FORMATION OF HEAVIER

ELEMENTS
By: MARGIE B.
ALMOZA
Big Bang theory
 Describes as the origin of Light
Element which started from a
singularity.
 Among the proposed explanations on
how the universe began and currently
accepted theory.
 Objectives of the Lesson
🠶 G i v e evidence for and describe the
formation of heavier elements during star
formation and evolution
🠶Demonstrate understanding on the basic
concept of star formation.
🠶 K n o w the chemical elements from hydrogen
to iron can be formed in the stars through
stellar fusion
 Name this Riddle?
1. At night they come 2. What did the
without being fetched, scientist say when he
and by day they are lost found 2 atoms of
without being stolen. Helium?
What am I? Ans.: HeHe
Ans.: Stars
3. When two 4. When combined with
light become oxygen, I make the
one, I liberate “fizz”, wear me on your
quite a bit of finger or use me to write,
nuclear energy in one of my forms, my
? What am I? name is graphite.Who am
Ans: Nuclear I? Ans.: Carbon
Fusion
The Galaxy Puzzle:
Once, there was a spy named Hydrogen (nicknamed Hy) with
massive issues on trusting Angela, his agency partner. There was
always the possibility that their opinions crash against each other
rather than end in a peaceful fusion like when Hy suggest the
suspect of the crime they were investigating could be in the East
Coast but Angela argues that the place should be in the West Coast.
They were almost becoming the “big bang” to their carrers. The
gravity of the situation made Hy and Angela rethink their attitude
and agree to be more understandable of each other’s difference on
opinions.
 1. This is the lightest element in the
periodic table.
2. This is what happens when elements
combine together, usually resulting to new elements.
3. This is the theory which proposes the
universe is still in the process of inflation.
4. This is the term for stars bigger than our
own Sun.
5. This is what pulls atoms together and
what causes the earth to orbit the sun
 How were the heavy elements formed?
Stellar Nucleosynthesis
-birth of elements through -Explains how new
atomic nucleus are
nuclear fusion that takes w/in formed from nucleons
stars. preceding from the new
ones.
-is the process by which the
natural abundance of the
chemical elements within stars
vary due to nuclear fusion
reactions
 Nuclear fusion
🠶 I t is how elements hydrogen, Helium and small
amounts of lithium and beryllium were formed.
🠶 a process by which neutron and protons
combine together to form a new atom.
🠶 a n extremely high energy and
temperature of the universe.
Proton and Neutron fusion

+ = New
Atom

Identity
of an
element
Nucleosynthetic
Pathways:
🠶Triple Alpha
Process
🠶 C - N-O cycle
🠶Alpha Ladder
 Triple Alpha Process
🠶 I s a set of nuclear
fusion reactions to
which three
Helium-4 atom
(alpha particles) are
transformed into
Carbon(C).
 C-N-O cycle
🠶 I t is the catalytic
cycle.
🠶 O n e of the two known
sets of fusion reactions
by which stars convert
hydrogen to helium in a
larger or hotter main-
sequence star.
 Alpha Ladder
🠶 O n e of two
classes of nucle ar
fusion reactions
by which stars
convert helium
into heavier
elements.
 HOW OTHER HEAVY ELEMENTS WERE
FORMED OTHER THAN IRON (Fe)?

All the elements heavier
than iron are formed in a
SUPERNOVA.
SUPERNOVA NUCLEOSYTHESIS
-a massive explosion of a star.
- nucleosynthesis of chemical
elements in supernova explosions.
-neutron capture reaction takes
place, leading to the formation of
heavy elements.
Hydrostatic
- Set of nuclear fusion
Burning
- n u c l e a r fusion
by wh ic h thr ee
he liu m -
-A s et
and
not
4 n ua
fusion
c le chemical
transformed
reactioninto
of n u c le ari e
take p la ce in
C a rb on
that

reaction
cores of massive
. thethat combin es
stars .
Carbon into other
elements.
- set of nuclear fusion
that takes place in
massive stars that use-
dsAuevpqerulieygh btreierf
ele mfusion
e n tthat s icoccur
n nethoeinf
inr ucmassive
colreea. r stars w/ a
minimum of about 8-
11solar masses
 TWO PROCESSES INVOLVES:
A. R-process/Rapid - Synthesizes the
Neutron capture most neutron-rich
process stable isotopes of
-responsible for the each heavy elements.
creation of approximately -entails a
half the atomic nuclei succession of rapid
heavier iron neutron captures by
-Involves rapid capture one or more heavy
of neutrons by the seed nuclei.
atom.
B. S-process/ Slow Neutron Capture
process
- seriesof reaction in nuclear
astrophysics that occur in stars,
particularly asymptotic giant branch
stars.
-involving slow neutron capture in red
giants.
 SUMMARY
🠶Formation of Heavy
Elements
 Lighter elements were
formed during the Big bang
theory
 Heavy elements were
formed after the Lighter
Nucleosynthetic
Pathways:
🠶Triple
Alpha
Process
🠶 C - N-O cycle

🠶Alpha
Ladder
TWO PROCESSES INVOLVES:
a.R-process/ Rapid Neutron
capture process
-Involves rapid capture of neutrons by the
atom.
b.S-process/ Slow Neutron
Capture process
- involving slow neutron capture in red
giants.