Nutritional Needs:

Preschool to School-Age
Child Development
Growth During the Preschool Years
There is a wide range of
"normal" growth.
Between the ages of two
and five, the average
child grows about 2½
inches taller each year,
and also gains four to five
pounds each year.

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What influences growth?

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 Nutrition
Nutrition is a critical factor in
growth as everything the body
needs to build and repair itself
comes from the food we eat.
Malnutrition can cause deficiency
diseases that adversely affect the
growth and development of
children.
On the other hand, overeating can
lead to obesity and health problems
in the long run, such as diabetes
and heart disease.
A balanced diet that is rich in
vitamins, minerals, proteins,
carbohydrates and fats is essential
for the development of the brain
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 Growth During School-Age Years
A school-age child should
be:

Becoming more aware of

their body
Focusing attention for
longer periods of time
Moving in a more strong,
coordinated manner
Using complex sentences
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Feeding a school age child
1. Psychological Factors a. to improve nutrition
a. more confident and of school children
express own food choices b. strengthening the
b. Strong urge to eat nutrition and health
what his friends eat education program of
2. School Environment – public schools
the goals of school feeding c. to foster proper eating
programs in the habits.
Philippines

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3. Food Preferences
a. Child eats wider variety
of foods and has more
food likes and dislikes
b. Child wants simple and
plain dishes.
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Feeding Problems
1. Inadequate meals due
to skipping meals
specially breakfast.
2. Poor appetite due to
demand of school work,
tiredness of extra
curricular activities
3. Sweet tooth common
cause is hungry growing
bodies recognize for extra
calories and parents give
reward of more sweet or
candies.
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 ChooseMyPlate
Put the plan into action by:

Choosing a variety of
foods
Choosing healthy snacks
Making smart beverage
choices
Serving small portions

Source: ChooseMyPlate.gov
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Meal Planning for children
1. Make green, leafy, and
yellow vegetables and
fruit a must in daily
family meal. Different
colors, forms, sizes and
shape stimulate their
appetite.
2. Pack nutritious meal
which supply 1/3 of the
child daily food needs.
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3. Avoid spicy and highly
seasoned food.
4. Make snack count by
serving root crops,
beans, or fresh fruits and
juices instead of sweet
candies and soft drinks.
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Eat a Variety of Nutrient-Rich Foods
Servings are based on:
Activity level
Age
Gender
During the early years steady
rate of growth is normally
maintained. At 10 to 12 years pre-
adolescent growth spurt begins.
Following the standard of weight
for age and height for age among
Filipino children 7 to 12 years.
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 Caloric Needs of Children
Age Caloric Needs

Two –year-old 1,000 calories

Five-year-old 1,400 calories

Ten-year-old 1,800 calories

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 Snacks for Preschool and
School-Age Children
Hummus or peanut
butter and whole-grain
crackers
Sandwiches prepared
with whole-grain bread
Trail mix made from low-
sugar cereal, dried fruit,
chopped nuts, and mini
chocolate chips
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Kids Rock Nutrition in the Kitchen

(click on picture)

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 Healthy Habits for Children

Cut children's’
portion sizes by 0ne-
half to one-third of
an adult’s serving
size.

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 Serving vs. Portion Sizes

A deck of cards =
three ounces of A music CD = Six dice = one
cooked meat, one pancake and one-half
poultry, or fish or waffle ounces of
cheese

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 Serving vs. Portion Sizes

A small fist = one-half of

Your thumb tip = one teaspoon of
a cup of fruit, vegetable,
margarine or butter
cooked cereal, pasta or
rice
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 Serving vs. Portion Sizes

A computer A baseball =
A small plate (7 one medium
inch) = one tortilla mouse = one
small baked apple or orange
potato

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 Serving vs. Portion Sizes

The width of a small Four checkers = A golf ball =

soft drink lid = one- four small two
half of a bagel cookies (like tablespoons of
vanilla wafers) peanut butter
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Portion Distortion

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 Childhood Obesity
Risks for children can
include:
Depression
Heart disease
Hypertension
Poor self-esteem
Sleep apnea

Source: Love Our Children USA

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 Child Malnutrition
Can cause:
Bone disease
Death
Depression
Poor self-esteem
Reproductive problems
Seizures

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Special Nutritional needs
1. Premature Infants-
infants born before 37 weeks
which sucking reflex is not
developed until 34 weeks of
gestation, may feed by
parenteral nutrition or tube
feeding or bolus. Still the
best food for infants is
mother’s breast milk. It
contains protein, sodium,
and other minerals.
Other concerns for
preterm infants are low
birth weight,
underdeveloped lungs,
immature GI tract,
inadequate bone
mineralization, and lack
of fat reserves.
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2. Cystic Fibrosis- an
inherited disease that causes
the body to produce
abnormally thick secretions
due to faulty transport of
85% experienced pancreatic
chloride w/in cells lining
insufficiency and at risk for
organs such as lungs,
nutritional problem like mal
pancreas, to their outer absorption of fats due to
surfaces. Obstruction of decrease production of
pancreas that prevents digestive enzymes. Therefore
enzymes to flow to the water soluble and fat soluble
intestines that will help in vitamins must be
digestions and breaking supplemented.
down of foods.
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3. Failure to thrive – can be
determined by plotting the
infants growth chart. The
height and weight and head
circumference. Slow
development in physical skills,
like sitting, standing, and
walking. Mental and s
social skills is also delayed.
4. Metabolic Disorders –
Inborn error of metabolism
caused by mutations in the
genes.
a. Galactosemia- is a condition
which there is lack of liver
enzyme transferase.
This enzymes converts
galactose to glucose. When
transferase is missing the
infants ingest anything
containing galactose sugar
found in milk, then it
accumulates in blood then
becomes toxic. New born
suffers from diarrhea,
vomiting, edema, and
cataract may develop and
mental retardation.
Nutritional supplements of
calcium, Vit. D and
riboflavin is necessary.
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b. Phenylketonuria-  Diet therapy – Lofenalac is
condition caused by commercial infant formula.
95% 0f phenylalanine
inborn error of removed from its protein.
metabolism infant lacks c. Maple syrup Urine Disease-
of the liver enzymes congenital defect resulting in
necessary to metabolize inability to metabolize three
the amino acid amino acids leucine, isoleucine,
and valine. Increased in blood
phenylalanine. levels of amino acids,
Infants become hypoglycemia, apathy, and
hyperactive, suffers convulsion.
seizures between 6 & 18 Diet therapy - provide sufficient
Kcal, and nutrients, w/ restricted
months and become
these amino acids. Low protein
mentally retarded. foods necessary throughout life.
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Adolescence problems related to nutrition
1. Anorexia Nervosa-
psychological disorder
begin in late childhood and
early twenties causes
reduced Kcal intake that
disrupts metabolism and
causes hair loss, low blood
pressure, weakness,
amenorrhea, brain damage,
and death. There is
irrational fear of being fat
and always counting of the
calories.
2. Bulimia- a syndrome
which the client binges and
purges. By inducing
vomiting and using
laxatives causing electrolyte
imbalances, malnutrition,
dehydration, and dental
caries.
3. Overweight- diminish self
esteem
4. Fast foods- are high in
fats and sodium and Kcal.
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5. Alcoholism and other To prevent dehydration.
addictive substances will Kcal double the normal
destroy lives, and families requirements.
and devastate nutritional
status and health.
Cirrhosis of the liver.
6. Nutrition for athletes –
additional water, Kcal,
thiamin, riboflavin, niacin,
sodium, iron, and protein.

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Procedure in calculating diet Prescription
for children
1. Determine the height and Note:
weight of a child and Boy= 1kcal per kg DBW/hour
estimate the desirable body
weight, age in years, and Girl=0.9kcal per kg
sex. Using this formula: DBW/hour
a. DBW= (age in years x 2) + c. Estimate physical activity
8 using
Ex. =(8yrs x 2) + 8 = 24kgs -
DBW
b. Calculate Basal Needs- =
0.9 x 24 x 24 = 518.4Kcal for
girl
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 Review
What influences physical growth?

What are four examples of nutritious snacks for a

preschool child? School-age child?

What are the health risks for obese children?

What is portion control and give three examples.

What is child malnutrition?

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Adolescence (12-20 Years) There is an increased need
The teenage years are a time for:
of rapid growth and energy for functioning of
development, when
the body
adolescents need more
energy. Rapidly growing protein for growth and
bones also need plenty of repair
calcium. The increase in vitamins for maintenance,
body tissue and hence blood health and development
volume in boys and the
onset of menstruation in
minerals, especially
girls means that extra iron is calcium, phosphorous
needed by both sexes. and iron
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Adolescence Nutrient Allowances

1. Calories – for 44kg boy 2. Protein – both boys

between 13 to 15 years and girls need 59grams
needs 310 Kcal more at age 13 – 15 years of age.
than the girls due to the As they grow older it
energy expenditure increases also the
brought by intense allowances for both male
physical activity. and female.
Increases the thiamine,
riboflavin, and niacin
allowances.

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3. Vitamins – Vitamin A,
C, Thiamin, riboflavin,
Niacin.
4. Minerals- Calcium -
700mg for 13 – 15yrs
16 -19yrs - 600mg
allowances.

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Possible Nutritional Problems
1. Low intakes of calcium b. Fear of over weight or
2. Low intake of iron in crush diet
girls
c. Food diet
3. Anemia
d. Poor choices of snack
4. Obesity/underweight
food
5. Skin problems
6. Nutritional deficiencies e. Irregular eating
related to: patterns
a. Psychological f. Additional stress of
factors – food aversion and pregnancy.
emotional problems.
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Important nutrition for adult
Calcium. Calcium is
important for healthy bones,
muscles and nerves and helps
prevent osteoporosis. ...
Vitamin D helps your body
absorb and use calcium for
healthy bones and muscles. ...
Vitamin B12. ...
Sodium. ...
Sugar. ...
Saturated Fat.
Components of a balanced
diet:
Carbohydrates. A vital source
of energy, carbohydrates
comprises about 60% of an
individual's diet.
Protein is needed to assist
your body to repair cells and
make new ones.
Fats.
Vitamins and Minerals.
Water.
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Feeding of Adult
To stay healthy observe 5. Avoid too much sugar
the following: 6. Avoid too much
1. Eat variety of foods sodium
2. Maintain ideal body 7. Drink alcohol in
weight moderation
3. Avoid too much fats –
saturated fat and
cholesterol
4. Eat food with adequate
starch and fiber

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Common disease condition
1. Osteoporosis 2. Cancer -to avoid the
Bone disease lead to American cancer society
recommends to eat the
fracture. following foods:
To prevent bone loss – > Carotene rich foods- leafy
recommends 30 minutes green and yellow vegetables
of exercise 3 t0 6 times a - Cabbage
week. Diet should  Fruits, vegetables, whole
include milk, spinach, grain cereals.
 Milk
broccoli.
 Moderate fats, process
foods
 Alcohol in moderation. 46
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Food needs by Elderly
1. Calories – decrease due After 65 yrs. = 10%
to reduced basal decrease
metabolism, and physical
activity.
Recommended decrease
in calorie intake as
follows:
45 – 55yrs. = 7.5%
decrease
55 – 65 = 7.5 % decrease

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 Nutrition for Elderly
 Eating right and staying fit are important no
matter what your age. As we get older our
bodies have different needs, so certain nutrients
become especially important for good health.
1. Calcium and Vitamin D
 Older adults need more calcium and vitamin D
to help maintain bone health.
 To meet these needs, select calcium-rich foods
and beverages and aim for three servings of
low-fat or fat-free dairy products each day.
 Other sources of calcium include fortified
cereals and fruit juices, dark green leafy
vegetables, canned fish with soft bones, and
fortified plant-based beverages. Good sources of
vitamin D include fatty fish, such as salmon,
eggs and fortified foods and beverages. If you
take a calcium supplement or multivitamin,
choose one that contains vitamin D.
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2. Vitamin B12
 Some adults older than 50 may not
be able to absorb enough vitamin
B12. Fortified cereal, lean meat and
some fish and seafood are sources of
vitamin B12.
3. Dietary Fiber
 Eat fiber-rich foods to stay regular.
Dietary fiber also may help lower
your risk for heart disease and
reduce your risk for Type 2 diabetes.
 Eat whole-grain breads and cereals,
and more beans and peas — along
with fruits and vegetables which also
provide dietary fiber.
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4. Potassium
Consuming adequate
potassium, along with limiting
sodium (salt) intake, may lower
your risk of high blood pressure.
Fruits, vegetables, beans and
low-fat or fat-free dairy products
are good sources of potassium.
Also, select and prepare foods
with little or no added salt. Add
flavor to food with herbs and
spices.

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7. Fats
Most of the fats you eat
should be polyunsaturated
and monounsaturated fats,
which are primarily found in
nuts, seeds, avocados,
vegetable oils and fish.
Choose foods that are low in
saturated fat and trans fat to
help reduce your risk of heart
disease.

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Nutrition and chronic disease:
1. Osteoporosis- amount
calcium in bones is
reduced become porous
(permeable).
2. Arthritis – cause joints
to become painful and
stiff, structural changes
in cartilage of the joints.
3. Cancer – usually high
in fats and low in fiber.
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All righ
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4. Diabetes Mellitus-
produce insufficient insulin
thus affect carbohydrate
metabolism.
5. Hypertension- can lead to
strokes, their diets usually
high in salts and low in
calcium.
6. Heart Disease- due to
atherosclerosis. Excessive
cholesterol, and saturated
fats.
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 References and Resources
Images:
 Microsoft Clip Art: Used with permission from Microsoft™. (Slides 12, 14, 15, 17 and 19)
 Photos obtained through a license with Shutterstock™. (Slides 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 18 and 20)
 United States Department of Agriculture. (Slide 6)

Publications:

 Caring for Children

Kids can cook and learning is the secret ingredient!
http://cte.sfasu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/CaringForKids3-5.pdf

Textbook:

 Decker, C. (2011). Child development early stages through age 12. (7th ed.). Tinley Park: Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc.

Websites:

 Health and Nutrition Information for Preschoolers

Help your preschoolers eat well, be active, and be healthy.
http://www.choosemyplate.gov/preschoolers.html

 Choosemyplate.gov
Anyone eating on the run or at restaurants has probably noticed that food portions have gotten larger. Some portions are called "super-size," while others have simply grown in
size and provide enough food for at least two people. With this growth have come increases in waistlines and body weight.
http://www.choosemyplate.gov/supertracker-tools/portion-distortion.html

 Choose MyPlate.gov
Health and Nutrition Information for Children Over Five
http://www.choosemyplate.gov/children-over-five.html

 Let’s Move: America’s Move to Raise a Healthier Generation of Kids

Let’s Move! is dedicated to solving the problem of childhood obesity within a generation so that every child born today—grows up healthy. Provides corresponding activities for
each step.
http://www.letsmove.gov/kids

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