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Introduction To Health Economics
Introduction To Health Economics
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Learning objectives
At the end of this course, students will be able to:
Explain the meaning and concepts of economics
consumption
Analyze market failure in the health sector
production
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Cont…
Discuss the meaning and basis of cost as a
concept
Describe the different types of costs
Discuss health care market
Explore the different sources of financing the
health service sector
Differentiate the strong and weak points of
different financing mechanisms
Explain the viewpoint of an economic evaluation
Apply cost benefit analysis and cost effectiveness
analysis in assessing the performance of health
care activities
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Course contents
Classification of economics
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Cont…
2. The nature of Demand
The law of Demand
Elasticity of demand
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Cont…
3. The nature of Supply
Supply
Elasticity of supply
Equilibrium
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Cont…
4. Market Failures in the Health Sector
The market concept
Externalities
Public goods
agency
Supplier‐induced demand (SID)
Role of government
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Cont…
5. Cost Analysis in Health Care
Types of costs
Calculating costs
Assessing costs
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Cont…
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Chapter 1
Introduction to Economics and Health
Economics
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Chapter Objectives
After completing this chapter, students will
be able to:
Define economics and health economics
Discuss how economics can be applied to health
Explain the basic concepts of economics
Differentiate the different classifications of
economics
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Definition of Economics
Economics is a social science explains behavior of
the society
Economics is an academic discipline, which
studies about efficient allocation of scarce
resources so as to attain unlimited human needs.
Study of scarce resources
Science of choice
Definition…
Study how to satisfy the unlimited human needs up
to the maximum possible degree by allocating the
resources efficiently.
How we choose to use scarce productive
resources that have alternative uses to produce
commodities of various kinds.
How goods and services we want get produced
and distributed among us
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Definition…
The definition implies:
1. The productive resources are scarce
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Primary concern of economics
1. What products are being produced and in what
quantities?
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Health Economics is concerned with :
Allocation of resources between various health
promoting activities
Quantity of resources used in health delivery
Organization and funding of health institutions
Efficiency with which resources are allocated and
used for health purposes
Effects of preventive, promotive, curative and
rehabilitative health services on individuals and
society.
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Cont…
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Cont…
What influences the supply of health care?
How can equilibrium between demand and
supply be achieved?
What is a reasonable price to pay for health?
How should the health care should be
structured? (Wonderling, 2005)
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Key Economic Concepts
1. Resources:
Every item within the economy that can be used to
capital
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Key Economic Concepts …
2. Production:
Most resources are not, in themselves, useful
to us as individuals but they can be combined
to make something that is useful
This process is called production.
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Key Economic Concepts …
3. Commodities (or production outputs):
The results of combining resources in the
production process
They are either final product, which are then used
to satisfy people’s wants, or else they are
intermediate products, which are used to make
other commodities
Commodities are either goods that you can hold
or touch (for example a drug) or else they are
services that happen to you (for example a
consultation).
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Key Economic Concepts …
4. Utility
Utility (for individuals) or welfare (for
populations) are used to describe the
satisfaction or happiness provided by
commodities
5. Scarcity
Addresses the problem of limited resources
and the need to make choices
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Key Economic Concepts …
6. Opportunity cost
The potential benefit that could have been
received if the resources had been used in their
next best alternative
It is the value of the next alternative forgone in
order to achieve something
The costs of providing one form of health care
should always be balanced against the benefits
which have to be sacrificed
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Key Economic Concepts …
7. Markets
Any situation where people who demand a good
or service can come into contact with the
suppliers of that good
Any set of arrangements that allows buyers and
sellers to communicate and thus arrange
exchange of goods, services or resources
A free market is where such exchange occurs
without interference from the government.
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Key Economic Concepts …
8. Demand
The maximum quantity that consumer(s) are
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Key Economic Concepts …
11. Efficiency
Efficiency relates to getting the most value
(utility) out of limited resources.
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Key Economic Concepts …
12. Equity
Equity relates to fair distribution, not same as
equality
Equity of financial contribution, equity in
access or use of health care, equity in
distribution of health.
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Building blocks of economics
1. Scarcity
Economics as a discipline exists because
resources are scarce and the wants of human
beings are unlimited.
Such that the resources available now or for any
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Discuss in pairs
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2. Choice and opportunity cost
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Opportunity cost
Choices involve trade-offs.
More hospitals means fewer clinics.
The opportunity cost (also known as the
economic cost) of any good (including service)-
The satisfaction or benefit forgone in not being
able to use the resources involved to obtain
some other good which is also desirable and
provides satisfaction
The second best alternative we given up to get
something
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Illustration of opportunity cost: options for
expenditure in a year
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3. The margin
Marginal refers to ‘the next unit’.
It might be a health service deciding whether to
expand an immunization programme or a doctor
choosing whether to work an extra day.
The reason why this is relevant is that, in making
decisions, our interest is essentially on change in
costs and benefits rather than their totals.
Decisions are rarely made on an ‘all or nothing’
basis; instead they often tend to be made at the
margin: if MB>MC; Go ahead and if MB<MC; do
not.
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4. Efficiency and equity
Efficiency describe the relationship between inputs
and outputs; which in turn can be valued
respectively in terms of costs and benefits.
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Cont…
E.g.
• length of stay could be reduced;
• staff productivity could be increased;
• equipment could be fully utilized and maintained
regularly;
• over-prescribing of drugs could be avoided;
• drug ordering and storage could be managed
properly to avoid wastage and pilfering;
• nurses could replace doctors when appropriate;
• low-cost equipment could replace staff when
appropriate;
• day surgery could replace inpatient stays.
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Cont…
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Application of Economics to Health
Health planning- basically about choice
The analysis of the economic costs of diseases
Benefits of control programmes - returns from
investments in education and training
Aspects of health problems - type, quality,
quantity and prices of the resources used
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Cont…
Population problem
The quantity and quality of resources
allocated to the health area,
The medical industry’s efficiency,
Losses due to illness, disability and premature
death.
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Questions health economics address
How much of society's resources are devoted to
health and to health services?
What priority is given to different aspects of
health and health services?
What health services are people willing to pay
for?
What choices are made in the pursuit of health
and the improvement of health services?
What are the results of these choices in terms of
resource use and their impact on health?
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Cont…
economy.
Concerned with the interaction between different
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Cont …
Microeconomics
Concerned with the decisions taken by individual
small scale)
Concerned with interaction of decision making
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Positive Economics and normative
economics
PE
Describes the facts and behavior in the economy
actually made
Refers to economic statements that describe how things
are.
Such statements can be universally true, true in some
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Normative Economics
Refers to economic statements that prescribe how
things should be/ought be.
Such statements can be informed by positive
economics but can never be shown to be true or
false since they depend on value judgments.
Involves ethics and value judgments
Political decision, not by economic science
E.g: “Health care is a basic right and should
be provided free”
Political decision
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THANK YOU
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