Arrhenius Acids and Bases (1859–1927)

 The first person to recognize the essential

nature of acids and bases was Svante
Arrhenius.
 Based on his experiments with
electrolytes, Arrhenius postulated that
acids produce hydrogen ions in aqueous
solution, while bases produce hydroxide
ions.
 This concept is limited because it applies
only to aqueous solutions and allows for
only one kind of base—the hydroxide ion.
Arrhenius Acids and Bases
Arrhenius Acids and Bases
 (1879–1947)

 Brønsted = an acid and its conjugate base or a base and its

conjugate acid.
 A Brønsted acid = donates a proton; a Brønsted base = accepts a
proton.
 Conjugate base = one proton has been removed from the acid.
Conjugate acid = addition of a proton to a Brønsted base.
 Not limited to aqueous solutions; it can be extended to
reactions in the gas phase.
Gas Phase (Brønsted Theory)

s a pro ton Conj. base

d o n ate Acid Conj. acid
Base

According to the Arrhenius theory, the above reaction would NOT be an acid-
base reaction because neither species is forming H+ or OH- in water.
Every Brønsted acid has a conjugate base, and every Brønsted base has a conjugate acid.
For example,
base H2O conjugate acid

NH3 has one fewer H atom

and one fewer positive
acid HCl conjugate base charge than NH4+
Hydronium Ion

Ammonia as a base
because of its ability to
accept a proton
base NH3 acid H2O conjugate acid conjugate base
Lewis acid is a substance that can accept a pair of electrons.
Lewis base as a substance that can donate a pair of electrons.

coordinate covalent The lone pairs on the nitrogen atom

 Lewis acid is a substance that can accept a pair of electrons.
Lewis base as a substance that can donate a pair of electrons.

coordinate covalent
The lone pairs on the
oxygen atom

Konfigurasi elektron 13Al :

ground state excited state

 The hydrogen ion concentration indicates the acidity or basicity of the solution.

In pure water at 25°C, the

concentrations of H+ and OH–
ions are equal and found to be The aqueous
[H+] = 1.0 x 10 –7 M and [OH–] = solution is said
1.0 x 10 –7 to be neutral.

 In an acidic solution, there is an excess of H+ ions;

[H+] > [OH–] For instance,
 In a basic solution, there is an excess of hydroxide ions;
[H+] < OH–]
 A neutral solution, where [H+] = OH–] [H+] > [OH–]
Bagaimana
nilai Kw jika
suhunya
berubah?
 pH dan pOH
pada suhu
400C?

[H+].[OH–] = 2.916 x 10-14

[H+] = [OH–] = 1.458 x 10-7

pH = pOH = 6.77
pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration (in mol/L)

Contoh: pH 3 konsentrasinya 10x pH 4 atau 100x pH 5 atau 1000x pH 6

Because pH is simply a way to express hydrogen  Bisakah pH bernilai

ion concentration, acidic and basic solutions at NEGATIF?
25°C can be distinguished by their pH values:  Apakah M tinggi =
pH tinggi?
Strong acids are strong electrolytes that are assumed to ionize completely in water.

Ionize only to a
Ionize completely in
limited extent in
water
water
Strong Bases are strong electrolytes that ionize completely in water.

Hydroxides of
alkali metals
and certain
alkaline earth
metals
Weak base
ionizes to a very limited extent in water
base1 acid2 acid1 base1

accepting a proton
 Both H3O+(aq) and H+(aq) are commonly
used to represent the hydrated proton.
In this book we will often use simply H+,
but you should remember that H+ is
hydrated in aqueous solutions.

Hydrated Proton
Ka, the acid ionization constant, is the equilibrium
constant for the ionization of an acid.
 Note: The concentration of a pure liquid
or a pure solid is always omitted. In a
dilute solution, the concentration of liquid
water remains constant when an acid is
dissolved. Thus, [H2O] is not included.
[H+] =
 Base ionization constant
(Kb), is the equilibrium
constant for the ionization
b
reaction.

[OH-] =
b

[OH-] =
Strong Acids-Bases and pH
neutral

? 0 7 14 ?

 pH have negative values if [H+] > 1.0

 For example, concentrated

hydrochloric acid (HCl) can have
a pH of around -1, while sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) solution can
have a pH as high as 15.