s t a r t o f t h e r a i n y s e a s o n . Wi t h
a dibbler or ―panghasok‖ (a pointed, spear-like stem) held by
one hand, he strikes the ground to make holes about 2 inches ( 5
cm) deep and 1-2 steps apart. As the pointed tip of the dibbler is
lifted, someone else immediately drops 3-4 seeds of an
indigenous, open-pollinated corn into the hole. The hole is not
refilled with soil, that part is done naturally by the cascading
downward movement of surface soil and fragments of rock.
Between harvesting and burning, the area is fallowed.

In both the hill and drill methods of planting crops by direct

seeding, there is a desired row-to-row spacing. Hills with a single
or multiple number of plants are spaced uniformly within each row
so that in the hill method there is always a reference to hill
distance and number of plants per hill. A hill is that specific spot
on the ground on which a plant or a group of plants is grown. In
contrast, there is no uniform spacing between plants in the row in
the drill method, but uniformity in number of plants per linear
meter is intended.
 Methods of Planting Crops
in the Farm
The hill method of direct seeding is done by dropping
seeds in holes made by a dibbler or in furrows that are
more or less equidistant. But with mechanized farming,
a combine furrower-planter is commonly used.

In planting corn under rainfed conditions at a population density

of, for instance, 60,000 plants per hectare at 1 plant per hill in
rows 70 cm apart, the farmer walks forward along a furrow and
d r o p s a s e e d e v e r y 2 3 . 8 c m t o t h e b o t t o m o f t h e f u r r o w. H e d o e s n o t
carry a measuring tool, he just estimates distances on the ground
with impressive accuracy
b o r n e o f l o n g e x p e r i e n c e . To c o v e r t h e s e e d s , h e m e r e l y s w e e p s t h e
ridge at either side of the furrow by one foot to push some soil
toward the seed and steps thereon to press the soil on top of the
seed.
 Methods of Planting Crops
in the Farm
The drill method of planting crops is done, either manually
o r m e c h a n i c a l l y, b y r e l e a s i n g s e e d s c o n t i n u o u s l y, a s i f
pouring water from a bottle with a small opening. Manual
drilling applies to small seeds like rice, millet, and
mungbean and is usually done by hand. It can also be
accomplished by placing small, roundish seeds in a bottle
w i t h a h o l e o n t h e c o v e r. T h e s e e d s a r e s i m p l y r e l e a s e d b y
tilting and slightly shaking the bottle so that the seeds drop
one after the other or in a cascade through the hole and
toward the ground.
The seeds are drilled with or without furrows. In rice,
drilling in puddled soil in linear direction is a modification
of seed broadcasting in which plants are dispersed without
plantto-plant spacing. But in rainfed sorghum, mungbean,
and other grain legumes, the seeds are always drilled at the
b o t t o m o f t h e f u r r o w, c o v e r e d w i t h s o i l b y r a k i n g o r b y
foot, and stepped on to press the soil.
 Methods of Planting Crops
in the Farm
Just like in the hill method of planting crops, an even
distribution of drilled seeds is intended but varies with the
see ding rate pe r hec tare and row dista nc e. With a se eding
rate
of 100 kg per hectare in rows 20 cm apart, the calculated
average seeding rate per linear meter in the row is 2 grams.
Wi th 1000 gra i n we i ght of 29 gra ms for ric e , t hi s i s
equivalent to a seeding rate of about 70 seeds per linear
m e t e r. B u t i f t h e r o w d i s t a n c e i s w i d e n e d t o 2 5 c m , t h e
average seeding rate will increase to 2.5 grams or 86-87
I n c o n t r a s t t o d i r e cs te e sdese dpienrg ,l i nt reaanrs pml aent teirn. g i s a m e t h o d o f
planting crops in which potted plants or pre-grown seedlings or
clones are planted on the ground, other growing surface, or any
growing structure. Transplanting is also convenient with a few
plants that can be transferred with a ball of soil around the roots.
In some vegetables, it is common to prick seedlings from the
seedbed and transplant them bareroot to the garden plot. In
perennial species like coffee at a time when rainfall has become
frequent and light is not intense, uprooted wildlings or bareroot
transplants have been directly planted.
 Activity 1: Fill in the Blanks

1 2 3 4 5

An east-west ___________ Single row Slashing and 5. The

row ___is the planting of burning are __________m
orientation systematic the intercrop done during ethod of
apportioning
is preferred can also be ____________ planting
of the farm _when the crops is also
to area or any
done grasses are common with
growing between the d r y, a n d mungbean and
__________ surface rows of corn is cowpea grown
___. for crop the________. planted at the as green
production. start of the manure.
rainy season.
 Activity 1: Fill in the Blanks

6-8 9-10

The intercrop In general,

can be planted in there are two
any of the methods of
following ways: planting
(6)____________ crops:
____, (9)_________
(7)____________ _______and,
_______, and (8) (10)________
______________ ____.
___.