ETIOPATHOGENESIS OF CANCER DEVELOPED IN THE HEAD AREA

IN DOGS

- from the epidemiological + anamnetic data, due to prolonged exposure to

oncoinducing factors, the following causes and possible pathogenetic mechanisms
were detected:
I. DETERMINING FACTORS ONCOGEN RISK
- factors chemicals - represented by
- the noxes resulting from the combustion of fuels (different
hydrocarbs aromatic)
- other substance chemistry result in the follow different industries
- factors physics - radiation uv , being observed an increased determinism at
breeds hyperpigmented
II. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND FAVORABLE ONCOGENIC RISK FACTORS

- age - adjuvant factor

- the average age at which these tumors are diagnosed in dogs is
between 7 and 10 years old
- more often - affected big and medium breeds sized and rare the small

- carcinomas develop in the AROUND age 7

- sarcomas after 10 years

- Sex - helper factor

- influences the incidence of nasal and sinus tumors
- the double incidence in males compared to females can be explained
by their specific behavior, probably determined by the fact that males use smell
more than females, to identify the territory, and of females in estrus
 - dog breeds: Setter, Collie, Cocker, German Shepherd, utility or hunting dogs that
have a developed sense of smell, due on the one hand to the length of the nasal
airways, and on the other hand due to an extremely well-developed nasal mucosa

- skull length = risk factor significant

- this is the main risk factor it is evaluated with the help of cephalic index
- HEAD INDEX= THE RATIO BETWEEN THE MAXIMUM LENGTH OF THE
HEAD AND THE MAXIMUM WIDTH OF THE HEAD, EXPRESSED AS A
PERCENTAGE

- breed characteristics and nose length could be explained by the greater possibility
of filtering irritating substances, pollution noxes, which induce transformations,
metaplasia and initiates the neoplastic phenomenon

- an index cephalic of 75% represents an elongated head - a skull elongate

assume cavity nasal longer, a surface bigger than accumulation of carcinogens factors (
cigarette smoke, products results from combustion coal and gasoline, flea sprays )
 - the breeds of dogs with long noses, those of medium and large size, which
present an increased risk of developing these tumors are: Airedale
Terrier, Setter, Basset, Shepherd German, Brac, Scottish Terrier,
Collie, Shetland sheepdog , Pointer - apparently correlating with the
great length of the nasal area and the development very much through
selection in these races of thesense of smell
- Labrador , Golden Retriever = increased risk of developing a tumors at the
level of the nasal vestibule and the nasal plane

- dog breeds with a smaller cephalic index (brachycephalic) - show a

pronounced shortening of the nasal cavities, these breeds exhibiting mainly mouth
breathing and thus being less exposed to oncogenic factors
- Brachycephalic dogs have a higher incidence of oral tumors
- for example 30% of boxers over 5 years old have fibromatous epulis
TUMORS OF THE NASAL AND PARANASAL SINUSES

- nasal neoplasms have an infiltrative growth and a tendency to expand

- they produce ostelytic and deforming bone changes

- Carcinomas - adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, carcinoma

undifferentiated
- nasal and sinus carcinomas rarely produce distant metastases
- locally they have invasive growth with serious bone lesions
- adenocarcinoma = formed by acini + canaliculi of serous glands and
mucous membranes
- squamous cell carcinoma - white irregular formation ; on section lobular
aspect

- Sarcomas - fibrosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma , sarcoma

undifferentiated
- characterized by - progressive local invasion
TUMORS OF THE OPHARYNGEAL MUCOSA

- Epulis - tumors located on the gingival arches , starting from the epithelium
mucous

- Malpighian epithelioma - ulcerated tumors with rapid and expansive growth

destroying the bone tissue starting from the gum

- Fibrosarcoma - cancer of the gums and less often of the palate or mucosa
oral, slow development in the form of nodules
TUMORS OF THE ORAL CAVITY

- can have origin

- in the anything compound tissue from structure oral cavity
- can come from from other structure adjacent (cavity nasal, bones
cranial )
CLINIC - in the depending on the location tumors , animals presents
- hypersalivation
- halitosis
- local pain
- dysphagia
- bleeding
- tooth loss
- breathing noisy
- cough
- phonation changes
classification tumor CAVITY buccal
1. benign mesenchymal
- The epulides - tumors located on the gingival arches starting from the
mucous epithelium ( Epulis acanthomatous , fibromatous , giant cell )
2. malignant mesenchymal
- Fibrosarcoma vera – gum ; rarely palate or oral mucosa - slow
development in the form of nodules
3. benign epithelial
- Viral and senile papillomas with an etiology determined by UV radiation
4. malignant epithelial
- c squamous cell carcinoma
- Malpighian epithelioma - ulcerated tumors with rapid and expansive
growth destroying the bone tissue starting from the gum
5. neuroectodermal - Melanoma

- Tumors of the odontogenic tissue Ameloblastoma , Fibroma ameloblastic;

Odontoma
 ORAL TUMORS BENIGN HISTOPATHOLOGICALLY BUT MALIGNANT IN CLINICAL
EVOLUTION

- Epulides = injuries tumors or related tumors ( pseudotumors ), chronic

proliferative lesions mixed epithelial - conjunctive, with localizations
peripheral gingival , developed from the mucosa gingiva , ligament alveolo-
dental and periosteum , common in dogs and rare in cats

- epulis = generic, clinical term with different forms of expression

morphological: - fibrous epulis
- fibromatous epulis of the fibromatous and ossifying type
- gigantocellular epulis
- pyogenic granuloma
- vascular gingival hamartoma
- some of the mentioned forms develop at the site of a dental extraction
- it is more frequently located near the carnasseries on the upper jaw , however, it
can also be detected in other gingival areas (canines, incisors)
- POSTOPERATIVE RECURRENCES = FREQUENT IN MOST FORMS OF
EPULIS
- macroscopic - "fleshy", sessile, smooth or slightly uneven masses, of
different diameters (0.5 – 2 cm), pink-whitish in color, developed at
the base or around the teeth
- they can be - single or multiple
- with an intact or ulcerated surface
- the consistency differs depending on the presence of bone tissue in the
tumor structure
Acanthomatous epulis, sessile
Epulis
Solitary
Fibromatou
Proliferation mixed , epithelial -conjunctival (fibro-
carcinoma )
SQUAMOCELLULAR CARCINOMA
Pigmented squamous cell carcinoma developed on the background of
MALIGNANT MELANOMA
NOSE TUMORS