Operational

Amplifier
19ECE212 – Linear Integrated Circuits
Lecture 3

Mrs. Bhavana. V
Assistant Professor
Dept. of ECE
Amrita School of Engineering
Bengaluru.

Ms. Bhavana.V, Dept of 1

ECE
 Introduction
• Operational amplifier is a circuit building block of universal importance.
• One of the reasons for the popularity of the op amp is its versatility. one can do
almost anything with op amps.
• IC op amp has characteristics that closely approach the assumed ideal.
This implies that it is quite easy to design circuits using the IC op amp.
• Op-amp circuits work at performance levels that are quite close to those
predicted
theoretically.

Ms. Bhavana.V, Dept of 2

ECE
 Histor
y been in use for a long time, their initial
• Operational amplifiers (Op amps) have
applications being primarily in the areas of analog computation and
sophisticated instrumentation.
• Early op amps were constructed from discrete components (vacuum tubes
and then transistors, and resistors), and their cost was prohibitively high (tens
of dollars).
• In the mid-1960 s the first integrated circuit (IC) op amp was produced. This unit
(the µA 709) was made up of a relatively large number of transistors and
resistors all on the same silicon chip.
• Although its characteristics were poor (by today's standards) and its price was
still
quite high.
• Finally semiconductor manufacturers designed high-quality op amps at
extremely low prices (tens of cents).
Ms. Bhavana.V, Dept of 3
ECE
 THE IDEAL OP
The Op-Amp Terminals AMP
• From a signal point-of-view the op amp has three
terminals: two input terminals (terminal 1 and 2) and
one output terminal (terminal 3).
Figure1
• Amplifiers require dc power to operate. Most IC op Circuit symbol for the op amp
amps require two dc power supplies, as shown in Figure
2.
• Two terminals, 4 and 5, are brought out of the op-amp
package and connected to a positive voltage Vcc and a
negative voltage -VEE, respectively.

Figure 2 The op amp shown

connected to dc power supplies
Ms. Bhavana.V, Dept of 4
ECE
 THE IDEAL OP
The Op-Amp Terminals AMP
• In Figure 2(b), the two dc power supplies, as batteries,
with a common ground, is shown.
• The reference grounding point in op-amp circuits is just
the common terminal of the two power supplies; that is,
no terminal of the op-amp package is physically
connected to ground.
• In addition to the three signal terminals and the two
power-supply terminals, an op amp may have other Figure 2 The op amp shown
terminals for specific purposes like connected to dc power supplies
compensation and offset nulling.
frequency

Ms. Bhavana.V, Dept of 5

ECE
 THE IDEAL OP
Exercise 1. AMP
What is the minimum number of terminals required by a single op amp? What is the
minimum number of terminals required on an integrated-circuit package containing
four op amps (called a quad op amp)?

Ms. Bhavana.V, Dept of 6

ECE
 THE IDEAL OP
Answer- AMP
 The minimum number of terminals required by a single op amp = 5
(2 Input terminals, one output terminals, two dc power supplies VCC and –VEE)
The minimum number of terminals required on an integrated-circuit
package
containing four op amps = 14
(3 input and output terminals for each op-amp = 3×4 =
12 terminals for dc power supplies VCC and –VEE = 2)

Ms. Bhavana.V, Dept of 7

ECE
 THE IDEAL OP
AMP
Function and Characteristics of the Ideal Op Amp
• The op amp is designed to sense the difference between the voltage signals applied
at its two input terminals (i.e., the quantity v2-v1), multiply this by a number A,
and cause the resulting voltage A(v2 – v1) appear at output terminal 3.
• Here it should be emphasized that the voltage at a terminal is the voltage
between that terminal and ground; thus v1 means the voltage applied between
terminal 1 and ground.
• The ideal op amp is not supposed to draw any input current; that is, the signal
current into terminal 1 and the signal current into terminal 2 are both zero.
• In other words, the input impedance of an ideal op amp is supposed to be infinite.
• The terminal 3 is supposed to act as the output terminal of an ideal voltage
source.

Ms. Bhavana.V, Dept of 8

ECE
 THE IDEAL OP
AMP
Function and Characteristics of the Ideal Op Amp
• The voltage between terminal 3 and ground will always
be equal to A(v2 – v1), independent of the current that
may be drawn from terminal 3 into a load impedance .
• In other words, the output impedance of an ideal op amp
is supposed to be zero.
• The output is in phase with (has the same sign as) v2 and is
out of phase with (has the opposite sign of) v1. Figure 3 Equivalent circuit
of the ideal op amp
• For this reason, input terminal 1 is called the inverting
input terminal and is distinguished by a “−” sign, while
input terminal 2 is called the noninverting input terminal
and is distinguished by a “+” sign.

Ms. Bhavana.V, Dept of 9

ECE
 THE IDEAL OP
AMP
Function and Characteristics of the Ideal Op Amp
• The op amp responds only to the difference signal v2 − v1 and hence ignores any
signal common to both inputs.
• That is, if v1 = v2 = 1 V, then the output will (ideally) be zero.
• This property is called common-mode rejection, and we conclude that an ideal
op amp has zero common-mode gain or, equivalently, infinite common-mode
rejection.
• The op amp is a differential-input, single-ended-output amplifier, with the latter
term referring to the fact that the output appears between terminal 3 and
ground.
• Furthermore, gain A is called the differential gain. The other name for A is
open- loop gain.

Ms. Bhavana.V, Dept of 10

ECE
 THE IDEAL OP
AMP
Function and Characteristics of the Ideal Op Amp
• An important characteristic of op amps is that they are direct-coupled or
dc amplifiers, where dc stands for direct-coupled.
• The fact that op amps are direct-coupled devices will allow us to use them
in many
important applications.
• The ideal op amp has a gain A that remains constant down to zero frequency
and up to infinite frequency.
• That is, ideal op amps will amplify signals of any frequency with equal gain, and
are thus said to have infinite bandwidth.
• The ideal op amp should have a gain A whose value is very large and ideally
infinite.

Ms. Bhavana.V, Dept of 11

ECE
 THE IDEAL OP
AMP
Function and Characteristics of the Ideal Op Amp

Characteristics of the ideal Op-amp

1. Infinite input impedance
2. Zero output impedance
3. Zero common-mode gain or, equivalently, infinite common-
mode rejection
4. Infinite open-loop gain A
5. Infinite bandwidth

Ms. Bhavana.V, Dept of 12

ECE
THE IDEAL OP
AMP

Figure 4 Representation of the signal sources

v1 and v2 in terms of their differential and
common-mode components.

Ms. Bhavana.V, Dept of 13

ECE
 THE IDEAL OP
Exercise 2 AMP
Consider an op amp that is ideal except that its open-loop gain A = 103 . The op amp is used in a
feedback circuit, and the voltages appearing at two of its three signal terminals are measured. In
each of the following cases, use the measured values to find the expected value of the voltage at the
third
terminal.
(a) v = Also givev the
0 V and = 2differential
V; and common-mode input
(b) v = +5 V and v =signals
−10 V;in each case.
2 3 2 3

(c) v1 = 1.002 V and v2 = 0.998 V; (d) v1 = −3.6 V and v3 = −3.6

Solution- V
For an op-amp
v3 = A(v2 - v1)
Differential input signal
vId = v2 – v1
Common mode input
Signal
Ms. Bhavana.V, Dept of 14
ECE
 THE IDEAL OP
Solution for Exercise 2 AMP
(a) v2 = 0 V and v3 = 2
V; v1 = - 0.002 V
vId = 0.002 V = 2 mV
vIcm = - 0.001 V = -1 mV

(c) v1 = 1.002 V and v2 =

0.998 V;
v3 = -4 V
vId = -4 mV
vIcm = 1 V

Ms. Bhavana.V, Dept of 15

ECE
 THE IDEAL OP
Exercise 3. AMP
The internal circuit of a particular op amp can be modeled by the circuit shown
in Figure Ex1. Express v3 as a function of v1 and v2. For the case Gm = 10 mA/V,
R = 10 kΩ, and μ = 100, find the value of the open-loop gain A.
Solution-
From the Figure
Ex1 v3 = µ vd
vd is voltage across Figure Ex1
resistance R
Figure Ex1
vd v=3 R(G
so = µGmvmR(v
2 – 2 – v 1)

vG mv1) = GmR(v2
3 = 100 × 10m × 10 k (v2 – v1) v3 = 10000 (v2 – v1)
–v)
We know1 that v3 = A(v2 – v1) so A = 10,000 V/V or 80dB

Ms. Bhavana.V, Dept of 16

ECE