INTERNET OF THINGS

By
Dr. Minakshmi Shaw
Assistant Professor
School of CS & AI
Arduino Board Description
 ARDUINO
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware

and software.
 Several Boards

Software

Arduino Mega 2560 Arduino Uno Arduino Mini Arduino Nano

Arduino Uno: Technical Specifications
Microcontroller ATmega328
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
(Input/Output) (Pulse Width Modulated)
Arduino Uno: Technical Specifications
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB, EEPROM 1 KB
(Static Random Access Memory) (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory) (volatile-data is lost when power is off)(uses flip flop to store bit)(faster
expensive)
Serial Communication ports: UART, I2C, SPI
(Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)(Inter Integrated Circuit)(Serial
Peripheral Interface)
 Arduino Uno Board Description
Analog
RESET O/P Digital I/O Pins Serial I/O Pins
Universal Serial Bus
USB or PWM
Port
Power
SPI Pins LED

ICSP
Loader
AT Mega 328
Microcontroller

AC to DC I2C Pins
Adapter A5- SCA
Analog Input A4-SDA
 Pin Descriptions
Pin Category Pin Name Details

Power Vin, Vin: Input voltage to Arduino when using an external power
Pins 3.3V, source.
5V, 5V: Power source, 3.3V: Power source
GND GND: ground pins.

Reset Reset Resets the microcontroller.

Analog Pins A0 – A5 Used to provide analog input in the range of 0-5V
Input/ Digital Pins Can be used as input or output pins.
Output Pins (0 – 13)

PWM 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, Provides 8-bit PWM output.

11
 Pin Description
Pin Pin Name Details
Category
AREF AREF To provide reference voltage for input voltage.
(Analog
Reference)
Serial 0(Rx) Used to receive and transmit TTL (Transistor Transistor
1(Tx) Logic) serial data.
I2C A4(SDA) Used for I2C communication.
(Serial Data)
A5 (SCL)
(Serial Clock)
 Pin Description
Pin Pin Name Details
Category
SPI 10 (SS) (Slave Select), Used for SPI communication.
11(MOSI)
(Master Out Slave In)
12 (MISO)
(Master In Slave Out)
13 (SCK) (Serial Clock)
External 2, 3 To trigger an interrupt.
Interrupts
 Arduino Programming
 A program for Arduino is called a sketch.

 Arduino programs are written in C

 The structure of Arduino programs
There are two required functions (called by the system) in an Arduino sketch. Those are:
void setup(): a function run once at startup that performs initialization
void loop(): a function called repeatedly until the board powers off

Other functions must be created outside the brackets of these two functions.
Arduino Basic functions
Digital I/O Functions
pinMode()
digitalRead()
digitalWrite()
Analog I/O Functions
analogRead()
analogWrite()
Timer Functions
delay()
delayMicroseconds()
Serial I/O Function
Serial.begin( )
Serial.print( )
Serial.read()
 Digital I/O functions
pinMode( ): Configures the specified pin to behave either as an input or an output.

Syntax: pinMode(pin, mode)

Any digital I/O pin (0 to 13) INPUT or OUTPUT

Ex: pinMode(13, OUTPUT)

Ex: pinMode(10, INPUT)

 Digital I/O functions
digitalWrite( ): Write a HIGH or a LOW value to a digital pin

Syntax: digitalWrite(pin, mode)

Any digital I/O pin (0 to 13) HIGH or LOW

Ex: digitalWrite(13, HIGH)

Ex: digitalWrite(13, LOW)

 Digital I/O functions
digitalRead( ): read value from a digital input pin

Syntax: int x=digitalRead(pin)

Any digital I/O pin (0 to 13)

Ex: int x= digitalRead(10)

0 or 1
 Analog I/O functions
analogRead( ): Reads the value from the specified analog pin.

Syntax: int x=analogRead(pin)

Any Pin from

0 to 1023
A0 to A5

Returns: int(0 to 1023)

Ex: int x=analogRead(A0)

 analogWrite( ): Writes an analog value to a pin .

Syntax: analogWrite(pin, value)

Any analog output pin 0 to 255

3 or 5 or 6 or 9 or 10 or 11 Based on the voltage requirement
Eg: analogWrite(6, 200)

Returns: Nothing
 Timer functions
Delay( ): Pauses the program for the amount of time (in milliseconds) specified as
parameter.

Syntax: delay(ms)

Parameters:

ms: The number of milliseconds to pause

Returns: Nothing
delayMicroseconds( ):
Pauses the program for the amount of time (in microseconds) specified as parameter.

Syntax: delayMicroseconds(µs)

Parameters:

µs: The number of microseconds to pause

Returns: Nothing
 Serial I/O functions
Serial.begin( ): Sets the data rate in bits per second (baud) for serial data
transmission.

Syntax: Serial.begin(speed)

Parameters:

speed: in bits per second (baud)

Returns: Nothing
Serial.print( ): Prints data to the serial port as human-readable ASCII text.

Syntax: Serial.print(val)

Parameters:

val: the value to print - any data type

Returns: Nothing
Serial.println( ): Prints data to the serial port followed by a carriage return.
Syntax: Serial.println(val)
Parameters:
val: the value to print - any data type
Returns: Nothing
 Working with Arduino Uno
Connect Arduino Uno to PC with USB cable
Select Tools  Board  Arduino/Genuino Uno

Select Tools  Port  Com8

 Working with Arduino Mega 2560
Connect Arduino Uno to PC with USB cable
 Select Tools  Board  Arduino/Genuino Mega or Mega 2560

Select Tools  Port  Com14

IOT on LAB using TinkerCAD
(Virtual Simulation tool)
 TINKER CAD
•In the world of 3D modeling, Tinkercad has established itself as a worthy introduction to
computer-aided design (CAD). It’s a free and intuitive web-based CAD program that anyonecan
use. In fact, if you want to get started with Tinkercad, we even have a beginner’s tutorial to get you
going.
• Recently, Tinkercad has introduced something new: An expansion to include circuits in its design
capability called Tinkercad Circuits. This brings a whole new side to Tinkercad, revolving
around simulating circuits with Arduino.

• Arduino is an open-source electronic prototyping platform that also sells microcontrollers.

Tinkercad Circuits allows anyone to virtually create and program Arduino projects without the
need for physical hardware.

• In this article, we’ll be showing you how to program a basic Arduino in Tinkercad, but first,
let’s take a closer look at the new capabilities Tinkercad Circuits offers.
Use Any Type of Web Browser for Create a New
Account or Login Account in TINKER CAD
Search TINKER CAD or https://www.tinkerc
ad.com/ in Web Browser
Click and Enter Into TINKER
CAD
CREATE A NEW ACCOUNT IN TINKER
CAD
Select Student Accounts
Sign in Gmail Id
AFTER CREATING A NEW ACCOUNT
CREATE ANEW CIRCUIT IN
TINKERCAD
Bread board Connection
SENSORS
 Sensor
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a
electrical signal

Physical quantity Sensor Electrical Signal

Temperature sensors
Displacement, position, motion and velocity sensors
Fluid sensors, liquid flow, liquid level
Light sensors etc.,
Temperature Sensors Water Sensors

Proximity sensors Gyroscope Sensors

Light Sensors Gas Sensors

PIR sensor Color sensor Heart rate Vibration
(Passive sensor sensor
Infrared)

Joystick Sound sensor Angular displacement

sensor sensor
Actuator
An actuator is a component of a machine that drives the mechanism or
system.

Mechanical Actuators
Gears Belt drives Chain Drives Bearings
Electrical Actuation systems Relays

Switches
• Push button switches
• Switches

Solid-state switches,
Diodes, transistors, thyristors Solenoids

Drive systems
DC., AC., or stepper motors
Microprocessor/Microcontrollers

ARITHMETIC LOGIC
UNIT(ALU)
REGISTE
CONROL UNIT
RS
MICROPROCESSOR

CPU RAM ROM

SERIAL
I/O
TIMERS COM
PORTS
PORTS

MICROCONTROLLER