01 11 2023 Case Stduies

CASE STUDIES
By
Er. Chava Sreenivasa Rao,
Executive Engineer/System Studies-1
O/o Chief Engineer/Plg., PS/VS/VJA
1
Case Description
Study No.
1 Tripping of PTRs on E/F Protection in the Group Control Circuit Breaker
Panel at Bapatla SS for faults on 132KV Feeders emanating from Guntur
SS
2 Tripping of 132KV Piduguralla-Macherla Feeder immediately after closing
the ring.
3 Hand Tripping the 132KV Tadikonda-Tadepalli Feeder as MW not

proportionate to the current on the Feeder and Feeder B/D declared.
4 Non Closing of 10/16MVA PTR HV Circuit Breaker at 132/33KV SS Repalle
5 Tripping of 15MVA PTR-2 on Differential Protection at Tadepalli SS after

reaching certain load.
6 Non-clearing of the fault on 11KV Feeder leading to Melting of the rock in

the field due to snapping of the 11KV Conductor.
7 After commissioning of the 132/33KV SS, Vinukonda – PTR is Pulling out

for faults on 33KV Feeders
8 Tripping of 31.5MVA PTR-2 on Differential Protection at Guntur SS for

faults on 33KV Feeders
9 Tripping of 132KV Vinukonda Feeder also at 132KV SS Chilakaluripet for

faults on 33KV Feeders at Vinukonda SS.
Case Description
Study No.
10 Lifting the Load Reliefs at 33/11KV SS Gorantla when only available
31.5MVA PTR was failed at Tadikonda SS.
11 Tripping of 132/11KV 15MVA PTR after reaching certain load after
replacement of failed LV CT at Macherla SS
12 Unusual sounds from the PTRs at 132/33 Repalle and Tenali
Substations
13 Vibration of conductors in the 220KV Bus at 220KV SS Tadikonda
14 Augmentation of 10/16MVA PTR with 31.5MVA PTR at 132KV SS

Piduguralla and proposed to continue with the existing HV CTs.
15 Tripping of 220KV Tallapalli-Rentachinthala Feeder also for faults on
220KV Rentachinthala-VTS Feeder on Main-2 Protection at Tallapalli SS
resulting in incoming supply failure to 220KV SS Rentachinthala
16 132/11KV 7.5MVA PTR-3 Tripped on LV E/F Protection at 132/33-11KV

SS Bapatla
17 Stepping up of power supply from 132KV Potential to 220KV Potential at
220KV SS Narasaraopet and exporting to 220KV SS Podili
18 Sudden increase in Tan Delta Value of CTs on 220K Srisailam-1 Feeder
at 220KV SWS. Tallapalli
Case Description
Study No.
19 Tripping of 100MVA PTR-1 on PTR Trouble Trips and PTR-2 on loss of
DC for faults on 132KV Feeders emanating from Macherla SS
20 Non Closing of 132KV Vinukonda Feeder Circuit Breaker at 132/33KV SS
Chilakaluripet
21 Standardization of Capacitor Cells and Ratio of the CTs in the 33KV
Capacitor Banks.
22 Unusual noise observed form HV Y Bushing in the 31.5MVA PTR-1 of
EMCO make at 132/33KV SS Marripalem
23 Replacement of 50MVA PTR LV Circuit Breakers at 132KV SS

Chilakaluripet duly bypassing the existing LV VCB by forming the LV
Auxiliary Bus
24 Tripping of PTR-2 which is in service on E/F Protection while availing LC
on PTR-1 at Marripalem SS
25 Unusual sounds from the PTRs at Bapatla Substation.
26 Line Losses on 400KV VTS-Sattenapalli-1 Feeder is on high side and
Tripping of this Feeder on Over Voltage Protection at VTS end and
sending Direct Trip to Sattenapalli end.
27 31.5MVA PTR-1 tripped on HV Directional Earth Fault Protection while
charging the new 50MVA PTR-2 at Repalle SS
Case Description
Study No.
28 Over Loading of 132KV Tadepalli Feeder at Guntur SS immediately after
tripping of 132KV Tadikonda-Tadepalli Feeder on fault.
29 All the 3 Nos. PTRs also pulled out at 132/33VK SS Nallapadu for faults
on 33KV Ravindhra Nagar Feeder
30 Oil coming out from the OLTC conservator tank of 100MVA PTR-1 of
BHEL make at 220KV SS Tadikonda.
31 33KV Fault levels has increased at 132/33KV SS Guntur after
augmentation of PTRs from 2*50MVA to 3*50MVA
32 Complete Generation at 1000MW Ghani Solar is evacuating through ICTs
though 220KV DC Line is available between Ghani and Somayajulapalli
resulting in over loading of ICTs at Narnoor.
33 Tripping of 132/33KV 31.5MVA PTR on LV E/F Protection at 132/33KV SS
Kandukur.
34 Over Loading of 220KV VTS-Kondapalli Feeders: SRLDC have
complained that, over loading issue was observed on the feeder.
35 400KV Podili-2 Feeder Current is Zero in One of the Phase in the PU of

Busbar Protection at 400KV SS Sattenapalli
36 Tripping of 220/11KV PTRs at 220KV LI SS Settipalli on Over Flux
Protection and observing smokes from the 220KV Bus PT in Y Phase
37 Burning of Trip Coils even after tripping of the Circuit Breaker on
Protection.
CASE STUDY-1
Tripping of PTRs on E/F Protection, in the Group
Control Circuit Breaker Panel, at Bapatla SS for faults
on 132KV Feeders emanating from Guntur SS
Observations:
2*16MVA PTRs with 132/33KV Ratio and 2*7.5MVA
PTRs with 132/11KV Ratio were controlled by Group
Control Circuit Breaker (GCCB) on HV side with group
control CTs. It is observed that, though there is a
provision for providing Directional E/F protection, Non-
Direction E/F Relay was in service.
Action Taken:
Simply, non-directional E/F relays was replaced with
the Directional E/F Relay. With this, the problem was
resolved.
6
132 KV Bus at Guntur
132 KV feeders
132 KV Main Bus
at Bapatla
132 KV GC MOCB
R Non Dir. OL and EL
PTR HV Bus at Bapatla SS
132/33 KV 132/11 KV
16MVA PTRs 7.5MVA PTRs
33 KV Bus 11 KV Bus
132 KV feeders
132 KV Main Bus
at Bapatla
132 KV GC MOCB Tripped on Non Dir. EL
R Non Dir. OL and EL
132/33 KV 132/11 KV
33 KV Bus 11 KV Bus
132 KV feeders
132 KV Main Bus
at Bapatla
132 KV GC MOCB
After replacement of Non Dir. EL

R Relay with Directional E/L Relay
132/33 KV 132/11 KV
33 KV Bus 11 KV Bus
CASE STUDY-2
Tripping of the 132KV Piduguralla-Macherla Feeder immediately after
closing the ring.
Observations:
After attending the B/D, 132KV Piduguralla-Macherla Feeder was
test charged from one end. Stood ok. Ring was closed at the other
end. Tripped immediately on Distance protection. Same was the case,
when test charged from other end and ring closed at this end.
Action taken:
When Line was charged from one end, there is only potential and no
current. But, when ring was closed, there is load due to which the
induction zone around the conductor in the line is increasing.
Suspected that, due to loading of the line (current), induction zone is
increasing around the conductor in the line and is not sufficient with
the tree branches. Lines wing was requested to do thorough
patrolling of the Line and cleared all the suspected tree branches.
With this, the problem was resolved.
10
CASE STUDY-2 ……..
closing the ring.
132 KV Bus at Tadikonda
132KV Bus at Piduguralla
Feeder under
Break down
132KV Bus at Macherla 132KV Bus at Wadapalli

11
closing the ring.
Test charged from

Pidugurualla. Stood OK
Ring closed at Macherla.

12
closing the ring.
Tripped immediately
at the both ends

13
closing the ring.
Ring closed at Piduguralla
Test charged from

Macherla. Stood OK

14
closing the ring.
Tripped immediately
at the both ends

15
closing the ring.
Test charged from

Pidugurualla. Stood OK
After trimming
All Tree branches
in the Line. Stood OK
Ring closed at Macherla.

16
CASE STUDY-3
Hand Tripping the 132KV Tadikonda-Tadepalli Feeder as
MW on the Feeder not proportionate to the Current on the
Feeder and B/D declared on the Feeder .
Observations: Line was thoroughly patrolled. But, no
visible fault was observed. Later, it came to my notice.
Current on the Feeder Panel is about 150A. Whereas, it is
showing 5MW export to Tadepalli SS. Taking 5A is
equivalent to 1MW at 132KV Potential, it shall show 30MW.
Action taken: Actually, due to difference in 132KV Bus
voltages at Tadikonda and Gunadala (Bus voltage at
Tadikonda SS was on high side compared to Gunadala
SS), MVAR is flowing from Tadikonda to Tadepalli SS and
in turn to Gunadala SS. Later, 100MVA PTRs both at
Tadikonda and Gunadala Substations were kept in the
same tap. With this, the problem was resolved. 17
138 KV 132 KV Bus at Tadikonda
150A, 5MW, 30MVAR
132KV Bus at Tadepalli
132KV Bus at Gunadala
136 KV
18
138 KV 132 KV Bus at Tadikonda
Suspecting defect in Line CBs

were opened at Both ends
136 KV
19
136.4 KV 132 KV Bus at Tadikonda
After changing 220/132 KV PTR 27A, 5MW, 4MVAR

Taps at Tadikonda - Line Charged
136 KV
20
CASE STUDY-3
100MVA PTR HV Current: 262.5A & LV Current: 437.5A

From this, it is clear that, 1MVA
= 2.625A at 220KV Potential,
= 4.375A at 132KV Potential &
= 4.375*4 = 17.5A at 33KV Potential
For easy calculations, considering PF as 0.875, 1MW
= 3A at 220KV Potential
= 5A at 132KV Potential
= 5*4 = 20A at 33KV Potential
21
CASE STUDY-4
Non Closing of 10/16MVA PTR HV Circuit Breaker at
132/33KV SS Repalle
Observations:
BHEL make 3ARS type SF6 Gas Circuit Breaker with
BLG500 Mechanism was available as HV Circuit Breaker.
Spring was found over charged and unable to discharge
the spring.
Action taken:
Peak time is nearing and unable to take the PTR into
service.
It is very difficult to manage the load in the peak hours
22
CASE STUDY-4 …..
Non Closing of 10/16MVA PTR HV Circuit Breaker at
132/33KV SS Repalle
Hence, decided to bypass the HV Circuit Breaker and
proposed to extend the trip pulse to 132KV Tenali Feeder
Circuit Breaker and 132KV Bapatla Feeder Circuit so that, it
will disconnect the 132KV Bus from all the sources.
For faults, if any, in the PTR, its HV Relays operates. As HV
Circuit Breaker is proposed for bypass, it is proposed to
extend the trip pulse from PTR HV Master Trip Relay to the
above 132KV Feeders duly providing Blocking Diodes, so
that 132KV Feeder Circuit Breakers will operate
independently for faults on the respective Feeders and both
the Feeder Circuit Breakers will operate for faults in the
Transformer.
Like this, PTR was taken back into service.
23
132KV Bus at Tenali 132KV Bus at Bapatla
132KV Bus at Repalle
10/16MVA PTR
33KV Bus at Repalle
33 KV feeders
132KV Bus at Tenali 132KV Bus at Bapatla
HV Breaker Trouble.
CB is bypassed
10/16MVA PTR
33 KV feeders
86 HV
TB
To HV TC-1 Prot. Trip
To HV TC-2 Prot. Trip
Blocking Diode
To Tenali TC-1 Prot. Trip
Disconnecting
type TB
To Tenali TC-2 Prot. Trip
To Bapatla TC-1 Prot. Trip
To Bapatla TC-2 Prot. Trip
PTR C & R Panel

CASE STUDY-5
Tripping of 15MVA PTR-2 on Differential Protection at
Tadepalli SS after reaching certain load.
Observations:
A snake crawled on to the LV Aux. Bus, between 15MVA
PTR-2 LV terminals and the LV CT. LV Auxiliary Bus
broken into pieces. PTR LV Bushing also failed. PTR
tripped on operation of Differential Protection.
After replacement of LV Bushing and LV Auxiliary Bus
and ensuring the PTR healthiness, PTR was taken into
service.
But, PTR tripped on differential protection after reaching
certain load. Differential Relay is a Static Relay (Alstom
make MBCH12 type); hence fault currents were not
recorded in the Relay.
28
CASE STUDY-5……..
Tripping of 15MVA PTR-2 on Differential Protection at
Tadepalli SS after reaching certain load.
Observations:
Detailed analysis revealed that, path was formed from P2
terminal of one of the HV CT to its head portion resulting
in non-reflection of proportionate current in the CT
Secondary resulting in differential current to the relay.
Action taken:
Jumper from P1 to CT Head was shifted to P2 to CT
head.
29
During Augmentation, this 15MVA PTR was replaced with

31.5MVA PTR.
Observations:
MBCH12 type Static Relay is available for Differential
Protection.
HV CT Ratio available: 150-100-50/1-1-1A
LV CT Ratio available: 800-400/1-0.5775,1-1A
Action taken:
As per the procedure in vogue, CTs both on HV and LV
sides needs replacement. But, HV CTs are imported CTs
and NO abnormalities were observed from them.
30
Action taken …..
To continue HV CTs in service, 1A secondary on HV Side
shall be stepped down to 0.5775A for Delta formation for
which 1/0.5775A Aux. CTs are required.
Existing LV Side CTs shall be replaced with 600/0.5775A
CTs.
1 set Aux. CTs which were lying since long were drawn
from TLC Stores, Gunadala.
Existing CTs on LV Side and CTs on LV side of PTR-1 at
Vinukonda SS which are having 600/1-0.5775,1-1A were
interchanged.
With this, we are able to continue the imported CTs on
HV side in service. These CTs are in service as on date
also.
31
132/33KV SS Tadepalli
15MVA PTR
132KV BUS
33KV BUS
32
Imported CTs on HV Side of PTR
33
Aux. CTs: Ratio: 1-0.65/0.577A, Class: PS
34
CASE STUDY-6
Non-clearing of the fault on 11KV Feeder leading to
Melting of the rock in the field due to snapping of the
11KV Conductor.
Observations:
11KV Feeder conductor snapped and fallen on a rock. It
was a high resistance fault.
11KV Feeder is having 200/5A CTs with 5/1A Aux. CTs.
The relays on the panel are rated for 1A.
Healthiness of the CTs were checked. During Primary
Injection Test, current was measured at the CT Junction
Box and also at the Aux. CT Junction Box. But, it is not
available at the Relay.
Further examination revealed that the cable from Aux.
CT Junction Box to C&R Panel got shorted.
35
CASE STUDY-6 …..
Non-clearing of the fault 11KV Feeder leading to Melting of the
rock in the field due to snapping of the 11KV Conductor.
Observations: …….
132/11KV 15MVA LV E/F was acted. But, PTR was not tripped
as Protection Trip (PT) and Remoted trip (RT) were paralleled at
the C&R Panel and kept in remote trip terminal. L/R Switch was
in Local Mode. Hence, LV MOCB not tripped.
As, it was high resistance fault with very minimal unbalance,
sufficient open delta voltage is not available at HV Directional
E/F Relay. Hence, it was not operated.
Action taken:
Defective Cable from Aux. CT Junction Box to 11KV Feeder
C&R Panel was replaced with the healthy cable.
Protection Trip and Remote Trip in the LV MOCB Control
Cable was separated. 36
132 KV SS Tadepalli
11 KV BUS
15 MVA . PTR-1
132 KV BUS
LV-1
HV-1
11 KV feeders
132 KV SS Tadepalli
11 KV BUS
15 MVA . PTR-1
132 KV BUS
LV-1
HV-1
11 KV feeders
11 KV Pedavadlapudi
Feeder
132 KV SS Tadepalli
11 KV BUS
15 MVA . PTR-1
132 KV BUS
LV-1
HV-1
11 KV feeders
11 KV Pedavadlapudi
Feeder
Hand Tripped the MOCB

R Y B
5A/1A
Aux. CT 51 R
1
2
51 Y
3
4
5 51 B
51 N
Feeder CTs: CT JB
200/5A
Wrong Connection
T N C L 52 TC
K21 K25 K23 K29 K22
86
Correct Connection
T N C L 52 TC
K21 K23 K29 K22
K25
86
CASE STUDY-7
After commissioning of the 132/33KV SS,
Vinukonda – PTR was Pulling out for faults on
33KV Feeders
Observations:
It was observed that, 3 Seconds IDMT O/L & E/L
Relays are in service on 33KV Feeders. Whereas
the LV Relays are of 1.3 Seconds IDMT.
Action taken:
Interchanged these 1.3 Seconds IDMT Relays on
LV side of PTR with 3 Seconds IDMT Relays on
11KV Feeder Panels at Guntur SS.
42
132/33 KV SS Vinukonda
33 KV BUS
132 KV 132 KV BUS
Chilakaluripet Vinukonda
16 MVA . PTR
LV-1
HV-1
33 KV feeders
R R R
132 KV SS Vinukonda
33 KV BUS
132 KV BUS
Vinukonda
132 KV
Chilakaluripet
16 MVA . PTR
LV-1
HV-1
33 KV feeders
R R R
LV CB Tripped
Feeder Protection
not operated
132 KV SS Vinukonda
33 KV BUS
132 KV 132 KV BUS
16 MVA . PTR
LV-1
HV-1
33 KV feeders
R R R
1.3 Sec
IDMT Relay
3 Sec
IDMT Relay
132 KV SS Vinukonda
33 KV BUS
132 KV BUS
132 KV Vinukonda
Chilakaluripeta
16 MVA . PTR
LV-1
HV-1
33 KV feeders
R R R
Replaced with
3 Sec. IDMT
-
3 Sec
IDMT Relay
132 KV SS Vinukonda
33 KV BUS
132 KV BUS
132 KV Vinukonda
Chilakaluripeta
16 MVA . PTR
LV-1
HV-1
33 KV feeders
R R R
Replaced with
3 Sec
IDMT
-
3 Sec
IDMT Relay
CASE STUDY-8
Tripping of 31.5MVA PTR-2 on Differential Protection at
Guntur SS for faults on 33KV Feeders
Observations:
Differential Relay is of EE make DTH31 type Static Relay.
Tests were conducted on the PTR and the test results are found
satisfactory.
Healthiness of HV CTs, LV CTs and CT cables meant for Differential
Protection both in HV and LV and healthiness of the DTH31 were
checked.
Observed that, CT secondary IR Values of one of the LV CT are
almost zero. Hence, Indent was raised for 1 No. CT.
HV CT Ratio adopted: 225/1-0.5775-1A & LV CT Ratio adopted: 900/1-
0.57751-1A. At that time, these ratio CTs are no more available in any
of the Stores. Hence, 3 Nos. HV CTs with Ratio: 300-200-100/1-
0.5775,1-1A and 3 Nos. LV CTs with Ratio: 1200-800-400/1-0.5775,1-1A
were allotted 48
132 KV SS Guntur
PTR-1
LV-1
HV-1
33 KV BUS
132 KV BUS
PTR-2
HV-2 LV-2
225/ 0.5775 900/ 0.5775

132 KV SS Guntur
PTR-1
LV-1
HV-1
33 KV BUS
132 KV BUS
PTR-2
HV-2 LV-2
33 KV feeder
225/ 0.5775 900/ 0.5775 tripped on fault
Simultaneously, PTR-2 also

tripped on Differential Protection
132 KV SS Guntur
PTR-1
HV-1 LV-1
132KV Bus
33KV Bus
PTR-2
HV-2 LV-2
33 KV feeder
tripped on fault
PTR-2 was taken back into service
duly rectifying LV2 CT
CASE STUDY-8…….
Guntur SS for faults on 33KV Feeders.
Action taken:
As replacement of 6 Nos. CTs for fault in 1 No. LV CT,
alternate options were explored. The defective LV CT was
shifted to SPM for improving the IR values by keeping it in
the heating chamber.
Oil was drained completely. During draining, it was
observed that, about 1 glass of water was found at the
bottom chamber of the CT.
There is no improvement in IR Values even after keeping
the CT in the Heating Chamber for 24 hours.
52
CASE STUDY-8…….
Guntur SS for faults on 33KV Feeders.
Action taken:
CT bottom chamber was opened and formation of sludge was
observed and it became a paste due to keeping it in the heating
chamber. All the paste like sludge was removed and Teflon
sleeves were provided to all the CT Secondary leads. Now, IR
values were checked. Found improved. CT was kept back in its
location and PTR was taken into service.
Observations:
Healthiness of the Distance Relay (ALSTOM make PYTS204
type) on Vinukonda Feeder at Chilakaluripet Feeder was
ensured. But, it happened, 3 to 4 times. Suspected some tree
clearance issue in the 132KV Line and requested the Lines wing
to carryout thorough patrolling of the line. 53
CASE STUDY-9
Tripping of 132KV Vinukonda Feeder also at 132KV SS
Chilakaluripet for faults on 33KV Feeders at Vinukonda
SS.
Action taken:
After thorough patrolling of the line, number burnt tree
branches were observed in the line. After clearing all the
tree branches which are in the vicinity of the line, the
problem was resolved and no more 132KV Feeder tripping
for faults on 33KV Feeders.
54
132 KV SS Vinukonda
33 KV BUS
132 KV 132 KV BUS
33 KV feeders
16 MVA . PTR
LV-1 LV-1
HV-1
R R R
132 KV SS Vinukonda
33 KV BUS
132 KV 132 KV BUS
33 KV feeders
16 MVA . PTR
LV-1
HV-1
R R R
132 KV Feeder
also tripped on Z1
For faults on 3KV Feeders, 132KV Vinukonda 33KV Feeder tripped

Feeder is also tripping at Chilakaluripet SS on fault
132 KV SS Vinukonda
33 KV BUS
132 KV BUS
Vinukonda
132 KV
33 KV feeders
Chilakaluripet
16 MVA . PTR
LV-1
HV-1
R R R
After trimming all Tree

branches in the Line
CASE STUDY-10
Lifting the Load Reliefs at 33/11KV SS Gorantla when only
available 31.5MVA PTR was failed at Tadikonda SS.
Observations:
33/11KV SS Gorantla was fed from 220KV SS Tadikonda
through 33KV Tadikonda-Gorantla Feeder.
During the peak time, unrestricted load on the 33KV
Feeder is about 360A. But, the O/L Relay at Tadikonda SS
was set at 0.80A with 400/1A CT Ratio.
To avoid over load tripping, about 2MW load relief being
implemented on the 11KV Feeders emanating from
33/11KV SS Gorantla.
But, the only available 31.5MVA PTR at Tadikonda SS
failed.
58
CASE STUDY-10
Observations: ……
Hence, one of the 33KV Feeder (33KV Tadepalli Feeder)
emanating from 132KV Guntur SS was spared to meet the
Gorantla SS loads. In this case also, about 2MW load relief
being given on the 11KV Feeders during peak time.
Action Taken:
It was opined that, part of the MVAR requirement of
Gorantla SS can be met from Tadikonda SS by extending
this 33KV Supply to Tadikonda SS and keeping the
7.2MVAR Capacitor Bank available at Tadikonda SS in
service.
59
CASE STUDY-10
Action Taken: …….
With this, load on 33KV Guntur-Tadepalli Feeder spared
for Gorantla SS was limited to below 320A. Now Load
Relief lifted during peak time at Gorantla SS.
After 1 month, the failed PTR at Tadikonda SS was

replaced. Now, the old practice continued i.e. 2MW load
relief during peak time on 11KV Feeders at Gorantla SS.
60
132 KV BUS at Tadikonda
132/33KV,
31.5MVA PTR
320 A line j 100 A

capacity 360A = 306 + j 190 A 7.2MVAR Cap. Bank
40 A Load Relief
j 100 A
to limit to 320A
33 KV BUS Gorantla
360 A=306 + j 190
33 /11 KV PTR
33 KV Bus at Guntur SS
132/33KV 31.5MVA PTR

Failed
7.2 MVAR
Cap. Bank
33 KV BUS Gorantla
360A = 306 + j 190 A
33 /11 KV PTR 40 A Load Relief Line Capacity: 320 A

to limit to 320A
132/33KV 31.5MVA PTR
7.2 MVAR
j 100 A Cap. Bank
j 100 A
33 KV BUS Gorantla
360A = 306 + j ( 100 + 90 ) A
319A=306 + j 90
33 /11 KV PTR
Load Relief Lifted
CASE STUDY-11
Tripping of 132/11KV 15MVA PTR after reaching certain
load after replacement of failed LV CT at Macherla SS
Observations:
Failed LV CT in R Phase was replaced.
All the burnt cables from LV CTs to CT Junction Box were
also replaced.
PTR is having DTH31 Relay as Differential Relay.
After conducting the Primary Injection Test, PTR was taken
back into service. But, it was tripped after reaching certain load.
Action taken:
While removing the burnt cables, loops in the Delta formation
in the CT Junction Box was not noted.
Suggested simply to follow the loops for Delta formation in the HV
CT Junction Box. With this, the problem was resolved.
64
132 KV SS Macherla
15 MVA . PTR
LV-1
11 KV feeders
HV-1
132 KV BUS
R R
100/ 0.5775 1200/ 0.5775

132 KV SS Macherla
11 KV BUS
All the 11 KV feeders

Are Hand Tripped
15 MVA . PTR
HV LV
132 KV BUS
R R
100/ 0.5775 1200/ 0.5775

LV CT failed
PTR tripped on
Differential protection
132 KV SS Macherla
11 KV BUS
15 MVA . PTR
11 KV feeders
HV LV
132 KV BUS
R R
100/ 0.5775 1200/ 0.5775

After replacing LV
CT and Cables from
LV CT to CT JB
132 KV SS Macherla
11 KV BUS
15 MVA . PTR
LV
11 KV feeders
HV
132 KV BUS
R R
100/ 0.5775 1200/ 0.5775

PTR tripped on Differential
protection after reaching
certain Load
HV CTJB LV CTJB
A11
D A21
R2S1
R2S1 7 T 8
R2S3 R2S3
H
A31 31 A41
Y2S1
12
Y2S1 11
Y2S3 Y2S3
A61
B2S1
A51 16 B2S1
15
B2S3 B2S3
Wrong Delta
formation
HV CTJB LV CTJB
A11
D A21
R2S1
R2S1 7 T 8
R2S3
R2S3 H
A31 31 A41
Y2S1
12
Y2S1 11
Y2S3
Y2S3
A61
A51 16 B2S1
B2S1 15
B2S3
B2S3
After Correction
of Delta formation
CASE STUDY-12
Unusual sounds from the PTRs at 132/33 Substations at
Repalle and Tenali
Action taken:
33KV Feeders at Repalle SS were hand tripped one after the other.
Immediately after hand tripping the 33KV Bhattiprolu Feeder,
humming of the PTRs both at Repalle and Tenali Substations became
normal.
B/D declared on 33KV Bhattiprolu Feeder.
Suspected that, sufficient tree clearance is not there in the 33KV
Bhattiprolu Feeder.
Suspected that, there is a continuous sparking between the line and
the tree branches resulted in change in the humming.
But, this sparking current is not sufficient operate the relay and in
turn to clear the fault.
After clearing all the suspected tree branches in the Line, the 33KV
feeder was charged and no abnormality was observed. 71
132KV Bus Parchur 132KV BUS Guntur
132KV Bus at Tenali
132KV Bus Bapatla
33KV Bus at Repalle
33KV feeders
33KV feeders

Unusual Humming of PTRs

at Repalle and Tenali SS
132KV Bus at Tenali
132KV Bus Bapatla
33KV Bus at Repalle
33KV feeders
33KV feeders

PTRs Humming became

normal at Repalle and Tenali SS
132KV Bus at Tenali
132KV Bus Bapatla
33KV Bus at Repalle
33KV feeders
CB Hand
33KV feeders
tripped

CASE STUDY-13
Vibration of conductors in the 220KV Bus at 220KV SS
Tadikonda
Observations:
In the Peak Summer, there was a phone call from
AE/Maintenance/Tadikonda. He informed that, Conductors
in the 220KV Bus are vibrating.
Action taken:
I enquired about his where abouts at the moment and
replied that he was in the Switchyard and checking the
vibrations from where it was coming.
I told him, to rush immediately to the Control Room. One
of the equipment is going to fail.
Within a span of few minutes, CT on 220KV VTS-1
Feeder failed at Tadikonda SS. 75
CASE STUDY-13 ……
Action taken …..
220KV SS Tadikonda is having 2 Nos. Incoming Feeders
from VTPS and 1 No. outgoing Feeder to Ongole.
With the outage of 220KV VTS-1 Feeder, extension of
supply to Ongole is not possible.
Director/Transmission taken me into line and instructed
to take the above Feeder into service duly bypassing the
failed CT as extension of supply to Ongole is must.
Contacted DE/LD and he also told same thing.
After thinking for a while, I came to conclusion that, this
can be implemented by keeping VTS-1 Feeder and 3 Nos.
100MVA PTRs at Tadikonda SS on Bus-1 and
76
Action taken …..
220KV VTS-2 Feeder and Ongole Feeder on Bus-2.
Bus coupler shall be opened and all the 132KV Rings
shall be kept open at appropriate point.
Finally VTS-1 Feeder was taken into service by
implementing the above and bypassing the failed CT.
Now, 220KV VTS-Tadikonda-1 Feeder is radial feeding and
for any faults on the feeder, it will be cleared by operation
of respective relays and opening of the Circuit Breaker at
VTS end.
77
220KV Bus at Tadikonda SS
PTR-1 PTR-2 PTR-3
Normal arrangement
Bus -2
BC
Bus -1
220 KV VTPS-2 Feeder
220 KV Ongole Feeder

220KV Bus at Tadikonda SS
PTR-1 PTR-2 PTR-3
After re-arrangement
Bus -2
BC
Bus -1
220 KV Ongole Feeder

CASE STUDY-14
Augmentation of 10/16MVA PTR with 31.5MVA PTR at
132KV SS Piduguralla and proposed to continue with the
existing HV CTs.
Observations:
150-100-50/1-0.5775,1-1A CTs and 400-200/1-0.5775,1-1A
CTs were available respectively on HV & LV side of
existing 10/16MVA PTR.
DTH31 type Static Differential Protection is available for

the PTR.
With the replacement of 10/16MVA PTR with 31.5MVA

PTR, HV CTs side (150-100-50/1-0.5775,1-1A) and LV CTs
side (400/1-0.5775,1-1A) needed replacement.
80
Augmentation of 10/16MVA PTR with 31.5MVA PTR at
132KV SS Piduguralla
Action Taken:
Proposed to procure ER make MIB202 type Differential Relay
which costs about Rs. 60,000 to replace the DTH31 Relay.
MIB202 has facilitated to avoid replacement of existing HV
CTs.
However, existing LV CTs of Ratio 400-200/1-0.5775,1-1A were
replaced as 31.5MVA LV Rated current is 551A.
Necessary Ratio correction was done in the MIB202 Relay
which is a semi Numerical Relay.
Conclusion: Just by spending, Rs. 60,000/- to procure new
Relay, we have avoided replacement of HV CTs. These CTs
(BHEL make, YO: 1987) are in service as on date also.
81
CASE STUDY-15
Tripping of 220KV Tallapalli-Rentachinthala Feeder also
for faults on 220KV Rentachinthala-VTS Feeder on Main-2
Protection at Tallapalli SS resulting in incoming supply
failure to 220KV SS Rentachinthala
Observations:
For R Phase faults on 220KV Rentachinthala-VTS
Feeder, 220KV Tallapalli-Rentachinthala Feeder is also
tripping on Main-2 protection at Tallapalli SS.
ABB make RAZOA type Distance Protection is available

as Main-2 Protection at Tallapalli SS.
82
220 KV Bus VTS
220 KV Bus
Rentachinthala
Rentachinthala Feeder also

tripped at Tallapalli SS on Main 2
220 KV Bus Tallapalli
83
CASE STUDY-15……
Action taken:
Spare RAZOA Relay drawn from Stores.
Cards in the RAZOA Relay was replaced one by one.

The problem got resolved after replacing the Analog
Card.
In the defective card, it was observed that, Secondary of

Auxiliary PT in R Phase in the Analog Card faulty .
84
A11
A31
A51
A71
E21
Faulty
E41
E61
E81
85
220 KV Bus VTS
After rectification of fault in Main-2 at Tallapalli, for

faults on Rentachinthala-VTS Feeder, Tallapalli-
Rentatchinthala Feeder at Tallapalli is not tripping.
220 KV Bus Rentachinthala
220 KV Bus Tallapalli
86
CASE STUDY-16
132/11KV 7.5MVA PTR-3 Tripped on LV E/F Protection at
132/33-11KV SS Bapatla
Observations:
132/11KV 7.5MVA PTR-3 was in parallel with 132/11KV
7.5MVA PTR-4.
Observed that, Current in B Phase in LV-3 is becoming
zero.
Further examination revealed that, some time back
overhauling of this PTR was carried out.
At the time of overhauling, while opening the HV
Bushing in B Phase, Agency was unable to remove the HV
Lead. Hence, it was break with hacksaw cutting from side
inspection cover. After completion of overhauling, this
was joined by brazing. 87
CASE STUDY-16
132/11KV 7.5MVA PTR-3 Tripped on LV E/F Protection at
132/33-11KV SS Bapatla
Observations:
In the time run, the brazing has some high resistance,
hence current in this phase is becoming zero and passing
both the currents through PTR-4.
Action taken:
As elimination of the 11KV features at EHT Substations
is in the process, this 7.5MVA PTR was removed from
service. After few months, 4th PTR was also switched off
as 11KV features were completely removed.
88
132 KV feeders
132 KV Main Bus at Bapatla
132 KV GC MOCB
R
PTR HV BUS
132/33 KV 132/11 KV
33 KV Bus 11 KV Bus
CASE STUDY-17
Stepping up of power supply from 132KV Potential to 220KV Potential
at 220KV SS Narasaraopet and exporting to 220KV SS Podili:
Observations:
132KV SS Narasaraopet was upgraded to 220KV SS by LILO of
220KV VTS-Podili Feeder.
Under normal condition, Power is importing from VTS., stepping
down at Narasaraopet, meeting the Station Load requirements,
Chilakaluripet SS Loads and also Vinukonda SS Loads. There is
export of power to 220KV SS Podili also.
132KV Chilakaluripet-Tadikonda D/C Line ring via Nallapadu and
Marripalem Substations was also in closed position.
Whenever, 220KV VTS-Narasaraopet Feeder tripped on fault, there
was import of power to Narasaraopet SS from Chilakaluripet SS. It
was meeting the Narasaraopet station requirement and also stepping
to 220KV potential and export to Podili resulting in over loading of
220KV VTS-Tadikonda Feeders.
90
9 10
C11
9 10
C31
9 10
C51
9 10
C71
132 Chilakaluripet Feeder
3 Protection at NRT SS
4
3 4
K103
3 4 K102
3 4 86
Power Flows under 132 KV

Bus 132 KV 132 KV
normal condition 132 KV Nallpadu Tadikonda
Chilakaluri Peta
PODILI
VTPS
132 KV
Marripalem
Load 132 KV
Vinukonda
9 10
C11
9 10
C31
9 10
C51
9 10
C71
132 Chilakaluripet Feeder
Protection at NRT SS
3 4
3 4
K103
3 4 K102
3 4 86
132 KV
132 KV
Power Flows when VTS-NRT Feeder tripped Bus 132 KV
132 KV Nallpadu Tadikonda
Chilakaluri Peta
PODILI
VTPS
132 KV
Marripalem
Load 132 KV
Vinukonda
9 10
C11
10 9
C31
9 10
C51
9 10
C71
3 4
LK
3 4
K103
3 4 K102
3 4 86
132 KV
Bus 132 KV 132 KV
Chilakaluri Peta 132 KV Nallpadu Tadikonda
PODILI
VTPS
132 KV
Marripalem
Load 132 KV
Vinukonda
CASE STUDY-17…….
Action taken:
132KV Narasaraopet-Chilakaluripet Feeder at Narasaraopet SS is
having Phase wise Directional O/C Relays and Directional E/F Relay
(Alstom make CDD type Electro Mechanical Relays).
As 2 O/L Relays are sufficient to clear all the Phase-Phase faults,
Relay in Y Phase is redundant and hence, utilized as Reverse Power
Relay by reversing the current terminals at the rear side of the relay
and extending the Trip Pulse through Link (LK) by keeping the Plug
setting at 0.5A (50%).
Whenever, 220KV VTS-Narasaraopet Feeder is out of service, due to
tripping of 132KV Narasaraopet-Chilakaluripet Feeder on reverse
power relay, Narasaraopet Station met from Podili SS.
With this, over loading issue on 220KV VTS-Tadikonda feeders in
the above contingency was resolved.
94
CASE STUDY-18
Sudden increase in Tan Delta Value of CTs on 220K
Srisailam-1 Feeder at 220KV SWS. Tallapalli
Following are the 220KV Feeders/ICTs connected to
220KV SWS Tallapalli.
3 Nos. Generating Stations and PGCIL SS are connected
with Tallapalli SS.
4 Nos. 220KV Feeders are from VTPS (with LILO of
Circuit-2 at Rentachinthala SS)
3 Nos. 220KV Feeder are from Nagarjuna Sagar HES
(220KV TZDC Line and 220KV SZSC Line)
2 Nos. 220KV Feeders from Srisailam HES
3 Nos. ICTs from 400KV PGCIL SS adjacent to it.
1 No. 220KV Feeder from Chalakurthy SS
95
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF 220 KV SWITCHING STATION, TALLAPALLI
220KV N’SAGAR POWER HOUSE-II

220KV N’SAGAR POWER HOUSE-I
220 KV RENTACHINTALA
220 KV CHALAKURTHY
220 KV SRISAILAM - I
220 KV NSR (RS) - III

220 KV SRISAILAM -
220 KV VTS - IV
220 KV VTS - III

220 KV VTS - I
II
Make: ELEPRO OBLUM OBLUM

Make: Rɸ,Yɸ:LAMCO,
R ɸ : 9L11LAH 10.83.5096 R ɸ :ELEPRO Rɸ:239A,239B,239C, Rɸ : 61 Rɸ : 62
Make: R,Bɸ:Oblum, S.No:Rɸ:133/Bɸ:18 Yɸ:241A,241B,241C
Make:LAMCO,Yɸ185C Y ɸ : OBLUM, S.No. 6 OBLUM OBLUM
OBLUM Yɸ : 79 Yɸ : 71
Make: Yɸ: ELEPRO. S.No: Make: Bɸ OBLUM
507. Make: LAMCO, Bɸ:154 B ɸ :LAMCO, S.No. 7/7/1903 R,Y,B ɸ: 7,8,9 Bɸ : 64 Bɸ : 74
R,Y,B ɸ: 7,8,9 R,Y,B ɸ: 19,20,21 Bɸ : 71
Make: R,Yɸ:Oblum,
S.No:Rɸ:5A,5B,5C/Yɸ:77
Make: Bɸ Lamco, S.No:
148A,148B,148C. AREVA
HBB HBB ALSTOM ABB
HBB HBB ALSTOM ALSTOM
R ɸ:1202A0531
Rɸ: 0611001
R ɸ : IB048375 R ɸ : IB048379 R ɸ : IB048387, B ɸ Rɸ: 2205049
R ɸ : IB048385 R ɸ:1202A0525 ABB
: IB048845. Yɸ: 0611008
R ɸ : 1202A0532
BUS COUPLER - II
Y ɸ:20030111 Bɸ : 2205043
SIEMENS B ɸ:20030102 Rɸ: 2205056
AREVA Bɸ: 0611011
Y ɸ : IB048400 AREVA, B ɸ: 0708043. Yɸ : 2205051
Y ɸ : IB048380 Y ɸ : 2CV3991 Y ɸ: 1202A0528 Bɸ : 2205057
BUS COUPLER - I
SIEMENS,Y ɸ: 2CV1102
B ɸ : IB048394 Y ɸ: 0704019.
B ɸ : IB048399 B ɸ : 2CV3992 Yɸ : 2205053
B ɸ: 1202A0527
BHEL
BHEL
Rɸ :2212229
Rɸ : 2212233
Yɸ: 2212224
Yɸ: 2221578
B ɸ:2212220
B ɸ: 2234929
BUS- I PT BUS- III PT

MEHRU Rɸ: OP CGL GR Power
Switch Gear Mfg Co(P) 058/1/67/18 (ESESS)
Make:ESES HLM (Oblum) Switch Gear Mfg SGM (SMC) SGM (SMC)
Ltd, Hyd.(SMC) Co(P) Ltd, Hyd. Yɸ:OP8058/1/46/18 ALSTOM
Rɸ: 42767 S.No: 0275/40
GR Power
GR Power (ESESS) 1056
S.No: 25 S.No:0275/15. ( ESESS)
S.No. 072/1/7 (SMC) Bɸ:OP8058/1/65/18 S.No.060254
SIEMENS ESES
S.No. 072/1/9. Yɸ: 42768
SL.NO 23777 BHEL BHEL
Rɸ BHEL, 22411478 BHEL
Make: MEHRU MEHRU Rɸ : BHEL Bɸ: 30203 ABB R ɸ:2105191 BHEL BHEL Rɸ: 2241223
SNo:OB8048/1/68/18 OB 8048/1/47/18 Yɸ: Yɸ, B ɸ : WS Industries BHEL Rɸ: 2241232
Rɸ : 2211486 BHEL Y ɸ: 2212920 R ɸ : 2206144 GE R ɸ: 37994025202 Rɸ: 2241166
OB/8048/1/42/18. Bɸ: Yɸ: 2241217
Y:OB8048/1/75/18, S.No: Y ɸ: 941215/1994 Rɸ : 2221563 Yɸ: 2241191
OB8048/1/64/18 Yɸ: 2211487 Rɸ :2212223 B ɸ: 2212914 GE Y ɸ: ABB, Y ɸ: 210400002 Yɸ: 2241206 Bɸ: 2241213
B:OB8048/1/44/18 B ɸ: 941211/1994 Yɸ: 2212235 Bɸ: 2241216
B ɸ: 2241196 Yɸ:2212245 B ɸ: 2241177 GE, B ɸ: 37994025155 Bɸ: 2241207
B ɸ: 2212239 B ɸ:2212227
ALSTOM ALSTOM CGL

ALSTOM
CGL ALSTOM S.No: 060255. HLM 46375C Siemens
Siemens ALSTOM ALSTOM
S.No: 060246. 060248
S.No:14151C S.No: 060245 (Oblum) 23777
23784 060249 060265
GR
Sno.66 HLM
BUS SECTION - I Powe
(SS) (Oblum)
AMEI
Sno. 12372/84
Sno. 31 Sno.31
BUS - I BUS - 3
Switch Gear Mfg.
Bharat Switch Gear Switch Gear Mfg. Co. (P) Ltd, Hyd.
Isolators Mfg. Mfg. Co. (P) Co. (P) Ltd, Hyd . (ESESS)
Switch Gear Mfg Co. Hyd. Ltd, Hyd. (ESESS)
Make:S&S HLM (Oblum) SGM (SMC) GR Power HLM
Co(P) Ltd, Hyd HLM SL Electrical PVT Ltd. (ESESS)
(SMC)S.No: Sno.32 (Oblum) ESES S.No: 2AD03049
S.No: 33 S.No: 0372/2/3 Sno.1110
0372/1/5 Sno: 24 S.No: 80 S.No: 2AD03040
GR S.No:
AMEI
Power 2AD03033
Sno. 12371/84
(SS)
Sno. 28
Bharat Switch Gear Mfg. Switch Gear Mfg. Switch Gear Mfg.
Isolators Mfg. Co. (P) Ltd, Hyd. Co. (P) Ltd, Hyd. Co. (P) Ltd, Hyd.
Switch Gear Mfg SGM (SMC) GR Power HLM (Oblum) Co. Hyd.
Co(P) Ltd, Hyd HLM (ESESS) (ESESS) (ESESS)
HLM Sno.29 SL Electrical PVT Ltd. Sno: 32
Make:HLM HLM (Oblum) (SMC)S.No: S.No: 0372/1/4 (Oblum)
Sno.1112
(Oblum) S.No: 35 0372/1/10 Sno: 23 S.No: 120. S.No: 2AD03032 S.No: 2AD03064 S.No: 2AD03065
S.No: 27
BUS - II BUS - 4
GE
HLM
BHEL (Oblum) BHEL
Rɸ : 37994025198
HLM Rɸ : 2223684
(Oblum)
Rɸ: 2223652 BUS SECTION - II Yɸ: 37994025199 Sno.34 Yɸ: 2223681
B ɸ: 37994025158
Yɸ: 2223655 B ɸ: 2223688 CIRCUIT BREAKER
Sno. 29
Bɸ: 2223651
CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
WAVE TRAP
MEHRU CGL
Rɸ: OP8058/1/57/18 Rɸ: 42766

ISOLATER
Yɸ: OP8058/1/63/18 Yɸ: 45697
Bɸ: OP8058/1/66/18 Bɸ: 30207

LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
BUS-II PT BUS- IV PT CURRENT TRANSFORMER
ICT- I ICT- II ICT-III

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
CASE STUDY-18 …….
Observations:
During periodical Testing of CTs on 220KV Srisailam-1
Feeder, Tan Delta value of CTs in two Phases has
exceeded the stipulated maximum limit of 3%.
As per the prevailing practice in APTRANSCO, Tan Delta
value is to be checked every month for next 3 months and
if it is in increasing trend, such CTs shall be replaced.
After a week days, QA wing has inspected the Tallapalli
SWS and recommended for immediate replacement of the
above two CTs as this SWS is connected with Generating
Stations on three sides and with PGCIL SS on the fourth
side.
97
Observations …..
Based on the QA recommendations, Maintenance wing
has raised the Indent. But, the CTs are not allotted by the
concerned wing stating that the procedure is to be
followed for the allotment.
All this information came to my notice. To avoid the risk
if any, though one month time have not completed, Tan
Delta value of the above two CTs were checked after 20
days. To my surprise, the Tan Delta Value was above 6%.
Really, if the Tan Delta value measured is true, CT tank
shall be too hot. As expected, respective CTs Tank was
too hot. CTs declared defective and the Feeder was not
taken into service. Then pressures started from HQ as
spare CTs are readily available.
98
Action Taken:
2 Nos. old CGL make CTs (YOM:1991) without Tan Delta

Test Cap were lying idle at 220KV SS Tadikonda since
long. Some time back, as a casual measure, healthiness of
those CTs were checked and found in order. Replaced, the
high Tan Delta value CTs with the CGL make CTs and the
Feeder was taken back into service.
99
CASE STUDY-19
Tripping of 100MVA PTR-1 on PTR Trouble Trips and PTR-
2 on loss of DC for faults on 132KV Feeders emanating
from Macherla SS
Observations:
All the PTR trouble trips were displayed on the Reyrolle
make DuoBiasM type Relay.
Suspected that this Relay is defective. Suspected PTR-2
Neutral Earthing is not proper.
Action taken:
a) LC was taken on PTR-1 for replacing the DuoBiasM
type Relay with the healthy one brought from Ongole.
10
0
Tripping of 100MVA PTR-1 on PTR Trouble Trips and PTR-
2 on loss of DC for faults on 132KV Feeders emanating
from Macherla SS
Action taken: ……..
b) After keeping PTR-1 in service, LC was taken on PTR-
2. Earth Pits resistance of all the 4 Nos. Earth Pits of PTR-
2 were checked. Earth Pit Resistance of all the 4 Nos.
Earth Pits were on high side. It is noticed that, these
Earth Pits are not connected to the Grid. As a temporary
measure, all these Pits are linked with the Grid with the
removed defective 12 Core 2.5 sq.mm copper cable. Later,
permanent arrangement was done. With this, the problem
was resolved.
10
1
132 KV Bus 132KV Bus
220 KV Bus Rentachinthala Macherla
Rentachinthala
PTR -2
132 KV feeders
PTR -1
132 KV Bus 132KV Bus
220 KV Bus Rentachintala
Rentachinthala Macherla
PTR -2
132 KV feeders
PTR -1
PTR -1 tripped on Transformer

Trouble Trips on Diff. Relay
PTR -2 tripped on loss of DC

220 KV Bus 132 KV Bus 132KV Bus
Rentachinthala Rentachinthala Macherla
PTR -2
132 KV feeders
PTR -1
After replacement of PTR -1 Diff. Relay and

interconnecting PTR -2 earth pits with Earth Grid
CASE STUDY-20
Non Closing of 132KV Vinukonda Feeder Circuit Breaker
at 132/33KV SS Chilakaluripet
Observations:
I came to know that, AE/Maintenance/132KV SS/
Chilakaluripet has taken LC on 132KV Vinukonda Feeder
Circuit Breaker at Chilakaluripet SS for arresting the Air
Leakages from the Air Pipe Line system.
 The Circuit Breaker is of ABB make SF6 Gas Circuit
Breaker with Pneumatic operating mechanism.
Air pressure in the Air Reservoir is to be made zero to
attend the air leaks.
It was erected during 1996 and commissioned during
1999. The issue was taken up during 2013 i.e. after
erection of 17 Years. 10
5
CASE STUDY-20
Observations: …..
As per my knowledge, once air pressure is made zero,
building the pressure is very difficult in the pneumatic
system of ABB. Hence, I alerted the maintenance
personnel that, building the air pressure may become an
issue.
As guessed, air pressure was not build up.
Peak hour is approaching and this is the only source to

132KV SS Vinukonda. At any cost, the Feeder shall be
taken into service.
10
6
CASE STUDY-20
Action Taken:
To meet the need of the hour, it was decided to bypass
the Circuit Breaker and proposed to extend the Protection
Trip pulse to the Incoming 132KV Feeders.
The Circuit Breaker and in turn 132KV Vinukonda Feeder

was taken into service duly bypassing the Circuit Breaker
and extending the Protection Trip Pulse to the incoming
132KV Feeder Circuit Breakers. Blocking Diodes were
provided in the Protection Trip Path to avoid unwanted
trippings.
Vinukonda Feeder Line Isolator was closed duly hand
tripping the Incoming Feeder Circuit Breakers
momentarily 10
7
CASE STUDY-21
Standardization of Capacitor Cells and Ratio of the CTs in
the 33KV Capacitor Banks.
Observations:
For the past 25 years, 38KV 7.2MVAR Capacitor Banks
being supplied in different fashions.
First version:
36 Nos. Cells rated 7.3KV 200KVAR (36*200 = 7200KVAR
= 7.2MVAR). Here, in each Phase, 3 Nos. Cells are
connected in series to suit to 38KV
(38KV/1.732/3=21.9/3=7.3KV). Again, to increase the
effective cell KVAR rating to 400KVAR, another 200KVAR
rating cell is connected in parallel to each cell. That
means, 6 cells per phase (OR) 18 Cells per star and two
such stars totaling 36 Cells in the Bank.
10
8
CASE STUDY-21 ….
Observations:
First version: ……
NCT is connected between these two starts.
In this case, if any of the capacitor cell is

failed/defective, parallel cell shall be isolated in all the
Phases in the respective star. With this, Capacitor Bank
rating will be reduced to 75%.
Shreem make Capacitor Banks are of this design and
failure rate of the cells are on high side. These Capacitor
Cells are provided with internal fuse protection and
mounting arrangement is Horizontal.
10
9
R
R R
200
200 KVAR
KVAR
, 7.37.3
KVKV
NCT
N N
Y B
Y
Y
First version – Repalle SS
R
200 KVAR
200
7.3 KV
KV
AR NCT
7.3 N N
KV
7.2 MVAR , 38 KV Capacitor bank

CASE STUDY-21 ….
Observations:
Second version:
18 Nos. Cells rated 7.3KV 400KVAR (18*400 = 7200KVAR
= 7.2MVAR). Here, in each Phase, 3 Nos. Cells are
connected in series to suit to 38KV
(38KV/1.732/3=21.9/3=7.3KV). That means, 3 cells per
phase (OR) 9 Cells per star and two such stars totaling 18
Cells.
failed/defective, total bank shall be kept out of service.
11
3
CASE STUDY-21 ….
Observations:
Second version: ……
In case, if any cell fails, derating the Capacitor Bank is
not possible. Complete shall be kept out of service.
ABB make Capacitor Banks are of this design.
Failure rate of ABB make cells is negligible. These
Capacitor Cells are provided with internal fuse protection
and mounting arrangement is Horizontal.
Third Version:
This version was supplied only once. 18 Nos. Cells with
21.9KV 400KVAR Rating (18*400 = 7200KVAR = 7.2MVAR).
11
4
Second version at Bapatla SS
R
400
400KVAR
KVAR
7.3 KV
7.3 KV
NCT
N N
Y
Second Version – Bapatla SS
CASE STUDY-21 ….
Third Version:…….
Here, in each phase, 3 Nos. Cells are connected in
parallel. That means, 3 cells per phase (OR) 9 Cells per
star and two such stars totaling 18 Cells.
failed/defective, one of the parallel cell shall be kept in
isolation in the other two phases also in that Star.
Cooper Power Systems make Capacitor Banks are of
this design.
Failure rate of Cooper Power System make Capacitor
Cells is negligible. 11
7
Third Version at Piduguralla SS
R
R
400
KVAR NCT
21.94
N N
KV

Third Version –Piduguralla SS
CASE STUDY-21 ….
Third Version:…….
These Capacitor Cells are provided with external fuse
protection and mounting arrangement is vertical.
Common Factor in all the 3 Versions: In all the cases, CT
Ratio available is 240-120/1-1A with 120/1A Ratio adopted.
Action Taken:
By analyzing the merits and demerits in the three
versions, following was concluded in the meeting
conducted in presence of all the MRT Engineers in the
Undivided AP and with OEMs of the Capacitor Banks in
the Chambers of Chief Engineer/Transmission/
VS/Hyderabad. 12
0
38 KV , 7.2 MVAR Cap Bank with RVT Protection
R
R
B
Y
Y
CASE STUDY-21 ….
Action Taken:…….
a) 7.2MVAR Capacitor Banks with 36 Cells with 200KVAR
21.9KV Rating with external fuse Protection and vertical
mounting.
b) 14.4MVAR Capacitor Banks with 36 Cells with 400KVAR
21.9KV Rating with external fuse Protection and vertical
mounting.
c) Instead of 240-120/1-1A CTs, 33KV Feeder CTs (400-200/1-
1A) will be used for Capacitor Bank Protection also. With
this, CT inventory for Capacitor Bank can’t maintained
separately.
d) By providing external fuse protection, renewal of the fuse
can be done duly ensuring its healthiness. 12
2
CASE STUDY-21 ….
Action Taken:…….
e) Oil leaks can be minimized as the cell is vertically
mounted.
f) Balance Capacity of the Capacitor Bank is increased in
case of failure of one of the cell in the Bank.
Nowadays, Capacitor Banks being procured is meeting the
above specification i.e.
a)36 Nos. 200KVAR 21.9KV Capacitor Cells with external
fuse protection and vertical mounting arrangement in case
of 7.2MVAR Capacitor Banks and
b)36 Nos. 400KVAR 21.9KV Capacitor Cells with external
fuse protection and vertical mounting arrangement in case
of 14.4MVAR Capacitor Banks. 12
3
CASE STUDY-22
Unusual noise observed form HV Y Bushing from the
31.5MVA PTR-1 of EMCO make at 132/33KV SS Marripalem
Action Taken:
As per the request of this office, PTR was taken out from
service.
Tests were conducted on the PTR and all the test results
are found satisfactory.
Hence, PTR was taken back into service on the same
day and kept under observation.
Again on 18-10-2014: Maintenance personnel informed
that Buchholz Alarm came on the above PTR.
12
4
CASE STUDY-22 …..
Action Taken:
As per instructions of this Office, PTR was taken out
from service.
All the Tests were conducted on the PTR and the test
results found satisfactory. Hence, PTR was taken into
service at 20.59 Hrs. on the same day and requested to
keep the continuous vigil on the PTR, particularly,
collection of Gas, if any, may be checked for every 15
minutes.
Within an hour, Substation shift personnel reported that,
there is dip in the oil level in the Buchholz Relay
chamber. They also informed that, some unusual noise is
coming from HV Y Phase Bushing.
Instructed the shift personnel to isolate the PTR from
service immediately. 12
5
CASE STUDY-22 …..
Action Taken:
Next day i.e. on 19-10-214, all the tests were conducted
on the PTR. To our surprise, Tan Delta value of the
Bushing in HV Y Phase was 200% which was within the
limits in previous cases.
Oil sample was sent for DGA Analysis. Test results
revealed that, there was high discharge of energy.
Bushing in HV Y Phase Bushing was replaced with the
healthy bushing.
Filtration was carried out.
Again after ensuring all the test results are satisfactory,
PTR was taken back into service at 15.30 Hrs. on 21-10-
2021.
Same PTR is in service even today at the same SS.
12
6
CASE STUDY-23
Replacement of 50MVA PTR LV Circuit Breakers at 132KV
SS Chilakaluripet duly bypassing the existing LV VCB by
forming the LV Auxiliary Bus
Observations:
GE make OX36 Type VCBs are available as LV Circuit
Breakers for both the 50MVA PTRs. These VCBs are 25 years
old and failure model and giving trouble frequently.
Almost all the 33KV Feeders emanating from Chilakaluripet
SS are Industrial Feeders and majority of the consumers are
in Open Access. Hence, consent of Industrial Consumers
those who are in OA is required for availing LC.
Station Load was about 70MW. In no case, it will be less than
60MW. Hence, taking LC on any of the PTR without load
relief/diversion for replacing the LV VCB is very difficult.
12
7
Replacement of 50MVA PTR LV Circuit Breakers at 132KV SS
Chilakaluripet duly bypassing the existing LV VCB by forming
the LV Auxiliary Bus
Action taken:
Proposed to form an Auxiliary Bus, between Boom on LV
CTs and Boom just before LV Isolator, to bypass the LV
VCB.
LC was taken only for few hours. Auxiliary Bus was formed
and LV VCB was bypassed. LV CTs were continued in
service.
For faults, if any, in the PTR, its Protection operates and
send trip pulse to its HV Circuit Breaker.
Next, instead of sending trip pulse to its LV Circuit Breaker,
it will be extended to the adjacent PTR LV VCB.
12
8
CASE STUDY-23……
Replacement of 50MVA PTR LV Circuit Breakers at 132KV SS
Chilakaluripet duly bypassing the existing LV VCB by forming
the LV Auxiliary Bus
Action taken
LV Aux. Bus was formed and VCB was bypassed. LV VCB was
dismantled.
We have taken our own time for new foundation for new BHEL
make VCB.
After complete curing, LC was taken for few hours and Aux.
Bus was removed. New VCB was erected and wiring completed.
After conducting the pre-commissioning tests and restoring
the Normalcy in protection, new LV VCB was taken into service.
In the same manner, LV VCB of the other PTR was also
replaced.
12
9
CASE STUDY-23……
Replacement of 50MVA PTR LV Circuit Breakers at 132KV
SS Chilakaluripet duly bypassing the existing LV VCB by
forming the LV Auxiliary Bus
Action taken
We have taken our own time for new foundation for new
BHEL make VCB.
After complete curing, LC was taken for few hours and
Aux. Bus was removed. New VCB was erected and wiring
completed.
After conducting the pre-commissioning tests and
restoring the Normalcy in protection, new LV VCB was
taken into service.
In the same manner, LV VCB of the other PTR was also
replaced.
13
0
Bypassing the LV VCB
CASE STUDY-24
Tripping of the PTR-2 which was in service on LV E/F
Protection while availing LC on PTR-1 at Marripalem SS
Observations:
For availing LC on 31.5MVA PTR-1, LV VCB was hand
tripped.
Next, HV CB was also hand tripped.
Immediately, PTR-2 LV VCB tripped on LV E/F Relay.
Suspected LV VCB of PTR-1 on which LC is proposed is
defective.
PTR-2 was taken back into service.
Action Taken: High Voltage Test (Vacuum Integrity Test)
was conducted on the LV VCB of PTR-1 and observed that
High Voltage Kit tripped at 12KV during the test on Pole
Limb in R Phase. It was replaced with the healthy pole limb.
13
7
132 KV SS Marripalem
PTR-1
LV-1
HV-1
LC required on PTR - 1
33 KV BUS
132 KV BUS
HV-2 LV-2
PTR-2
PTR-1
LV-1
HV-1
LV -1 Hand
Tripped
33 KV BUS
132 KV BUS
HV-2 LV-2
PTR-2
PTR-1
LV-1
HV-1
HV -1 Hand
Tripped
33 KV BUS
132 KV BUS
HV-2 LV-2
PTR-2
PTR-1
LV-1
HV-1
33 KV BUS
132 KV BUS
HV-2 LV-2
Immediately
PTR-2 LV -2 also Tripped
on E/F Relay
PTR-1 LV-1
HV-1
LV-1 declared defective

HV and LV isolators opened for PTR -1
33 KV BUS
132 KV BUS
HV-2 LV-2
PTR-2 LV -2 closed
CASE STUDY-25
Unusual sounds from the PTRs at Bapatla
Substation.
Action taken:
33KV Feeders at Bapatla SS were hand tripped one after
the other.
Immediately after hand tripping the 33KV
Pedanandipadu Feeder, humming of the PTRs at Bapatla
became normal.
B/D declared on 33KV Pedanandipadu Feeder.
Suspected that tree clearance was not sufficient in the
33KV Line. There is sparking between the line and the tree
branches. But, this current is not sufficient to operate the
E/F Relay to clear the fault.
After clearing all the suspected tree branches, the 33KV
feeder was charged and no abnormality was observed. 14
3
132 KV Bus at Parchur
132KV Bus at Bapatla 132KV Bus at Tenali
132/33 KV PTRs
33 KV Bus
33 KV feeders
33 KV feeders

132 KV Bus at Parchur 132 KV Bus at Guntur
132/33 KV PTRs
Unusual Humming
from PTRs at Bapatla SS
33 KV Bus
High Resistance
fault
33 KV feeders
33 KV feeders

132 KV Bus at Parchur 132 KV Bus at Guntur
132/33 KV PTRs
PTRs Humming
Normal
33 KV Bus
Hand Tripped CB
33 KV feeders
33 KV feeders

CASE STUDY-26
Line Losses on 400KV VTS-Sattenapalli-1 Feeder was on high side
and Tripping of this Feeder on Over Voltage Protection at VTS end
and sending Direct Trip to Sattenapalli end.
Observations:
Over Voltage settings
Feeder-1: At VTS end: 111%, 9 Seconds &
At Sattenapalli end: 111%, 10 Seconds
Feeder-2: At VTS end: 110%, 7 Seconds &
At Sattenapalli end: 110%, 7 Seconds
Reactive Power Flow was from Sattenapalli to VTS.
That means, as per prevailing Grid condition, 400KV Bus Voltage at Sattenapalli is
more than at VTS. Whereas, Over Voltage Time setting at Sattenapalli is more than
the settings at VTS. In case over voltage is operated, first chance to OVR at
Sattenapalli. Here, reverse is happening i.e. OVR at VTS is operating and sending DT
(Direct Trip) to Sattenapalli. Suspected CVT O/P Voltage at VTS is more than the
actual. With this, this feeder is out of service for majority of the times.
14
7
VTPS Sattenapalli
184 MW – j100 MVAR
( 462- j150 ) 411 KV

409 KV
OVR = 111%, 9 Seconds OVR = 111%, 10 Seconds

Action taken:
•Next day, Board Meeting was scheduled on Line Losses and
400KV VTS-Sattenapalli-1 Feeder Line Loss was on high side.
•Hence, myself and the then DE/MRT/400KV/ Vijayawada visited
VTS on the same day.
•From the Volt Meter displays on various panels in the Control
Room, it was clear that, CVT output is on high side in one of the
Phase on Sattenapalli-1 Feeder Panel.
•Informed to both the Maintenance wing and MRT wing. But, MRT
wing has not accepted our analysis.
•Immediately, VTS authorities were addressed to replace the
defective CVT and same was posed in the Board Meeting also.
Finally, the CVT was replaced. With this, OV Tripping problem
resolved, Line losses came to down to normal values and
availability of the VTS-Sattenapalli Feeder also increased.
14
9
CASE STUDY-27
31.5MVA PTR-1 tripped on HV Directional Earth Fault
Protection while charging the new 50MVA PTR-2 at
Repalle SS
Observations:
31.5MVA PTR-1 is having ER make TJM12 type Electro
Mechanical Relay as HV Directional E/F Relay. Directional
Element is stuck up and it is acting as Non-directional E/F
Relay.
Action Taken:
The relay is removed from the case. Direction element is
made free by cleaning with the CTC. After that, it was
taken back into service.
15
0
132 KV SS Repalle
132 KV BUS
R 67N R 67N
50 MVA
31.5 MVA PTR -2
PTR -1
R 51N R 51N
33 KV BUS
132 KV SS Repalle
132 KV BUS
HV -2 Closed
R 67N R 67N
50 MVA
31.5 MVA PTR -2
PTR -1
R R 51N
51N
33 KV BUS
132 KV SS Repalle
132 KV BUS
HV -1 Tripped on E/F relay
R 67N R 67N
50 MVA
31.5 MVA PTR
PTR
R 51N R 51N
33 KV BUS
ER make TJM12 type Relay
CASE STUDY-28
Over Loading of 132KV Tadepalli Feeder at Guntur SS
immediately after tripping 132KV Tadikonda-Tadepalli
Feeder on fault.
Observations:
The above operations lead to supply failure to AP
Secretariate, CM Camp Office and also to Railways.
Action taken:
Sectionalising Isolator in the 33KV Bus between PTR-2 & PTR-
3 kept in open.
Trip pulse extended to LV-3 also from the Protection Relay on
Tadikonda Feeder Panel which will automatically cut the load.
With this, load is limited on 132KV Guntur-Tadepalli Feeder
and able to maintain uninterrupted supply to the important
loads which are on PTR-1&2.
15
5
132/33 KV SS Tadepalli
132 KV Bus
Tadepalli
33 KV Bus
50 MVA
132 KV Bus
Tadikonda
33 KV feeders
31.5 MVA
132 KV Bus
Guntur
132 KV Bus
Auto nagar
31.5 MVA
132 KV Bus
Gangur
132 KV Bus 33 KV Bus

Tadepalli
50 MVA
132 KV Bus
Tadikonda
33 KV feeders
31.5 MVA
132 KV Bus
Guntur
132 KV Bus
Auto nagar
31.5 MVA
132 KV Bus
Gangur
33 KV Bus
132 KV Bus
Tadepalli
50 MVA
132 KV Bus
Tadikonda
33 KV feeders
Tripped on Fault
31.5 MVA
132 KV Bus
Guntur This Feeder also
tripped on O/L
132 KV Bus
Auto Nagar
31.5 MVA
132 KV Bus
Gangur
132 KV Bus
Tadepalli Automatic tripping of LV 3
132 KV Bus to reduce Load
Tadikonda
50 MVA
Tripped on Fault
33 KV feeders
132 KV Bus
Guntur
31.5 MVA
132 KV Bus
Auto Nagar
31.5 MVA 33 KV Bus

132 KV Bus
Gangur
As soon as Tadikonda-Tadepalli Feeder

Tripped on Fault, LV-3 is also tripped
automatically to cut off the Load
CASE STUDY-29
All the 3 Nos. PTRs also pulled out at 132/33VK SS
Nallapadu for faults on 33KV Ravindhra Nagar Feeder
Observations:
Healthiness of CTs and Protection Relay are ensured.
High Voltage Test (Vacuum Integrity Test) conducted on
the VCB Pole Limbs and during test, it is observed that the
HV test kit tripped immediately after switching on while
conducting test on B Phase Limb.
Further examination revealed that, roller pin connecting
the B Phase pole limb and operating mechanism found
broken and fallen in the horizontal box.
Action taken: Broken Roller Pin was replaced with the
healthy pin brought form Tadepalli SS from the removed
VCB. 33KV Feeder was taken back into service.
16
0
CASE STUDY-30
Oil coming out from the OLTC conservator tank of 100MVA PTR-1 of
BHEL make at 220KV SS Tadikonda.
Observations:
Oil is oozing from the main tank of PTR-1 to the OLTC tank in one of
the Phase.
Action taken:
As a temporary measure, OLTC conservator tank was also kept at
the same height of the Main Conservator Tank to see that there is no
level difference.
With this, oozing of the oil stopped and in turn oil coming out from
the OLTC conservator tank also. But, it became a permanent setup. It
all happened during the year 2000 and PTR is in service even today
with the same set up.
Same is the case at 220KV SS Narasaraopet in respect of 132/33KV
31.5MVA TAL make PTR since 2012 and at 132/33KV SS
Chakrayapalem in respect of 10/16MVA EMCO make PTR since 2020.
16
2
100MVA BHEL make PTR at 220KV SS Tadikonda - OLTC
Conservator Tank kept on par with Main Conservator Tank
31.5MVA TAL make PTR at 220KV SS Narasaraopet - OLTC
Conservator Tank kept on par with Main Conservator Tank
16MVA EMCO make PTR at 132KV SS Chakrayapalem -
OLTC Conservator Tank kept on par with Main Conservator
CASE STUDY-31
33KV Fault levels has increased at 132/33KV SS Guntur
after augmentation of PTRs from 2*50MVA to 3*50MVA
Observations & Action taken:
As a precautionary measure, it was decided to operate
the new 50MVA PTR-3 independently to reduce the fault
levels on 33KV Feeders. Approved Relay settings were
taken accordingly.
But, when ever LC is required on one of the 50MVA PTR,

to manage the loads on the remaining PTRs, Maintenance
personnel are paralleling the PTRs duly cutting the loads
on PTR-3 to facilitate to close the Bus Section Isolator on
NO LOAD resulting in interruption to the part of the loads.
16
6
CASE STUDY-31 …..
After completion of the Maintenance works, once again
they have to give interruption to the loads connected on
LV-3 Bus Section for de-parallel PTR-3 for which there are
some pressures from Operation wing. Hence, some times,
they continued PTR-3 in parallel with other two PTRs.
MRT office is located 200 meters away to the 33KV Bus.
In such a situation, if any of the 33KV Feeder tripped on
heavy fault, we are able to hear the impact of breaking the
fault current by the respective feeder Circuit Breaker.
After enquiry with the shift personnel, they confirmed that
PTR-3 is in parallel with the other two PTRs.
16
7
In the mean time, 50MVA PTR-3 was replaced with the 80MVA
PTR which has aggregated the fault levels further.
After detailed analysis, it was proposed to provide Bus
Section Circuit Breaker to overcome these constraints for
which many of our Engineers have opposed the proposal.
But, providing Sectionalizing Circuit Breaker is not a new
concept. It is a usual practice in the Indoor Substations and
proposed in all the 220/33KV Substations proposed in APCRDA.
I have seen personally in one of the Maha TRANSCO SS during
2012.
At last, the then Chief Engineer was kind enough and agreed
for my proposal.
16
8
BUS
Sectionalised
CB
Isolator Bus Isolator
Section CB
CB
Bus
Sectionalised
CB
Fault levels have further increased due to Double LILO
of 132KV Guntur-Tenali D/C Line at 220/132KV SS
Prathipadu.
By the time, the sectionalizing VCB was ready for

commissioning, I was transferred to HQ. My successor
Engineers in the field have shown affection on me and
invited for first time charging of the Bus section Circuit
Breaker at Guntur SS. It was charged on 21-11-2020.
After commissioning of this sectionalizing CB, 50MVA

PTR-1 was also replaced with 80MVA PTR.
17
1
CASE STUDY-32
Complete Generation at 1000MW Ghani Solar is evacuating
through ICTs though 220KV DC Line is available between
Ghani and Somayajulapalli resulting in over loading of ICTs at
Narnoor.
Observations
a)220KV Ghani-Somayajulapalli SMDC Line was kept in open
position permanently as this line was over loading during high solar.
b)Due to idle charging of the above 220KV DC Line, complete
generation of about 1040MW during high solar is stepping up through
the 3 Nos. 500MVA ICTs at Ghani.
c)There is inter-connection between Narnoor and Somayajulapalli with
220KV SZDC Line. There was export of power from Narnoor to
Somayajulapalli throughout the year except during the generation at
Srisailam Right Bank.
d)Loading on each 315MAV ICT has reached near to 300MW.
17
2
Somayajulapalli -1 & 2
220 KV DC from PS -1
1040 MW Generation
220 KV DC from PS 4
400 KV Ghani
BC
Bus -1
Bus -2
ICT-1
ICT-2
1040 MW Load
ICT-3
2*290 MW
Bus -1
220 KV DC from PS 4
1040 MW Generation
400 KV Ghani
ICT-1
ICT-2
460 MW Export to Load
Bus -2
ICT-3
260 MW Load
1040 MW Generation
220 KV DC from PS 4
400 KV Ghani
Bus -1
Bus -2
ICT-1
ICT-2
780 MW Load
ICT-3
ICT-1 ICT-2 ICT-3
400 KV Ghani
Bus -1
Bus -2
220 KV DC from PS 4
During No Solar Period:

ICTs are under charged condition.
PS2, PS3 & PS4 Feeders also.
Bus-1, PS-1 & SP Feeders are in
Zero export
switch off condition
Over Loading of ICTs at Narnoor
780 MW Load
ICT-1 ICT-2 ICT-3

400 KV Ghani
Bus -1
Bus -2
220 KV DC from PS 4
Hence, Bus Coupler CB being Closed

during Low Solar and No Solar Period
But, daily operations Bus Coupler CB
260 MW Load Zero Generation

Nandyala -1 & 2
220 KV SWS Somayajulapalli
Bus -1
BC
Bus -2
Ghani 1 & 2
Bilakala
Gudur Srisailam Brahmana Nanoor
Kotkuru 1 & 2
1&2
Nandyala -1 & 2
220 KV SWS Somayajulapalli
Bus -1
Bus -2
Ghani 1 & 2
Bilakala Brahmana Nanoor

Gudur Srisailam Kotkuru 1 & 2
1&2
Action Taken
a)400KV SS Ghani is having 220KV Double Bus with Transfer
Bus. 220KV SMDC Line is available from each Pooling Station
to 400KV SS Ghani. In total, there are 4 Nos. Pooling Stations.
b)By keeping 220KV SMDC Line from one of the Pooling and
the 220KV Ghani-Somayajulapalli SMDC Line on 220KV Bus-1
and remaining 220KV Lines from Pooling Stations and 3 Nos.
ICTs on 220KV Bus-2 and by keeping the 220KV Bus Coupler in
open position at 400KV SS Ghani, over loading of 220KV Ghani-
Somayajulapalli SMDC Line was resolved. At the same time,
over loading of ICTs at Narnoor was also resolved.
18
1
CASE STUDY-32……
c) During low-solar and no-solar time, 220KV Ghani-
Somayajulapalli SMDC Line will be in idle condition. During
this period, ICTs at Narnoor are over loading. To resolve this
issue, during low-solar and no-solar time, 220KV BC at Ghani
kept in closed position. With this, over loading of ICTs at
Narnoor during low-solar and no-solar time was also resolved.
d) This daily exercise was going on. One day, I got the doubt
that, tripping the 220KV BC during high solar and closing
during low-solar/no-solar on daily basis appears not good.
Hence, alternate arrangements were explored.
18
2
CASE STUDY-32….
e) At 220KV SWS/Somayajulapalli: Ghani-1&2 Feeders and
Nandyala-1&2 Feeders were kept on 220KV Bus-2 and
remaining 220KV Feeders were kept on 220KV Bus-1. Bus
Coupler kept in open position. Normalcy restored at 400KV SS
Ghani. With this, the problem was resolved completely and
avoided daily exercise of tripping and closing the 220KV Bus
Coupler Circuit Breaker at Ghani.
f) But, in the above arrangement, we are losing the redundancy.
g) Hence, as a permanent measure, replacement of conductor on
220KV Ghani-Somayajulapalli DC Line was proposed with
equivalent ACSS conductor and same is under implementation.
h) Augmentation of ICTs from 2*315MVA to 2*315+1*500MVA
was also proposed at 400KV SS/Narnoor and it is under
18
implementation. 3
CASE STUDY-33
Tripping of 132/33KV 31.5MVA PTR on LV E/F Protection
at 132/33KV SS Kandukur.
Observations:
31.5MVA PTR is tripping on LV E/F Protection during
early hours of the day. PTR was tested and the test results
are found satisfactory.
Action taken:
Enquired with DEE/MRT/Ongole about protection
available for 31.5MVA PTR-1. ABB make ICM21NP (Non-
Directional Electro Mechanical Relays) are available on LV
side of PTR. Requested to replace with the Numerical
Relay immediately, if Relay is readily available.
Above Electro Mechanical Relay was replaced with the
Numerical Relay.
18
4
132 KV SS Kandukur
132 KV BUS
R R
31.5 MVA
50 MVA PTR
PTR
R R
1200/ 1A 800/ 1A
R=96.45A, Y=252.4A,
B=98.19A & N=158.1A
33 KV BUS
CASE STUDY-33……
Tripping of 132/33KV 31.5MVA PTR on LV E/F Protection

at 132/33KV SS Kandukur.
Next day, in the early hours, 31.5MVA PTR was again
tripped on LV E/F Relay.
From the fault records, it is observed that current in one
of the phases is on high side.
That means, trouble is with 50MVA PTR-2 which is in
parallel with 31.5MVA PTR.
50MVA PTR connected equipment like Isolators, CTs and
Circuit Breakers were thoroughly checked. Observed that,
the pole limb in the LV VCB, in which there is discrepancy
in current, is defective.
Replaced with the healthy pole limb. With this, the
problem is resolved. 18
6
CASE STUDY-34
Over Loading of 220KV VTS-Kondapalli Feeders: SRLDC
have complained that, over loading issue was observed
on the feeder.
Observations:
From the SCADA data, it is observed that power flow on
Feeder-1 is about 116MW and on Feeder-2, it is 138MW.
Instantaneous Currents on the Control Panel at Kondapalli
SS:
Feeder-1: 284A, 347A & 305A. Feeder-2: 389A, 360A & 376A.
Above reading revealed that, Feeder-1 currents in R&B
Phases found less compared to Feeder-2.
Energy recorded at both the ends on both the feeders are as
follows. Feeder-1 at VTS end: 21,74,00 Units & at Kondapalli
end: 21,56,000 Units. Feeder-2 at VTS end: 25,52,000 Units & at
Kondapalli end: 25,29,000 Units 18
7
CASE STUDY-34….
 Above examination revealed that Energy recorded on
Feeder-1 is less compared to Feeder-2. But, they are tallying
with the energy recorded at VTS end. With this, it is
concluded that there is no issue with the CT-PT Circuits.
 Field was requested to thoroughly check the Contact
Resistance of the Isolators and Circuit Breakers at both the
ends and also hot spots, if any, at all the connecting
terminals including the CT studs. No abnormality was
observed. Requested to check the dissimilarities between
Circuit-1 and Cirucuit-2. Wave Traps are available in R & B
Phases on Circuit-1 at both the ends. As these are very
short lines (Line Length: 6.25kM), Inductive Reactance of
the wave traps may be playing appreciable role. Enquired
with the Telecom wing about the requirement of wave traps
on Cirucit-1 and they informed that the Protection is on
OPGW and hence, wave traps can be isolated.
18
8
220 KV BUS at VTPS
M M 25,52,000 Units
21,74,00 Units
Wave Trap
116 MW,
284 A, 138 MW,
347 A, 389 A,
305 A 360 A,
376 A
Wave Trap
M 21,56,000 Units. M 25,29,000 Units
220 KV BUS Kondapalli

220 KV BUS at VTPS
M 28,57,600 Units M 28,52,800 Units
131 MW, 132 MW,

345.7 A, 343 A,
351.4 A, 348.3 A,
336 A 334.7 A
M 28,36,000 Units. M 28,27,000 Units
220 KV BUS Kondapalli

CASE STUDY-34
Over Loading of 220KV VTS-Kondapalli Feeders: SRLDC
have complained that, over loading issue was observed
on the feeder.
Action taken:
Wave Traps at both the ends in R & B Phases in Circuit
are removed and directed the circuit. After removal of the
Wave Traps, following are the observations:
Instantaneous Currents on the Control Panel at
Kondapalli SS: Feeder-1: 345.7A, 351.4A & 336.0A. Feeder-
2: 343A, 348.3A & 334.7A
Power flows on Feeder-1: 131MW and Feeder-2: 132MW.
Energy recorded at both the ends on both the feeders
are as follows.
19
1
CASE STUDY-34
Over Loading of 220KV VTS-Kondapalli Feeders: SRLDC have

complained that, over loading issue was observed on the feeder.
Action taken:
Feeder-1 at VTS end: 28,57,600 Units & at Kondapalli
end: 28,36,000 Units
Feeder-2 at VTS end: 28,52,800 Units & at Kondapalli
end: 28,27,000 Units
With this, problem is resolved.
CRM of Main Circuit Breaker and Isolators were ensured
and found in order. Connections at CT stud points were
also checked and found normal.
MRT & Maintenance personnel were requested to avail
complete LC on 400KV Bus-2 as current is not reflecting in
the PU of this Bus.
19
2
CASE STUDY-35
400KV Podili-2 Feeder Current is Zero in One of the Phase
in the PU of Busbar Protection at 400KV SS Sattenapalli
Action taken:
I have also visited the site personally and requested to measure
the contact resistance of the Isolators duly covering the
connecting jumpers to the isolators also in the CRM circuit.
Observed that, CRM is not functioning in that phase in which the
current is zero.
Further examination revealed that, clamp size and Isolator stud
size was mismatched during erection. To match the same, GI Pipe
was inserted in between them. It is offering high resistance and
hence current is not flowing in that Phase.
Replaced with the suitable clamp duly removing the GI pipe.
Now, current in all the phases are reflecting in the Podili-2 Feeder
PU. With this, the problem is resolved.
19
3
R R
400 KV Bus 2
400 KV Bus 1
400KV Podili 2 Feeder

Current in PU of Busbar Protection in one
of the Phase is ZERO
CASE STUDY-36
Tripping of 220/11KV PTRs at 220KV LI SS Settipalli on
Over Flux Protection and observing smokes from the
220KV Bus PT in Y Phase.
Observations:
On 14-07-2023, Shift personnel observed smokes from
220KV Bus PT in Y Phase. (YOM: 2018 & DOC: 19-03-2019)
Simultaneously, 220/11KV PTRs were tripped on Over
Flux Protection.
Action Taken:
220/11KV SS Settipalli is radially fed from 220KV SS
Krishnagiri and it was Hand Tripped to avert smokes from
the 220KV Bus PT.
19
7
220KV Bus PT at Settipalli SS
CASE STUDY-36 …..
Tripping of 220/11KV PTRs at 220KV Settipalli LI SS on
Over Flux Protection and observing smokes from one of
the 220KV Bus PT.
Action Taken …….
220KV Bus PT Isolator kept in open position.
Supply was extended to Settipalli SS duly shifting the
protection from 220KV Bus PT to Line CVT.
Analysis from my side:

Snapshot of the 220KV Bus PT from which smokes were
observed was posted by somebody else in the TT group.
Someone has requested my comments on the above case.
19
9
CASE STUDY-36 …..
Tripping of 220/11KV PTRs at 220KV LI SS on Over Flux
Protection and observing smokes from one of the 220KV
Bus PT.
Analysis from my side: ……
After analysis, it is observed that, Voltages at various

nodes during the said moment are well within the limits.
PTRs at Settipalli SS only tripped on Over Flux Protection.
Hence, opined that, PT Primary winding got shorted
resulting in decrease in number of primary turns and in turn
increase in Primary Volts per turn and in turn increase in
secondary voltage resulted in tripping of PTRs on Over Flux
Protection. 20
1
CASE STUDY-36 …..
Tripping of 220/11KV PTRs at 220KV LI SS on Over Flux
Protection and observing smokes from one of the 220KV
Bus PT.
Analysis from my side:
AEE/Maintenance/220KV SS/Settipalli was requested to
carry out ratio test on the defective PT.
Next day, AEE/Maintenance has checked the PT. When
248V was applied across Primary, 223mV was measured in
the PT secondary as against 124mV (Secondary voltage =
Applied voltage on Primary/Voltage Ratio = 248/2000 =
124mV).
Concluded that PT Primary winding got short circuited.
20
2
Smokes from Bus PT
Replaced with New PT
CASE STUDY-37
Burning of Trip Coils even after tripping of the Circuit
Breaker on Protection.
Observations:
In the olden days, either 12 core cable or 10 core cable
being laid for CB control (DC Positive, DC Negative,
Remote Close, TC-1 RT, TC-1 PT, TC-1 PCS, TC-2 RT, TC-2
PT, TC-2 PCS).
Sometimes, though the CB was tripped without

operation of any protection or CB tripped on protection,
trip coil is also found burnt. It is happening due to
shortage of pre-close lead with DC +Ve lead or with the
Protection Trip lead.
20
6
Action taken:
To overcome this problem, separate 2 core cable was
laid in case of 33KV & 132KV Circuit Breakers (K27 & K57)
and 6 core cable was laid in case of 220KV Circuit
Breakers (K27R, K27Y, K27B, K57R, K57Y & K57B) for
separation of Pre-close supervision from the CB control
cable.
With this, burning of Trip Coils even after tripping of the

Circuit Breaker was resolved.
Closing, TC-1 and TC-2 circuits were also segregated by

laying separate cables
20
7
Action taken:
For Closing (DC Positive for Closing-K1, DC Negative for
Closing-K2, Positive for Remote Closing-K1R and Remote
Closing-K15),
For TC-1 (DC Positive for TC1-K21, DC Negative for TC1-
K22, Positive for Remote Tripping TC1-K21R, Remote
Tripping TC1-K25 & Protection Trip TC1-K23)
For TC-2 (DC Positive for TC2-K51, DC Negative for TC2-
K52, Positive for Remote Tripping TC2-K51R, Remote
Tripping TC2-K55 & Protection Trip TC2-K53) to increase
the redundancy.
In such case, though one of the Trip Coils cable is
defective, we can continue the equipment in service with
the help of control and protection on the other TC cable.
20
8
Er. Chava Sreenivasa Rao, EE/System Studies,
O/o Chief Engineer/Plg., PS/VS/VJA
Mobile Nos : 9440811159 & 9908091276
209

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CASE STUDIES

3 Hand Tripping the 132KV Tadikonda-Tadepalli Feeder as MW not

4 Non Closing of 10/16MVA PTR HV Circuit Breaker at 132/33KV SS Repalle

5 Tripping of 15MVA PTR-2 on Differential Protection at Tadepalli SS after

6 Non-clearing of the fault on 11KV Feeder leading to Melting of the rock in

7 After commissioning of the 132/33KV SS, Vinukonda – PTR is Pulling out

8 Tripping of 31.5MVA PTR-2 on Differential Protection at Guntur SS for

9 Tripping of 132KV Vinukonda Feeder also at 132KV SS Chilakaluripet for

14 Augmentation of 10/16MVA PTR with 31.5MVA PTR at 132KV SS

16 132/11KV 7.5MVA PTR-3 Tripped on LV E/F Protection at 132/33-11KV

23 Replacement of 50MVA PTR LV Circuit Breakers at 132KV SS

35 400KV Podili-2 Feeder Current is Zero in One of the Phase in the PU of

R Non Dir. OL and EL

PTR HV Bus at Bapatla SS

R Non Dir. OL and EL

PTR HV Bus at Bapatla SS

After replacement of Non Dir. EL

132KV Bus at Piduguralla

132KV Bus at Macherla 132KV Bus at Wadapalli

132KV Bus at Piduguralla

Test charged from

Ring closed at Macherla.

132KV Bus at Macherla 132KV Bus at Wadapalli

132KV Bus at Piduguralla

132KV Bus at Macherla 132KV Bus at Wadapalli

132KV Bus at Piduguralla

Ring closed at Piduguralla

Test charged from

132KV Bus at Macherla 132KV Bus at Wadapalli

132KV Bus at Piduguralla

132KV Bus at Macherla 132KV Bus at Wadapalli

132KV Bus at Piduguralla

Test charged from

Ring closed at Macherla.

132KV Bus at Macherla 132KV Bus at Wadapalli

138 KV 132 KV Bus at Tadikonda

150A, 5MW, 30MVAR

132KV Bus at Tadepalli

132KV Bus at Gunadala

138 KV 132 KV Bus at Tadikonda

Suspecting defect in Line CBs

132KV Bus at Tadepalli

132KV Bus at Gunadala

136.4 KV 132 KV Bus at Tadikonda

After changing 220/132 KV PTR 27A, 5MW, 4MVAR

132KV Bus at Tadepalli

132KV Bus at Gunadala

100MVA PTR HV Current: 262.5A & LV Current: 437.5A

132KV Bus at Repalle

33KV Bus at Repalle

132KV Bus at Repalle

To HV TC-2 Prot. Trip

To Tenali TC-1 Prot. Trip

To Bapatla TC-1 Prot. Trip

To Bapatla TC-2 Prot. Trip

PTR C & R Panel

During Augmentation, this 15MVA PTR was replaced with

Hand Tripped the MOCB

225/ 0.5775 900/ 0.5775

Simultaneously, PTR-2 also

For faults on 3KV Feeders, 132KV Vinukonda 33KV Feeder tripped

After trimming all Tree

After 1 month, the failed PTR at Tadikonda SS was