ch18 Part2

Chapter 18
Electric Forces and

Electric Fields
Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
18.6 The Electric Field
The positive charge experiences a force which is the vector sum of the
forces exerted by the charges on the rod and the two spheres.
This test charge should have a small magnitude so it doesn’t affect

the other charge.
Example 6 A Test Charge
The positive test charge has a magnitude of

3.0x10-8C and experiences a force of 6.0x10-8N.
(a) Find the force per coulomb that the test charge
experiences.
(b) Predict the force that a charge of +12x10-8C

would experience if it replaced the test charge.
F 6.0  10 8 N
(a)  8
 2 .0 N C
qo 3.0  10 C
(b)  
F  2.0 N C  12.0  10 8 C  24  10 8 N
DEFINITION OF ELECTRIC FIELD
The electric field that exists at a point is the electrostatic force experienced
by a small test charge placed at that point divided by the charge itself:

 F
E
qo
SI Units of Electric Field: newton per coulomb (N/C)
It is the surrounding charges that create the electric field at a given point.
Example 7 An Electric Field Leads to a Force
The charges on the two metal spheres and the ebonite rod create an electric
field at the spot indicated. The field has a magnitude of 2.0 N/C. Determine
the force on the charges in (a) and (b)
(a) F  qo E  2.0 N C 18.0 10 8 C   36 10 8 N
(b) F  qo E  2.0 N C 24.0 10 8 C   48 10 8 N
Electric fields from different sources

add as vectors.
Example 10 The Electric Field of a Point Charge
The test charge is 0.20m to the right and has a charge qo=+15μC.
Determine the electric field at point P.
a. Find the electric Force (F) if the

isolated point charge is q=+15μC
b. Find the electric field (E) if the

isolated point charge is q=+15μC
c. Find the electric field (E) if the

isolated point charge is q= -8μC

q1 q2  F
F k E
r2 qo
|𝑞0||𝑞| 𝑚2 |+15 × 10 𝐶||+15 ×10 𝐶|

−6 −6
𝐹 =𝑘
𝑟
2
9
¿ 8.99 × 10 𝑁 ∗ 2
𝐶 ( 0.2𝑚)2
¿ 50.56875 𝑁
𝐹 |𝑞0||𝑞| |𝑞|
𝐸= =𝑘 =𝑘 2
|𝑞 0| |𝑞 0|𝑟 2
𝑟
𝐹 50.56875 𝑁 6
𝐸= = =3.4 ×10 𝑁 / 𝐶
|𝑞 0| |+15 ×10 𝐶|
−6
|𝑞0||𝑞|
𝐹 =𝑘 2
𝑟
𝑚 |+15 × 10 𝐶||−8 × 10 𝐶|
2 −6 −6
9
¿ 8.99 × 10 𝑁 ∗ 2 2
𝐶 (0.2 𝑚)
¿ 26.970 𝑁
𝐹 26.970 𝑁 6
𝐸= = =1. 8 × 10 𝑁 / 𝐶
|𝑞 0| |+15 ×10 𝐶|
−6
F q qo 1
E k 2
qo r qo
The electric field does not depend on the test charge.
q
Point charge q: Ek
r2
Example 11 The Electric Fields from Separate Charges May Cancel
Two positive point charges, q1=+16μC and q2=+4.0μC are separated in a

vacuum by a distance of 3.0m. Find the spot on the line between the charges
where the net electric field is zero.
q
Ek
r2
q q
Ek 2
Ek
r r2
|+16 𝜇 𝐶| |+ 4 𝜇 𝐶|
𝐸1 =𝑘 𝐸 2=𝑘
( 𝑑)2 (3 𝑚 − 𝑑)2
⃗ ^)
𝐸1 =𝐸1 (+ 𝑥 ⃗
𝐸 2=𝐸 2 (− ^
𝑥)
q
Ek
r2
E1  E 2
k

16  10 C  6
k
4.0 10 C  6
d2 3.0m  d 2
 2
4.0 3.0m  d  d 2
d  2.0 m
THE PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR
charge density
q 
Parallel plate E 
capacitor o A o
   8.85 10 12 C 2 N  m 2 
18.7 Electric Field Lines
Electric field lines or lines of force provide a map of the electric field
in the space surrounding electric charges.
Electric field lines are always directed away from positive charges and
toward negative charges.
Electric field lines always begin on a positive charge

and end on a negative charge and do not stop in
midspace.
The number of lines leaving a positive charge or entering a

negative charge is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.
Conceptual Example 13 Drawing Electric

Field Lines
There are three things wrong with part (a) of

the drawing. What are they?
18.8 The Electric Field Inside a Conductor: Shielding
At equilibrium under electrostatic conditions, any

excess charge resides on the surface of a conductor.
At equilibrium under electrostatic conditions, the

electric field is zero at any point within a conducting
material.
The conductor shields any charge within it from

electric fields created outside the conductor.
The electric field just outside the surface of a conductor is perpendicular to

the surface at equilibrium under electrostatic conditions.
Conceptual Example 14 A Conductor in

an Electric Field
A charge is suspended at the center of

a hollow, electrically neutral, spherical
conductor. Show that this charge induces
(a) a charge of –q on the interior surface and
(b) a charge of +q on the exterior surface of

the conductor.
18.9 Gauss’ Law

E  kq r 2  q 4 o r 2 
E  q  A o 
q
EA 

o
Electric flux,  E  EA
18.9 Gauss’ Law
 E   E cos  A
18.9 Gauss’ Law
GAUSS’ LAW
The electric flux through a Gaussian

surface is equal to the net charge
enclosed in that surface divided by
the permittivity of free space:
Q
 E cos  A  
o
SI Units of Electric Flux: N·m2/C
18.9 Gauss’ Law
Example 15 The Electric Field of a Charged Thin Spherical Shell
A positive charge is spread uniformly over the shell. Find the magnitude
of the electric field at any point (a) outside the shell and (b) inside the
shell.
Q
 E cos  A  
o
18.9 Gauss’ Law
 E   E cos  A   E cos 0 A
 E  A  E 4 r 2 
E 4 r  
2 Q
o
18.9 Gauss’ Law
E 4 r  2 Q
o
(a) Outside the shell, the Gaussian

surface encloses all of the charge.
q
E
4 r 2 o
(b) Inside the shell, the Gaussian

surface encloses no charge.
E0
18.9 Gauss’ Law
18.10 Copiers and Computer Printers

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Chapter 18

Electric Forces and

This test charge should have a small magnitude so it doesn’t affect

Example 6 A Test Charge

The positive test charge has a magnitude of

(b) Predict the force that a charge of +12x10-8C

DEFINITION OF ELECTRIC FIELD

SI Units of Electric Field: newton per coulomb (N/C)

Example 7 An Electric Field Leads to a Force

(a) F  qo E  2.0 N C 18.0 10 8 C   36 10 8 N

(b) F  qo E  2.0 N C 24.0 10 8 C   48 10 8 N

Electric fields from different sources

Example 10 The Electric Field of a Point Charge

a. Find the electric Force (F) if the

b. Find the electric field (E) if the

c. Find the electric field (E) if the

|𝑞0||𝑞| 𝑚2 |+15 × 10 𝐶||+15 ×10 𝐶|

The electric field does not depend on the test charge.

Example 11 The Electric Fields from Separate Charges May Cancel

Two positive point charges, q1=+16μC and q2=+4.0μC are separated in a

THE PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR

   8.85 10 12 C 2 N  m 2 

Electric field lines always begin on a positive charge

The number of lines leaving a positive charge or entering a

Conceptual Example 13 Drawing Electric

There are three things wrong with part (a) of

At equilibrium under electrostatic conditions, any

At equilibrium under electrostatic conditions, the

The conductor shields any charge within it from

The electric field just outside the surface of a conductor is perpendicular to

Conceptual Example 14 A Conductor in

A charge is suspended at the center of

(a) a charge of –q on the interior surface and

(b) a charge of +q on the exterior surface of

The electric flux through a Gaussian

SI Units of Electric Flux: N·m2/C

Example 15 The Electric Field of a Charged Thin Spherical Shell

 E   E cos  A   E cos 0 A

(a) Outside the shell, the Gaussian

(b) Inside the shell, the Gaussian

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