Notes

BACKEND DEVELOPMENT USING
PHP
LEVEL 6 /YEAR 2 IT
PURPOSE STATEMENT
 At the completion of this module the  Learning assumed to be in

trainee will be able to prepare PHP place
environment, apply PHP fundamentals,
 Design and develop database
apply database integration with PHP
and deploy the developed application.
 Develop front-end
LU1: PREPARE PHP ENVIRONMENT
1. What is PHP
 PHP is an open-source, interpreted, and object-oriented scripting
language that can be executed at the server-side.
 PHP is well suited for web development.
 Therefore, it is used to develop web applications (an application that
executes on the server and generates the dynamic page.)
 PHP was created by Rasmus Lerdorf in 1994 but appeared in the market
in 1995.
SOME IMPORTANT POINTS NEED TO BE
NOTICED ABOUT PHP
 PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor.
 PHP is an interpreted language, i.e., there is no need for compilation.
 PHP is a server-side scripting language, which is used to manage the

dynamic content of the website.
 PHP can be embedded into HTML.
 PHP is an object-oriented language.
 PHP is an open-source scripting language.

PHP FEATURES
2. Install and Configure PHP Environment
 There are many AMP options available in the market that are given below:
 WAMP for Windows
 LAMP for Linux
 MAMP for Mac
 SAMP for Solaris
 FAMP for FreeBSD
 XAMPP (Cross, Apache, MySQL, PHP, Perl) for Cross Platform:
It includes some other components too such as FileZilla, OpenSSL, Webalizer,
Mercury Mail.
Download and Install XAMPP Server
 Link: https://www.apachefriends.org/download.html
 Step 1: Click on the above link provided to download the XAMPP
server according to your window requirement.
Step 2: After downloading XAMPP, double click on the downloaded file and
allow XAMPP to make changes in your system. A window will pop-up, where
you have to click on the Next button.
Step 3: Here, select the components, which you want to install and click Next.
Step 4: Choose a folder where you want to install the XAMPP in your system and
click Next.
Step 5: Click Next and move ahead.
Step 6: XAMPP is ready to install, so click on the Next button and install the
XAMPP.
Step 8: Choose your preferred language.
Step 9: XAMPP is ready to use. Start the Apache server and

MySQL and run the php program on the localhost.
Step 10: If no error is shown, then XAMPP is running successfully.
3. How to run PHP code in XAMPP
 Generally, a PHP file contains HTML tags and some PHP scripting code. It is very
easy to create a simple PHP example.
 To do so, create a file and write HTML tags + PHP code and save this file with .php
extension.
All PHP code goes between the php tag. It starts with <?php and ends with ?>. The
syntax of PHP tag is given below:
• <!DOCTYPE>
• <html>
• <body>
• <?php
• echo "<h2>Hello First PHP</
h2>";
• ?>
• </body>
• </html>
4. PHP Case Sensitivity
 In PHP, keyword (e.g., echo, if, else, while), functions, user-defined functions, classes are not
case-sensitive. However, all variable names are case-sensitive.
 In the below example, you can see that all three echo statements are equal and valid:
<!DOCTYPE>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
echo "Hello World using echo ";
ECHO "Hello World using ECHO ";
EcHo "Hello World using EcHo ";
?>
</body>
 Look at the below example that the variable names are case sensitive.
 You can see the example below that only the second statement will display the
value of the $color variable. Because it treats $color, $ColoR, and $COLOR as
three different variables:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<?php
$color = “black";
echo "My car is " . $coloR . " ";
echo "My dog is " . $color . " ";
echo "My phone is " . $COLOR . " ";
?>
</body>
</html>
6. PHP Echo
 PHP echo is a language construct, not a function. Therefore, you don't need to use parenthesis
with it. But if you want to use more than one parameter, it is required to use parenthesis.
 PHP echo statement can be used to print the string, multi-line strings, escaping characters,
variable, array, etc. Some important points that you must know about the echo statement are:
 echo is a statement, which is used to display the output.
 echo can be used with or without parentheses: echo().
 echo does not return any value.
 We can pass multiple strings separated by a comma (,) in echo.
 echo is faster than the print statement.

PHP echo: printing string PHP echo: printing multi line string
 <?php  <?php
 echo "Hello by PHP echo";  echo"Hello by PHP echo
 ?>  this is multi line
 text printed by
 PHP echo statement ";
 ?>
PHP echo: printing escaping characters PHP echo: printing variable value
 <?php
 <?php
 echo "Hello escape \"sequence\" charact
ers";  $msg="Hello JavaTpoint PHP";
 ?>  echo "Message is: $msg";
 ?>
Difference between echo and print echo
 Echo and print are language constructs, and they never behave like a function. Therefore, there is
no requirement for parentheses. However, both the statements can be used with or without
parentheses. We can use these statements to output variables or strings
print
 print is also a statement, used as an alternative to
echo echo at many times to display the output.
 echo is a statement, which is used to display  print can be used with or without parentheses.
the output.  print always returns an integer value, which is 1.
 echo can be used with or without parentheses.  Using print, we cannot pass multiple arguments.
 echo does not return any value.  print is slower than echo statement.
 We can pass multiple strings separated by
comma (,) in echo.
 echo is faster than print statement.
You can see the difference between echo and print statements with the help of the following
programs.
For Example (Check multiple arguments)

You can pass multiple arguments separated by a comma (,) in echo. It will not generate any syntax
error.
<?php
$fname = "Gunjan";
$lname = "Garg";
echo "My name is: ".$fname,$lname;
?>
It will generate a syntax error because of multiple arguments in a print statement.
<?php
$fname = "Gunjan";
$lname = "Garg";
print "My name is: ".$fname,$lname;
?>
OUTPUT
For Example (Check Return Value)
 Echo statement does not return any value.
 It will generate an error if you try to display its return value.

<?php
$lang = "PHP";
$ret = echo $lang." is a web development language.";
echo "";
echo "Value return by print statement: ".$ret;
?>
OUTPUT
 As we already discussed that print returns a value, which is always 1.
<?php
$lang = "PHP";
$ret = print $lang." is a web development language.";
print "";
print "Value return by print statement: ".$ret;
?>
OUTPUT
7. PHP Variables
 In PHP, a variable is declared using a $ sign followed by the variable name.
Here, some important points to know about variables:

 As PHP is a loosely typed language, so we do not need to declare the data types of the variables.
It automatically analyzes the values and makes conversions to its correct datatype.
 After declaring a variable, it can be reused throughout the code.
 Assignment Operator (=) is used to assign the value to a variable.
Syntax of declaring a variable in PHP is given below:

$variablename=value;
Rules for declaring PHP variable
 A variable must start with a dollar ($) sign, followed by the variable name.
 It can only contain alpha-numeric character and underscore (A-z, 0-9, _).
 A variable name must start with a letter or underscore (_) character.
 A PHP variable name cannot contain spaces.
 One thing to be kept in mind that the variable name cannot start with a number or special
symbols.
 PHP variables are case-sensitive, so $name and $NAME both are treated as different
variable.
PHP Variable: Declaring string, integer, and float
 Let's see the example to store string, integer, and float values in PHP variables.
<?php
$str="hello string";
$x=200;
$y=44.6;
echo "string is: $str ";
echo "integer is: $x ";
echo "float is: $y ";
?>
8. PHP Comments
 A comment in PHP code is a line that is not executed as a part of the program. Its only
purpose is to be read by someone who is looking at the code.
Comments can be used to:

 Let others understand your code
 Remind yourself of what you did. Most programmers have experienced coming back to their
own work a year or two later and having to re-figure out what they did. Comments can remind
you of what you were thinking when you wrote the code
Syntax for single-line comments Syntax for multiple-line comments
<!DOCTYPE html> <!DOCTYPE html>

<html> <html>
<body> <body>
<?php <?php
// This is a single-line comment /*
This is a multiple-lines
# This is also a single-line comment block
comment that spans over multiple
?> lines
*/
</body> ?>
</html>
</body>
</html>
.
9. PHP Strings
 A string is a sequence of characters, like "Hello world!".
strlen() - Return the Length of a String
 The PHP strlen() function returns the length of a string
Example
 Return the length of the string "Hello world!":
 <?php
echo strlen("Hello world!"); // outputs 12
?>
str_word_count() - Count Words in a String
 The PHP str_word_count() function counts the number of words in a

string.
Example
 Count the number of word in the string "Hello world!":
 <?php
echo str_word_count("Hello world!"); // outputs 2
?>
strrev() - Reverse a String
The PHP strrev() function reverses a string.
Example
Reverse the string "Hello world!":
<?php
echo strrev("Hello world!"); // outputs !dlrow olleH
?>
str_replace() - Replace Text Within a String
The PHP str_replace() function replaces some characters with some other
characters in a string.
Example
Replace the text "world" with "Dolly":
<?php
echo str_replace("world", "Dolly", "Hello world!");
// outputs Hello Dolly!
?>
10. PHP Numbers
 One thing to notice about PHP is that it provides automatic data type conversion.
 So, if you assign an integer value to a variable, the type of that variable will automatically be an integer.
Then, if you assign a string to the same variable, the type will change to a string.
PHP Integers
 2, 256, -256, 10358, -179567 are all integers.
 An integer is a number without any decimal part.
 An integer data type is a non-decimal number between -2147483648 and 2147483647 in 32 bit systems,
and between -9223372036854775808 and 9223372036854775807 in 64 bit systems.
 A value greater (or lower) than this, will be stored as float, because it exceeds the limit of an integer.
 Note: Another important thing to know is that even if 4 * 2.5 is 10, the result is stored as float,
because one of the operands is a float (2.5).
Here are some rules for integers:

 An integer must have at least one digit
 An integer must NOT have a decimal point
 An integer can be either positive or negative
 Integers can be specified in three formats: decimal (10-based), hexadecimal (16-based - prefixed
with 0x) or octal (8-based - prefixed with 0)
PHP has the following predefined constants for integers:
 PHP_INT_MAX - The largest integer supported
 PHP_INT_MIN - The smallest integer supported
 PHP_INT_SIZE - The size of an integer in bytes
PHP has the following functions to check if the type of a variable is integer:
 is_int()
 is_integer() - alias of is_int()
 is_long() - alias of is_int()
Example
Check if the type of a variable is integer:
<?php
$x = 5985;
var_dump(is_int($x));
$x = 59.85;
var_dump(is_int($x));
?>
PHP Floats
 A float is a number with a decimal point or a number in exponential form.
 2.0, 256.4, 10.358, 7.64E+5, 5.56E-5 are all floats.
 The float data type can commonly store a value up to 1.7976931348623E+308 (platform dependent), and
have a maximum precision of 14 digits.
 PHP has the following predefined constants for floats (from PHP 7.2):
 PHP_FLOAT_MAX - The largest representable floating point number
 PHP_FLOAT_MIN - The smallest representable positive floating point number
 - PHP_FLOAT_MAX - The smallest representable negative floating point number
 PHP_FLOAT_DIG - The number of decimal digits that can be rounded into a float and back without
precision loss
 PHP_FLOAT_EPSILON - The smallest representable positive number x, so that x + 1.0 != 1.0

PHP has the following functions to check if the type of a variable is
float:
 is_float()
 is_double() - alias of is_float()
Example
Check if the type of a variable is float:

<?php
$x = 10.365;
var_dump(is_float($x));
?>
PHP Infinity
A numeric value that is larger than PHP_FLOAT_MAX is considered infinite.
PHP has the following functions to check if a numeric value is finite or

infinite:
is_finite()
is_infinite()
However, the PHP var_dump() function returns the data type and value:
Example
Check if a numeric value is finite or infinite:
<?php
$x = 1.9e411;
var_dump($x);
?>
PHP Numerical Strings
 The PHP is_numeric() function can be used to find whether a variable is numeric. The function
returns true if the variable is a number or a numeric string, false otherwise.
Example
Check if the variable is numeric:

<?php
$x = "59.85" + 100;
$x = 5985;
var_dump(is_numeric($x));
$x = "Hello";
$x = "5985";
?>
11. PHP Math
 PHP has a set of math functions that allows 2. PHP min() and max() Functions
you to perform mathematical tasks on The min() and max() functions can be used to find the
numbers. lowest or highest value in a list of arguments:
Example
1. PHP pi() Function
<?php
 The pi() function returns the value of PI:
echo(min(0, 150, 30, 20, -8, -200)); //
Example returns -200
<?php echo(max(0, 150, 30, 20, -8, -200)); //
echo(pi()); // returns returns 150
3.1415926535898 ?>
?>
3. PHP abs() Function 4. PHP sqrt() Function
 The abs() function returns the absolute  The sqrt() function returns the square
(positive) value of a number: root of a number:
 Example
<?php  Example
echo(abs(-6.7)); // returns 6.7 <?php

?> echo(sqrt(64)); // returns 8
?>
5. PHP round() Function 6. Random Numbers
 The round() function rounds a floating-  The rand() function generates a random number:
point number to its nearest integer:  Example
<?php
 echo(rand());
Example
?>
<?php
To get more control over the random number, you can add the
optional min and max parameters to specify the lowest integer
echo(round(0.60)); // returns 1 and the highest integer to be returned.
echo(round(0.49)); // returns 0 <?php
?> echo(sqrt(64)); // returns 8
?>
12. PHP Operators
 Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.
PHP divides the operators in the following groups:
 Arithmetic operators 8
 Assignment operators 7
 Comparison operators 6
 Increment/Decrement operators 5
 Logical operators 4
 String operators 3
 Array operators 2
 Conditional assignment operators 1
1. PHP Arithmetic Operators
 The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common
arithmetical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.
2. PHP Arithmetic Operators
 The PHP arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common
arithmetical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication etc.
3. PHP Assignment Operators
 The PHP assignment operators are used with numeric values to write a value to a variable.
 The basic assignment operator in PHP is "=". It means that the left operand gets set to the value
of the assignment expression on the right.
4. PHP Comparison Operators
 The PHP comparison operators are used to compare two values (number or string):
5. PHP Increment / Decrement Operators
 The PHP increment operators are used to increment a variable's value.

 The PHP decrement operators are used to decrement a variable's value.
6. PHP Logical Operators
 The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

7. PHP String Operators
 PHP has two operators that are specially designed for strings.
8. PHP Array Operators
 The PHP array operators are used to compare arrays.

9. PHP Conditional Assignment Operators
 The PHP conditional assignment operators are used to set a value depending on conditions:
BACKEND DEVELOPMENT USING PHP
PHP CONTROL STATEMENT
1. PHP Conditional Statements
 Conditional statements are used to perform different actions based on different conditions.
In PHP we have the following conditional statements:

 if statement - executes some code if one condition is true
 if...else statement - executes some code if a condition is true and another code if that condition
is false
 if...elseif...else statement - executes different codes for more than two conditions
 switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to be executed

1.1. PHP - The if Statement
 The if statement executes some code if one condition is true.
Syntax
if (condition) {
code to be executed if condition is true;
}
Example
 Output "Have a good day!" if the current time (HOUR) is less than 20:
<?php
$t = date("H");
if ($t < "20") {

echo "Have a good day!";
}
?>
1.2. PHP - The if...else Statement
 The if...else statement executes some code Example

if a condition is true and another code if Output "Have a good day!" if the current time is
that condition is false. less than 20, and "Have a good night!"
Syntax otherwise:
<?php
if (condition) {
$t = date("H");
code to be executed if condition is
if ($t < "20") {
true;
echo "Have a good day!";
} else {
} else {
code to be executed if condition is
echo "Have a good night!";
false;
}
}
?>
1.3. PHP - The if...elseif...else Statement
 The if...elseif...else statement executes different codes for more than two conditions.
Syntax
if (condition) {
code to be executed if this condition is true;
} elseif (condition) {
code to be executed if first condition is false and this
condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if all conditions are false;
}
Example
 Output "Have a good morning!" echo "Have a good morning!";
if the current time is less than

10, and "Have a good day!" if } elseif ($t < "20") {
the current time is less than 20. echo "Have a good day!";
Otherwise it will output "Have

a good night!": } else {
echo "Have a good night!";
<?php
}
$t = date("H");
?>
if ($t < "10") {
switch (n) {
1.4. PHP switch Statement case label1:
code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
 The switch statements is used to
case label2:
perform different actions based on code to be executed if n=label2;
different conditions break;
case label3:
code to be executed if n=label3;
 Use the switch statement to select
break;
one of many blocks of code to be ...
executed. default:
code to be executed if n is different
Syntax
from all labels;
}
PHP LOOPS
PHP Loops
 Often when you write code, you want the same block of code to run over and over again a certain
number of times. So, instead of adding several almost equal code-lines in a script, we can use loops.
 Loops are used to execute the same block of code again and again, as long as a certain condition is
true.
In PHP, we have the following loop types:
 while - loops through a block of code as long as the specified condition is true
 do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then repeats the loop as long as the specified
condition is true
 for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times
 foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an array

1. PHP while Loop
 The while loop - Loops through a <?php
block of code as long as the $x = 1;
.
specified condition is true.
Syntax while($x <= 5) {
while (condition is true) { echo "The number is: $x
code to be executed;
} ";
Examples $x++;
 The example below displays the }
numbers from 1 to 5:
?>
Example
Example Explained
 <?php
 $x = 1; - Initialize the loop
$x = 0;
counter ($x), and set the start
value to 1
while($x <= 100) {
 $x <= 5 - Continue the loop as echo "The number is: $x ";
long as $x is less than or equal $x+=10;
to 5 }
 $x++; - Increase the loop ?>
counter value by 1 for each Example Explained

iteration  $x = 0; - Initialize the loop counter ($x), and set the start value to 0
 $x <= 100 - Continue the loop as long as $x is less than or equal to
100
 $x+=10; - Increase the loop counter value by 10 for each iteration
2. PHP do while Loop
 The do...while loop - loop will always execute the block of code once, it will then check the
condition, and repeat the loop while the specified condition is true.
Syntax
do {
}
while (condition is true);
Examples
 The example below first sets a variable $x to 1 ($x = 1). Then, the do while loop will write some
output, and then increment the variable $x with 1. Then the condition is checked (is $x less than, or
equal to 5?), and the loop will continue to run as long as $x is less than, or equal to 5:
<?php
<?php
$x = 6;
$x = 1;
do {
do { echo "The number is: $x
echo "The number is: $x ";
 "; $x++;
$x++; } while ($x <= 7);

?>
} while ($x <= 5);
?>
# While loop Do-while
1 While loop is entry control loop Do-while loop is exit control loop
2 A while loop is a pre-test loop Do-while loop is a post-test loop
3 It test the condition before It test the condition ate the end of the
executing the loop body loop body
4 There is no semicolon at the end of The semicolon is compulsory at the

the loop end of the loop
3. PHP for Loop
 The for loop is used when you know in advance how many times the script should run.
Syntax
for (init counter; test counter; increment counter) {
code to be executed for each iteration;
}
 Parameters:
 init counter: Initialize the loop counter value
 test counter: Evaluated for each loop iteration. If it evaluates to TRUE, the loop
continues. If it evaluates to FALSE, the loop ends.
 increment counter: Increases the loop counter value

Examples
The example below displays the numbers from 0 to 10:
Example 1
<?php
for ($x = 0; $x <= 10; $x++) {
}
?>
Example Explained
 $x = 0; - Initialize the loop counter ($x), and set the start value to 0
 $x <= 10; - Continue the loop as long as $x is less than or equal to 10
 $x++ - Increase the loop counter value by 1 for each iteration
This example counts to 100 by tens:
Example 2
<?php
for ($x = 0; $x <= 100; $x+=10) {
}
?>
Example Explained
 $x = 0; - Initialize the loop counter ($x), and set the start value to 0
 $x <= 100; - Continue the loop as long as $x is less than or equal to 100
 $x+=10 - Increase the loop counter value by 10 for each iteration
4. PHP foreach Loop
 The foreach loop works only on arrays, and is used to loop through each key/value pair in an
array.
Syntax
foreach ($array as $value) {
}
 For every loop iteration, the value of the current array element is assigned to $value and the array
pointer is moved by one, until it reaches the last array element.
Examples
The following example will output the values of the given array ($colors):
Example
<?php
$colors = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");
foreach ($colors as $value) {
echo "$value ";
}
?>
The following example will output both the keys and the values of the given array
($age):
Example
<?php
$age = array("Peter"=>"35", "Ben"=>"37", "Joe"=>"43");
foreach($age as $x => $val) {

echo "$x = $val ";
}
?>
5. PHP Break and Continue
<?php
 We have already seen the break
for ($x = 0; $x < 10; $x+
statement used in an earlier chapter
+) {
which switch statement.
if ($x == 4) {
 The break statement can also be used
break;
to jump out of a loop.
}
 This example jumps out of the loop echo "The number is: $x
when x is equal to 4: ";
}
?>
<?php
PHP Continue for ($x = 0; $x < 10;
 The continue statement breaks one $x++) {
iteration (in the loop), if a specified if ($x == 4) {
condition occurs, and continues with continue;
the next iteration in the loop. }
 This example skips the value of 4: echo "The number is:
$x ";
}
?>
<?php
 Break and Continue in While
$x = 0;
Loop
 You can also use break and
while($x < 10) {
continue in while loops:
if ($x == 4) {
break;
Break Example }
$x++;
}
?>
<?php
$x = 0;
while($x < 10) {
Continue Example if ($x == 4) {
$x++;
continue;
}
$x++;
}
?>
1. PHP Functions
 PHP function is a piece of code that can be reused many times.
 It can take input as argument list and return value.
 There are thousands of built-in functions in PHP.
 In PHP, we can define:
 Conditional function
 Function within Function
 Recursive function.
2. Advantage of PHP Functions
 Code Reusability: PHP functions are defined only once and can be invoked
many times, like in other programming languages.
 Less Code: It saves a lot of code because you don't need to write the logic
many times. By the use of function, you can write the logic only once and
reuse it.
 Easy to understand: PHP functions separate the programming logic. So it is

easier to understand the flow of the application because every logic is divided
in the form of functions.
2. PHP User-defined Functions
 We can declare and call user-defined functions easily. Let's see the syntax to
declare user-defined functions.
Syntax
 function functionname(){
 //code to be executed
}
 Note: Function name must be start with letter and underscore only like
other labels in PHP. It can't be start with numbers or special symbols.
PHP Functions Example
PHP Function Arguments
<?php We can pass the information in PHP
function sayHello(){ function through arguments which is
echo "Hello PHP Function";
separated by comma. PHP supports:
}
sayHello();//  Call by Value (default),
calling function
?>  Call by Reference,
 Output:  Default argument values
 Hello PHP Function  Variable-length argument list.
 Let's see the example to pass single Let's see the example to pass two argument
argument in PHP function. in PHP function.
<?php <?php
function sayHello($name){
function sayHello($name,$age){
echo "Hello $name, you are $age year
echo "Hello $name ";
s old ";
} }
sayHello(“Emmy"); sayHello(“Emmy",27);
sayHello(“Kalisa"); sayHello(“Kalisa",29);
sayHello(“Josh");
sayHello("Josh",23);
?>
 ?>
Output:
Output:
Hello Emmy, you are 27 years old
 Hello Emmy Hello Kalisa, you are 29 years old
 Hello Kalisa Hello Josh, you are 23 years old
3. PHP Call By Reference
 Value passed to the function doesn't modify the <?php
actual value by default (call by value). But we function adder(&$str2)
can do so by passing value as a reference. {

$str2 .= 'Call By Reference'
 By default, value passed to the function is call
}
by value. To pass value as a reference, you need
$str = 'Hello ';
to use ampersand (&) symbol before the
adder($str);
argument name.
echo $str;
 Let's see a simple example of call by reference
?>
in PHP. Output:
Hello Call By Reference
4. PHP Function: Default Argument Value
 We can specify a default argument value in function. While calling PHP function if
you don't specify any argument, it will take the default argument.
 Let's see a simple example of using default argument value in PHP function.
<?php
function sayHello($name=“Josh"){
echo "Hello $name "; Output:
}
Hello Deborah
sayHello(“Deborah");
Hello Josh
sayHello();//passing no value
Hello Ismael
sayHello(“Ismael");
?>
5. PHP Function: Returning Value
 Let's see an example of PHP function that returns value.

<?php
function cube($n){
return $n*$n*$n;
}
echo "Cube of 3 is: ".cube(3);
?>
Output:
Cube of 3 is: 27

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BACKEND DEVELOPMENT USING

 At the completion of this module the  Learning assumed to be in

 PHP is an interpreted language, i.e., there is no need for compilation.

 PHP is a server-side scripting language, which is used to manage the

 PHP can be embedded into HTML.

 PHP is an object-oriented language.

 PHP is an open-source scripting language.

Step 9: XAMPP is ready to use. Start the Apache server and

 echo is a statement, which is used to display the output.

 echo can be used with or without parentheses: echo().

 echo does not return any value.

 We can pass multiple strings separated by a comma (,) in echo.

 echo is faster than the print statement.

For Example (Check multiple arguments)

 It will generate an error if you try to display its return value.

Here, some important points to know about variables:

 After declaring a variable, it can be reused throughout the code.

 Assignment Operator (=) is used to assign the value to a variable.

Syntax of declaring a variable in PHP is given below:

 A variable name must start with a letter or underscore (_) character.

 A PHP variable name cannot contain spaces.

Comments can be used to:

<!DOCTYPE html> <!DOCTYPE html>

strlen() - Return the Length of a String

 The PHP strlen() function returns the length of a string

 Return the length of the string "Hello world!":

 The PHP str_word_count() function counts the number of words in a

 Count the number of word in the string "Hello world!":

 An integer is a number without any decimal part.

Here are some rules for integers:

 2.0, 256.4, 10.358, 7.64E+5, 5.56E-5 are all floats.

 PHP_FLOAT_MAX - The largest representable floating point number

 PHP_FLOAT_MIN - The smallest representable positive floating point number

 - PHP_FLOAT_MAX - The smallest representable negative floating point number

 PHP_FLOAT_EPSILON - The smallest representable positive number x, so that x + 1.0 != 1.0

 is_double() - alias of is_float()

Check if the type of a variable is float:

PHP has the following functions to check if a numeric value is finite or

Check if the variable is numeric:

echo(pi()); // returns returns 150

echo(abs(-6.7)); // returns 6.7 <?php

echo(round(0.49)); // returns 0 <?php

?> echo(sqrt(64)); // returns 8

 The PHP increment operators are used to increment a variable's value.

 The PHP logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

 The PHP array operators are used to compare arrays.

In PHP we have the following conditional statements:

 switch statement - selects one of many blocks of code to be executed

 The if statement executes some code if one condition is true.

if ($t < "20") {

 The if...else statement executes some code Example

 Output "Have a good morning!" echo "Have a good morning!";

if the current time is less than

Otherwise it will output "Have

In PHP, we have the following loop types:

 for - loops through a block of code a specified number of times

 foreach - loops through a block of code for each element in an array