This document provides an introduction to artificial intelligence. It discusses key concepts like data, information, and knowledge. It also describes human intelligence and how people reason using categories, rules, heuristics, past experience, and expectations. The document outlines different views of AI including thinking humanly, acting humanly, thinking rationally, and acting rationally. It discusses the history and some research areas of AI as well as applications. Finally, it provides examples of the current state of AI technologies.
This document provides an introduction to artificial intelligence. It discusses key concepts like data, information, and knowledge. It also describes human intelligence and how people reason using categories, rules, heuristics, past experience, and expectations. The document outlines different views of AI including thinking humanly, acting humanly, thinking rationally, and acting rationally. It discusses the history and some research areas of AI as well as applications. Finally, it provides examples of the current state of AI technologies.
This document provides an introduction to artificial intelligence. It discusses key concepts like data, information, and knowledge. It also describes human intelligence and how people reason using categories, rules, heuristics, past experience, and expectations. The document outlines different views of AI including thinking humanly, acting humanly, thinking rationally, and acting rationally. It discusses the history and some research areas of AI as well as applications. Finally, it provides examples of the current state of AI technologies.
Data, Information, and Knowledge What is Data and Information? Are they different from Knowledge?
Data: Unorganized and unprocessed facts;
static; a set of discrete facts about events
Information: Aggregation of data that
makes decision making easier
Knowledge is derived from information in
the same way information is derived from data; it is a person’s range of information
Introduction to AI - By Segni B(MSc in CSE)
Intelligence Intelligence is the capability of observing, learning, remembering and reasoning. AI attempts to develop intelligent agents. Characteristics of Intelligent system Use vast amount of knowledge Learn from experience and adopt to changing environment Interact with human using language and speech Respond in real time Tolerate error and ambiguity in communication Introduction to AI - By Segni B(MSc in CSE) Human Intelligence How do people Reason? They create categories
They use specific rules
– if ‘a’ then ’b’ if ‘b’ then ‘c’ abc They use Heuristics - “Rule of thumb” They use Past Experience – “CASES” - Similarities of current and previous case - Store cases using key attributes They Use “Expectations” How does our brain work when we solve a problem? Do we think it over and suddenly find an answer? What do we do when solving a complicated factorization problem, a puzzle or a mystery? Introduction to AI - By Segni B(MSc in CSE) Artificial Intelligence(AI) AI is the branch of Computer Science that deals with ways of: representing knowledge using symbol (non-algorithmic) rather than numeric value and with rule-of-thumb and method of processing information The creation of computer programs which exhibit some features of human intelligence has been the goal of Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI is the effort to develop computer based system that behave as human. Such system should be able to learn Natural Language. Able to do text processing, communicate in natural language and speech
Introduction to AI - By Segni B(MSc in CSE)
Views of AI AI is found on the premise that: workings of human mind can be explained in terms of computation, & computers can do the right thing given correct premises and reasoning rules. AI definition organized into four categories these are:
Introduction to AI - By Segni B(MSc in CSE)
Thinking humanly: The Cognitive Modeling Reasons like humans do Programs that behave like humans
Requires understanding of the internal activities of the brain
see how humans behave in certain situations and see if you could make computers behave in that same way. Cognitive Science brings together Computer Science, Linguistics, Philosophy, and Psychology in one.
Example. write a program that plays chess. Instead of making
the best possible chess-playing program, you would make one that play chess like people do.
Introduction to AI - By Segni B(MSc in CSE)
Acting humanly: The Turing Test Can machines act like human do? Can machines behave intelligently? Turing Test: Operational test for intelligent behavior do experiments on the ability to achieve human-level performance, Acting like humans requires AI programs to interact with people
Example A computer passes the test if a human interrogator, after
posing some written questions, cannot tell whether the written responses come from a person or from a computer. Suggested major components of AI: knowledge representation, automatic reasoning, natural language understanding, machine learning, computer vision, …
Introduction to AI - By Segni B(MSc in CSE)
Thinking Rationally: The Laws of Thought A system is rational if it thinks/does the right thing through correct reasoning.
Aristotle:provided the patterns for argument structures that
always gave correct conclusions when given correct premises. Example: Abdi is a man; all men are mortal; therefore Abdi is mortal
These Laws of thought governed the operation of the mind and
initiated the field of Logic. Introduction to AI - By Segni B(MSc in CSE) Acting rationally: The rational agent Doing the right thing so as to achieve one’s goal, given one’s beliefs. Mostly AI is the study and construction of rational agents (an agent that perceives and acts) Rational action requires the ability to represent knowledge and reason with it so as to reach good decision. Learning for better understanding of how the world works may require thinking rationally to decide which action will achieve one's goal may require natural language, vision, and learning skills to be able to communicate with the world and generate better strategies over time
Introduction to AI - By Segni B(MSc in CSE)
The Foundations of AI The disciplines that contributed ideas, viewpoints, and techniques to AI include: Philosophy (Where does knowledge come from?) Mathematics (What can be computed?) Economics (How should we make decisions so as to maximize payoff?) Neuroscience (How do brains process information?) Psychology (How do humans and animals think and act?) Computer engineering (How can we build an efficient computer?) Control theory and cybernetics (How can artifacts operate under their own control?) Linguistics (How does language relate to thought?) Introduction to AI - By Segni B(MSc in CSE) History of AI Formally initiated in 1956 and the name AI was coined by John McCarthy.
Theadvent of general purpose computers provided a vehicle for
creating artificially intelligent entities. Used for solving general-purpose problems
The early work in AI concentrated a bit too much on search and
the use of heuristics of a very general-purpose nature for guiding and limiting the search.
Introduction to AI - By Segni B(MSc in CSE)
What led to new phase in AI field Relatively slow progress in AI in the sixties and seventies Significant steps forward to substantial investments made on AI in the eighties. The US Department of Defense listed AI as an essential technology & strategic computing program The Japanese launched a massive Fifth Generation Computer Systems project with strong AI components. The UK set up the Alvey Program which made significant investments on intelligent knowledge based systems. The Microelectronics and Computer Technology Consortium (MCC) set up by a group of US companies recognized AI as an important area. The European Economic Community's ESPRIT Program funded a number of AI activities. The Government of India and the United Nations Development Program have initiated and supported the Knowledge Based Computer Systems Project Introduction to AI - By Segni B(MSc in CSE) Some of AI research areas: Natural language understanding Knowledge representation Common sense reasoning Logic in AI Intelligent tutoring systems Theorem proving Planning and scheduling Computer vision Robotics Speech understanding Game playing Big data analysis
Introduction to AI - By Segni B(MSc in CSE)
Applications of AI Solving problems that required thinking by humans: Playing games (chess, checker, cards, ...) Proving theorems (mathematical theorems, laws of physics, …) Classification of text (Politics, Economic, sports, etc,) Writing story and poems; solving puzzles Giving advice in medicine, law, … (diagnosing diseases, consultation, …)
Introduction to AI - By Segni B(MSc in CSE)
The State of Art : today’s AI can do Robotic vehicles STANLEY (driverless robotic car) is a Volkswagen Touareg outfitted with cameras, radar, and laser rangefinders to sense the environment and onboard software to command the steering, braking, and acceleration. Speech recognition A traveler calling United Airlines to book a flight can have the entire conversation guided by an automated speech recognition and dialog management system. Autonomous planning and scheduling A hundredmillion miles from Earth, NASA’s Remote Agent program became the first on-board autonomous planning program to control the scheduling of operations for a spacecraft
Introduction to AI - By Segni B(MSc in CSE)
Cont… Spam fighting Each day, learning algorithms classify over a billion messages as spam, saving the recipient from having to waste time deleting. Robotics The iRobot Corporation has sold over two million Roomba robotic vacuum cleaners for home use. Machine Translation A computer program automatically translates from Arabic to English, allowing an English speaker to see the headlines.
Introduction to AI - By Segni B(MSc in CSE)
How to make computers act like humans? The following sub-fields are emerged Natural Language processing (enable computers communicate in human language, English, Amharic, ..) Knowledge representation (schemes to store information, both facts and inferences, before and during interrogation) Automated reasoning (use stored information to answer questions and to draw new conclusions) Machine learning (adapt to new circumstances and accumulate knowledge) Computer vision (recognize objects based on patterns in the same way as the human visual system does) Robotics (produce mechanical device capable of controlled motion; which enable computers to see, hear & take actions) Is AI equals human intelligence ? Introduction to AI - By Segni B(MSc in CSE) Programming paradigms Each programming paradigms consists of two aspects: Methods for organizing data/knowledge, Methods for controlling the flow of computation
Traditional paradigms: Programs = data structure + algorithm
Some AI Videos http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1JJsBFiXGl0&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICgL1OWsn58&feature=related http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~kdresner/aim/video/fcfs-insanity.mov http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HacG_FWWPOw&feature=related http://videolectures.net/aaai07_littman_ai/ http://www.ai.sri.com/~nysmith/videos/SRI_AR-PA_AAAI08.avi http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ScXX2bndGJc