Cause and Effect

Part 6:
Discoveries and invention of devices are always welcome until we,
humans, find a way to abuse its benefits and be adversely
affected by it. This was the case when Wilhelm Roentgen
discovered x-ray and within five years, the British Army was using
a mobile x-ray unit to locate bullets and shrapnel in wounded
soldiers in the Sudan. TV was also invented with positive thoughts
in mind – there would be no national borders, education and
communication would be worldwide, etc. However, we are now
trying to overcome its physiological and psychological adverse
effects on human beings.
(Excerpt: Emmanuel Tatah Mentan, English Essay Writing
Handbook Bloomington, IN: Author House, 2019.)
Discoveries and invention of devices are always welcome until
we, humans, find a way to abuse its benefits and be adversely
affected by it. This was the case when Wilhelm Roentgen
discovered x-ray and within five years, the British Army was
using a mobile x-ray unit to locate bullets and shrapnel in
wounded soldiers in the Sudan. TV was also invented with
positive thoughts in mind – there would be no national borders,
education and communication would be worldwide, etc.
However, we are now trying to overcome its physiological and
psychological adverse effects on human beings.
(Excerpt: Emmanuel Tatah Mentan, English Essay Writing Handbook Bloomington, IN: Author House, 2019.)
 CAUSE AND EFFECT
• explains why something happens. It also states what results a
particular event produces. It usually gives a statement
emphasizing the cause and another emphasizing the effect.
The following guide questions can be used for cause-effect
development:
 Why did it happen?
 What caused it?
 What does it cause?
 What are the effects?
 How is it related to something else?
 • as a consequence of, as a result
Further, in
of, because, because of, now that
developing and since to express cause while
your texts you
• accordingly, consequently, hence,
can use signal so, therefore, and this resulted in
words like to signify effects.
Put a check (✓) if the item is
suited for a cause-and-effect text
or a cross (x) if not.

1. How to play drums

2. Impact to technology in education
3. Importance of daily reading habit
4. Increased drop-out rate in a school.
5. The act of kindness
 Cause and effect is a text development
pattern explains ___________ something
happens and states ___________results a
Complete the particular event produces.
given statements ___________focuses on: why did the topic
to sum up your happen; what caused it; what does it cause;
what are its effects; and, how is it related to
learning for this something else.
lesson. Signal words used in introducing cause
include: _______________
Signal words used in introducing effect
include: _______________
 Part 7:
Problem – Solution
 With your previous learning about cause-
and-effect pattern of development, you
can readily write a full-blown essay
addressing any issue that interests you.

• After answering the “why” and

the “what happened”, we now
move on to the “how” – how
will we do things and how can
we resolve issues or concerns
around us.
There can be no doubt that a large number of CIFL or children in conflict with the law may
commit more juvenile crimes despite the intense effort of teachers, the barangays, the
police and the guidance offices. This poses a huge challenge to government authorities and
the whole society as well since these minors are protected by law and should not be
harmed by all means.
Basically, while being interrogated upon, these child offenders do not take their case
seriously. They sometimes treat their offense as a practical joke similar to an amusing
snapchat or a tiktok moment. Others consider their waywardness as part of their growing
up years – their being young, wild and free. And they blend with the other CIFL regulars,
thereby establishing an organization of future gangsters. Unfortunately, they are not given
the chance to reform their character because they cannot go to jail and should be with their
parents’ custody within 24 hours. Additionally, some of them turn to substance abuse.
• There might be two doable solutions to overcome the problem
mentioned in the previous paragraphs. The first step would be to
give them the opportunity to intensely rehabilitate and provide
educational programs suited to their needs and abilities which will
prepare them in the harsh realities of life. It is also equally
important that they get the full support and encouragement of their
parents and fellow learners.
• It is reasonable to conclude that education still paves the way for
CIFL learners to mend their ways. Furthermore, it is still
everybody’s responsibility to help them change, to motivate them to
change and stay away from temptations that may inevitably arise
 A problem/solution essay presents a problem, usually
discussing several aspects of the problem, then concludes by
discussing solutions to the problem. The problem may be
addressed in the following ways:
The solutions may be presented in various ways and you have to think
about which way would be the most appropriate for the particular
problem you are discussing.
Here are some ways to present solutions:
The following transitional devices can also help
you develop your text.
List down the top three problems of millennials
today. Then propose possible solutions to each of
your identified problem. You can use this as a
springboard in writing a problem-solution text.
PERSUASIVE
Part 8:
•The latest of which is the problem-solution text,
which focuses on either a problem or solution in a
particular area or situation. It a type of text
expressed as a dilemma or concerning issue
(problem) and something that was, can be, or
should be done to remedy this issue (solution or
attempted solution).
Is iPhone 11 worth spending? One of the company’s recent
novelties is the iPhone 11 – a newer and more advanced version
of the most popular phone in the world. However, the previous
model – iPhone XR – seemed to have been satisfying people’s
needs just fine as well. So, what is the difference?
PERSUASIVE TEXT

• can be in the form of an argument,

discussion, exposition, review or even
an advertisement.
• This will serve as a background
information about the topic. Then, it
should be followed by a clear, strong
and specific argument.
 ARGUMENT

• is one’s claim or position that can

either support or reject the issue
previously stated. Arguments shall
be supported with a well-researched
evidence, which will give details on
how and why it supports the
argument.
 EVIDENCES
• can be factual, logical, statistical or
anecdotal in nature. It can also
explain counter-arguments not
because the writer wants to prove
which claims are wrong or right but
to enlighten the readers about other
positions.
Lastly, a conclusion restating the main argument of
the text will be the end of the text. This will be your
final statement to persuade your readers.

Some guide questions in constructing a persuasive

text include:
 What is the issue?
 What is your position or opinion?
 What is the opposing position/opinion?
 What are some reasons for your position/opinion?
 What are some cases or examples that support
this?
 Read the text below and identify the issue, the
argument/s and conclusion.

When we consider the ubiquity of cellphones, iPods, personal

computers and the internet, it’s easy to see how science (and the
technology to which it leads) is woven into the fabric of our day-to-day
activities. When we benefit from CT scanners, M.R.I. devices,
pacemakers and arterial stents, we can immediately appreciate how
science affects the quality of our lives. When we assess the state of
the world, and identify looming challenges like climate change, global
pandemics, security threats and diminishing resources, we don’t
hesitate in turning to science to gauge the problems and find solutions.
And when we look at the wealth of opportunities hovering on the
horizon— stem cells, genomic sequencing, personalized medicine,
longevity research, nanoscience, brain-machine interface, quantum
computers, space technology—we realize how crucial it is to
cultivate a general public that can engage with scientific issues;
there’s simply no other way that as a society we will be prepared to
make informed decisions on a range of issues that will shape the
future.
(from "Argumentative Essay," Literary Devices, last modified May 22, 2020, https://literarydevices.net/argumentative-essay/.)
Complete the statements to sum up your key learning
for this lesson.
1. __________ is a type of paragraph development that
focuses on presenting points of view
2. An __________ serves as a background information
about the topic.
3. An __________ is one’s claim or position that can
either support or reject the issue previously stated.
4. Arguments shall be supported with a well-researched
__________.
5. A __________ restating the main argument of the
text will be the end of the text.
Choose an item or a product that you frequently use. Develop a
persuasive text by making a transcript for product
advertisement. The rubric below may be used for your output.
• During my younger years of being a diligent worker, I would spend at
least 10 hours working in the office and I would even bring home
some paper works. Until, one day I was brought to the hospital 1.
_________ I experienced more anxieties. My attending physician told
me that I collapsed 2. _________ stress. 3. ________, I started to
follow my doctor’s advice. 4. ______ to spend at least three times a
week for exercise. 5. Another is to take stock of internal stressors I
could control. 6. ________ is to use meditation techniques whenever I
felt overwhelmed and make sure that I got sufficient rest. Lastly, is to
take time to do things I enjoy. 7. _________, to pursue some hobbies
and pleasures to live a more balanced lifestyle.