GRADING SYSTEM:

Part I 35%
Class Participation 15%
Projects & Exercises 20%
Part II 65%
Quizzes and Long Test 30%
Midterm/Final 35%
TOTAL 100%
 DATA
AND
INFORMATION
LEARNING
OUTCOMES:
• DISTINGUISH DATA FROM INFORMATION.
• IDENTIFY SOURCES OF DATA.
• ILLUSTRATE THE STEPS IN DATA PROCESSING.
• DESCRIBE HOW DATA PROCESSING EVOLVED.
WHAT IS ICT?
IT IS TECHNOLOGY THAT SUPPORTS
ACTIVITIES INVOLVING INFORMATION.
SUCH ACTIVITIES INCLUDE
GATHERING, PROCESSING, STORING
AND PRESENTING DATA.
DATA
REFERS TO THE RAW FACTS THAT DO
NOT HAVE MUCH MEANING TO THE
USER AND MAY INCLUDE NUMBERS,
LETTERS, SYMBOLS, SOUND OR
IMAGES.
INFORMATION

INFORMATION ARE DATA ARRANGED IN

ORDERED AND USEFUL FORM. THEY
ARE MEANINGFUL DATA. THEY ARE
KNOWLEDGE THAT HAS COME ABOUT
AS A RESULT OF PROCESSING DATA.
DATA PROCESSING
DATA PROCESSING IS THE
MANIPULATION OF DATA INTO A
MORE USEFUL FORM. IT IS THE
TRANSFORMATION OF DATA INTO
INFORMATION.
 SOURCES OF DATA

• THE SOURCES OF DATA ARE PHYSICAL OR DIGITAL PLACES WHERE

INFORMATION IS STORED IN A DATA TABLE, DATA OBJECT, OR SOME OTHER
STORAGE FORMAT.
• DATA CAN BE GATHERED FROM TWO PLACES: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL
SOURCES. THE INFORMATION COLLECTED FROM INTERNAL SOURCES IS
CALLED “PRIMARY DATA,” WHILE THE INFORMATION GATHERED FROM
OUTSIDE REFERENCES IS CALLED “SECONDARY DATA.”
• DATA SOURCES CAN DIFFER ACCORDING TO THE APPLICATION OR THE FIELD
IN QUESTION.
• IN COMPUTER PROGRAMMING, SOURCE DATA OR DATA SOURCE IS THE
PRIMARY LOCATION FROM WHERE DATA COMES. THE DATA SOURCE IS A
DATABASE, A DATASET, A SPREADSHEET OR EVEN HARD-CODED DATA.
INTERNAL SOURCES OF DATA

• INTERNAL DATA REFERENCES ARE THINGS

LIKE REPORTS AND RECORDS THAT ARE
PUBLISHED WITHIN THE ORGANIZATION.
 EXTERNAL SOURCES OF DATA
• WHEN DATA COLLECTION HAPPENS OUTSIDE OF
THE ORGANIZATION, IT IS CALLED AN EXTERNAL
DATA SOURCE. IN EVERY WAY, THEY ARE OUTSIDE
OF THE COMPANY. AS A RESEARCHER, YOU CAN
WORK FOR EXTERNAL DATA COLLECTION.
• THE DATA FROM EXTERNAL ORIGINS IS HARDER TO
GATHER BECAUSE IT IS MUCH MORE VARIED, AND
THERE CAN BE MANY OF THEM.
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS CAN HAVE
MULTIPLE DATA SOURCES DEFINED,
DEPENDING ON THEIR PURPOSE OR
FUNCTION. APPLICATIONS SUCH AS
RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEMS AND EVEN WEBSITES USE
DATABASES AS PRIMARY DATA
SOURCES.
STEPS IN DATA PROCESSING
Data
Data Storage
Collection

Data Output Data Input

Data
Processing
 DATA COLLECTION
• IS THE METHOD OF COLLECTING RAW DATA AND
TRANSLATING IT INTO USABLE INFORMATION.
• THE COLLECTION OF RAW DATA IS THE FIRST STEP OF THE
DATA PROCESSING CYCLE. THE TYPE OF RAW DATA
COLLECTED HAS A HUGE IMPACT ON THE OUTPUT
PRODUCED. HENCE, RAW DATA SHOULD BE GATHERED
FROM DEFINED AND ACCURATE SOURCES SO THAT THE
SUBSEQUENT FINDINGS ARE VALID AND USABLE.
 DATA INPUT
• REFERS TO THE PROCESS WHERE THE COLLECTED
DATA IS CONVERTED FROM HUMAN READABLE
FROM TO MACHINE READABLE FORM (BINARY
FORM).
• IN THIS STEP, THE RAW DATA IS CONVERTED INTO
MACHINE READABLE FORM AND FED INTO THE
PROCESSING UNIT. THIS CAN BE IN THE FORM OF
DATA ENTRY THROUGH A KEYBOARD, SCANNER OR
ANY OTHER INPUT SOURCE.
 DATA PROCESSING

A SERIES OF OPERATION ON DATA, ESPECIALLY BY

A COMPUTER, TO RETRIEVE, TRANSFORM, OR
CLASSIFY INFORMATION.
DATA OUTPUT

• THE DATA IS FINALLY TRANSMITTED AND

DISPLAYED TO THE USER IN A READABLE FORM
LIKE GRAPHS, TABLES, VECTOR FILES, AUDIO,
VIDEO, DOCUMENTS, ETC. THIS OUTPUT CAN
BE STORED AND FURTHER PROCESSED IN THE
NEXT DATA PROCESSING CYCLE.
DATA STORAGE

• THE LAST STEP OF THE DATA PROCESSING CYCLE IS

STORAGE, WHERE DATA AND METADATA ARE
STORED FOR FURTHER USE. THIS ALLOWS FOR
QUICK ACCESS AND RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION
WHENEVER NEEDED, AND ALSO ALLOWS IT TO BE
USED AS INPUT IN THE NEXT DATA PROCESSING
CYCLE DIRECTLY.
EVOLUTION OF DATA
PROCESSING
 MANUAL DATA PROCESSING
• THIS DATA PROCESSING METHOD IS HANDLED MANUALLY. THE
ENTIRE PROCESS OF DATA COLLECTION, FILTERING, SORTING,
CALCULATION, AND OTHER LOGICAL OPERATIONS ARE ALL
DONE WITH HUMAN INTERVENTION AND WITHOUT THE USE OF
ANY OTHER ELECTRONIC DEVICE OR AUTOMATION SOFTWARE.
IT IS A LOW-COST METHOD AND REQUIRES LITTLE TO NO
TOOLS, BUT PRODUCES HIGH ERRORS, HIGH LABOR COSTS, AND
LOTS OF TIME AND TEDIUM
 MECHANICAL DATA PROCESSING

• DATA IS PROCESSED MECHANICALLY THROUGH THE USE OF

DEVICES AND MACHINES. THESE CAN INCLUDE SIMPLE
DEVICES SUCH AS CALCULATORS, TYPEWRITERS, PRINTING
PRESS, ETC. SIMPLE DATA PROCESSING OPERATIONS CAN BE
ACHIEVED WITH THIS METHOD. IT HAS MUCH LESSER
ERRORS THAN MANUAL DATA PROCESSING, BUT THE
INCREASE OF DATA HAS MADE THIS METHOD MORE
COMPLEX AND DIFFICULT.
 ELECTRONICS DATA PROCESSING

• DATA IS PROCESSED WITH MODERN TECHNOLOGIES

USING DATA PROCESSING SOFTWARE AND PROGRAMS. A
SET OF INSTRUCTIONS IS GIVEN TO THE SOFTWARE TO
PROCESS THE DATA AND YIELD OUTPUT. THIS METHOD IS
THE MOST EXPENSIVE BUT PROVIDES THE FASTEST
PROCESSING SPEEDS WITH THE HIGHEST RELIABILITY
AND ACCURACY OF OUTPUT.
SHORT QUIZ
1

ICT STANDS FOR?

2

• REFERS TO THE RAW FACTS THAT DO

NOT HAVE MUCH MEANING TO THE
USER AND MAY INCLUDE NUMBERS,
LETTERS, SYMBOLS, SOUND OR
IMAGES.
3

• DATA ARRANGED IN ORDERED AND

USEFUL FORM. THEY ARE
MEANINGFUL DATA. THEY ARE
KNOWLEDGE THAT HAS COME ABOUT
AS A RESULT OF PROCESSING DATA.
4

THE MANIPULATION OF DATA INTO

A MORE USEFUL FORM. IT IS THE
TRANSFORMATION OF DATA INTO
INFORMATION.
5

• 2 SOURCES OF DATA
6

• WHEN DATA COLLECTION

HAPPENS OUTSIDE OF THE
ORGANIZATION, IT IS CALLED?
7

• REPORTS AND RECORDS THAT ARE

PUBLISHED WITHIN THE
ORGANIZATION.
8-12

• STEPS IN DATA PROCESSING

13

• IT IS THE METHOD OF COLLECTING

RAW DATA AND TRANSLATING IT INTO
USABLE INFORMATION.
14

• A SERIES OF OPERATION ON DATA,

ESPECIALLY BY A COMPUTER, TO
RETRIEVE, TRANSFORM, OR
CLASSIFY INFORMATION.
15

• THE DATA IS FINALLY TRANSMITTED AND

DISPLAYED TO THE USER IN A READABLE FORM
LIKE GRAPHS, TABLES, VECTOR FILES, AUDIO,
VIDEO, DOCUMENTS, ETC. THIS OUTPUT CAN
BE STORED AND FURTHER PROCESSED IN THE
NEXT DATA PROCESSING CYCLE.
15

• THE LAST STEP OF THE DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

WHERE DATA AND METADATA ARE STORED FOR
FURTHER USE. THIS ALLOWS FOR QUICK ACCESS
AND RETRIEVAL OF INFORMATION WHENEVER
NEEDED, AND ALSO ALLOWS IT TO BE USED AS
INPUT IN THE NEXT DATA PROCESSING CYCLE
DIRECTLY.
 17

• DATA IS PROCESSED WITH MODERN TECHNOLOGIES

USING DATA PROCESSING SOFTWARE AND PROGRAMS.
A SET OF INSTRUCTIONS IS GIVEN TO THE SOFTWARE
TO PROCESS THE DATA AND YIELD OUTPUT. THIS
METHOD IS THE MOST EXPENSIVE BUT PROVIDES THE
FASTEST PROCESSING SPEEDS WITH THE HIGHEST
RELIABILITY AND ACCURACY OF OUTPUT.
 18

• THIS DATA PROCESSING METHOD IS HANDLED MANUALLY.

THE ENTIRE PROCESS OF DATA COLLECTION, FILTERING,
SORTING, CALCULATION, AND OTHER LOGICAL OPERATIONS
ARE ALL DONE WITH HUMAN INTERVENTION AND WITHOUT
THE USE OF ANY OTHER ELECTRONIC DEVICE OR
AUTOMATION SOFTWARE. IT IS A LOW-COST METHOD AND
REQUIRES LITTLE TO NO TOOLS, BUT PRODUCES HIGH
ERRORS, HIGH LABOR COSTS, AND LOTS OF TIME AND TEDIUM
 19

• DATA IS PROCESSED MECHANICALLY THROUGH THE USE OF

DEVICES AND MACHINES. THESE CAN INCLUDE SIMPLE
DEVICES SUCH AS CALCULATORS, TYPEWRITERS, PRINTING
PRESS, ETC. SIMPLE DATA PROCESSING OPERATIONS CAN BE
ACHIEVED WITH THIS METHOD. IT HAS MUCH LESSER ERRORS
THAN MANUAL DATA PROCESSING, BUT THE INCREASE OF
DATA HAS MADE THIS METHOD MORE COMPLEX AND
DIFFICULT.
20. TRUE OR FALSE

• MECHANICAL DATA PROCESSING IS A LOW-COST METHOD AND

REQUIRES LITTLE TO NO TOOLS, BUT PRODUCES HIGH ERRORS,
HIGH LABOR COSTS, AND LOTS OF TIME AND TEDIUM
TRUE OR FALSE

• DATA SOURCES CAN DIFFER ACCORDING

TO THE APPLICATION OR THE FIELD IN
QUESTION.