Phonological rules

- Linking /r/: we only pronounce /r/ when followed by a vowel. No /r/ before
consonants.
- Neutral vowels /i, u/: - never stressed
- word final position (at the end of a word) unless there
is a diphthong
- in compound words (in the first morpheme:
‘any/i/.way’)
- in syllable final position when followed by a vowel
‘cre/i/ate’, ‘re/i/act’,
• - Strong and weak forms: WEAK form unless:
- emphatic reasons ‘it’s FOR him, not FROM him’
- final position ‘I think you SHOULD’
- contractions: ‘SHE’LL understand’
- negative forms: ‘It DOESN’T make any sense’
- generally auxiliaries at the beginning of questions ‘DOES she know?’

‘have, do, does’  weak: auxiliaries (exception: ‘have to’  strong form) DO: schwa / neutral vowel /u/+vowel
 strong: main verbs
‘that’  weak: conjunction ‘I told him that he would pass’
 strong: demonstrative ‘I told him that’ / ‘that girl’
‘some’  weak: determiner ‘some people’
 strong: subject ‘some left’
• Plurals – voiced+/z/
- voiceless + /s/
- final sibilant + kitvowel/z/

• Regular past tenses – voiced +/d/

- voiceless + /t/
- final /t,d/ + /kitvowel+d/
 Phonetic rules
• Do, you: with schwa + consonants // with /u/ + vowels
• Then: always with /e/ (content word)
• The: with schwa + consonant // with /i/ + vowel
• To: with schwa + consonant // with /u/ + vowel
• Be: /bi/ /bi:ɪŋ/ /biɪŋ/
 Phonetic rules
• -less: always with schwa or the kit vowel (never with /e/)
• -ous: always with schwa+/s/
• -ness: always with schwa or the kit vowel + /s/
• -off: always /ɒf/
• -of: always with /v/ (might be in the weak or strong form)