Fluid Kinematics

Flow Concepts and Basic Control Volume Equations

CVEN 212
Spring 2024
Riyadh Al-Raoush, PhD, PE

1
 Fluid Flow Concepts and Basic
Control Volume Equations
 Introduction
 Control Volume Conservation Equation
 Conservation of Mass/Continuity

2
 Introduction

 Analysis Approaches
 Descriptions of:
 fluid motion
 fluid flows
 temporal and spatial classifications

3
 Analysis Approaches

 Lagrangian
 fixed or moving coordinates
 _________
closed system
 Eulerian
 control volume (unchanging shape, but can move)
 mass may enter or leave through a control surface
 ________
open system
If you were going to study water flowing in a pipeline, which
Eulerian
approach would you use? ____________
4
 Lagrangian vs. Eulerian

Lagrangian:
• follow an individual fluid particle
• fixed or moving coordinates
• closed system
   
r (t )  xi  yj  zk

 dr (t ) dx  dy  dz 
v (t )   i  j k
dt dt dt dt
   
v (t )  ui  vj  wk

5
 Lagrangian vs. Eulerian

Eulerian:
• control volume (unchanging shape, but can move)
• mass may enter or leave through a control surface
• open system
• fluid particle velocity depends on the point in space
and time

u  f1  x , y , z , t 
v  f 2 x, y , z , t 
w  f 3 x, y , z , t 
6
 Temporal/Spatial Classifications

 Steady - unsteady Can turbulent flow

 be steady?
Changing in time
dV dV
0 0
dt dt
 Uniform - nonuniform

Changing in space
dV dV
0 0
ds ds 7
Descriptions of Fluid Motion
 streamline Defined instantaneously
 has the direction of the velocity vector at each point
 no flow across the streamline
 steady flow streamlines are fixed in space
 unsteady flow streamlines move
 pathline
 path of a particle Defined as particle moves (over time)
 same as streamline for steady flow
 streakline
 tracer injected continuously into a flow
 same as pathline and streamline for steady flow 8
Streamlines/Streaklines/Pathlines

V2, b2

V1, b1

9
Streaklines

10
 Descriptors of Fluid Flows

 Laminar flow
 fluid moves along smooth paths
 viscosity damps any tendency to swirl or mix
 Turbulent flow
 fluid moves in very irregular paths
 efficient mixing
 velocity at a point fluctuates

11
 One, Two, and Three
Dimensional Flow

uniform, axisymmetric velocity distribution assume constant velocity

12
 Dot Product

u
 
u  v  u v cos  q

v
normal unit vector, n
• magnitude of one
• direction is normal to the surface
Surface
Area vector, A = nA A
Differential Area vector, dA = ndA n

By convention, the Area vector ALWAYS points out

13
 Flow Rate

V
   
dA Q   v  A   v  dA
V
area area

 v cosdA
dA
Q
area

If the velocity is constant over the area,

 
QvA
14
 Flow Rate

Q
Mean, or average velocity
v
A
turbulent flow: the mean velocity may closely approximate
the actual flow

laminar flow: the mean velocity probably doesn’t approximate

the actual flow

15
 Control Volume Approach

System: a given quantity of matter

For solids---use system approach with Lagrangian viewpoint

For fluids---this approach is too complicated for most systems

16
 Control Volume Approach

mass momentum energy

Extensive Property, B m mv E

Intensive Property,  1 v e

17
 Control Volume Approach

Control Volume: region in space

established to aid in solution of
flow problems

C.V.
Control Surface: surface
surrounding Control Volume

C.S.
18
 Control Volume Approach

If velocity is constant over control surface

 
Flow rate QvA
 
m   v  A
V
mass rate

  A
Property Rate B  v  A
 
If velocity varies across a flow section B   v  dA
19
c .s .
 Control Volume Approach

dBsys Rate of change of an extensive property of the

SYSTEM of fluid that is flowing through the
dt Control Volume

Control Volume

Control Surface

20
 Control Volume Approach

d
 d Rate of change with respect to time of the
extensive property B of the fluid inside the
dt C .V . control volume at time t

Control Volume

Control Surface

21
 Control Volume Approach

 
 v  dA
c .s .
Flow rate of B out of the c.v. minus the flow
rate of B into the c.v.; i.e., the net rate of flow
of B from the c.v.

Control Volume

Control Surface

22
 Control Volume Conservation
Equation
B =__________________________
Total amount of some property in the system
 = Amount of the property ___________
per unit mass

dBsys 
dt

t   d    v  dA
cv cs

Rate of increase Rate of efflux of

Rate of increase of the property the property across
of the property = in the control + the control volume
in the system volume boundary23
Control Volume Conservation
Equation

dB 
dt

t   d    v  dA
cv cs

0 = -1 + (-0 + 1)
0 = 1 + (-1 + 0)
0 = 0 + (-0 + 0)
24
 Conservation of Mass

B = Total amount of ____

mass in the system
 = ____ 1
mass per unit mass = __
dB 
dt

t   d    v  dA
cv cs
cv equation

dm 
dt

t  d   v  dA
cv cs
But dm/dt = 0!


cs v  dA   t  d
cv

mass leaving - mass entering = - rate of increase of mass in cv 25

 Conservation of Mass

 If mass in cv 2
cs  v  d A  
t cv d is constant 1
v1 v2
 v 1 1  dA 1   2 v 2  dA 2  0 A1
cs1 cs 2 A2
Area vector is normal to surface and pointed OUT of cv
 1V1 A1   2V2 A2  0 V = spatial average of v

1V1 A1   2V2 A2  m
 [M/t]

V1 A1  V2 A2  Q If density is constant [L3/t] 26

 Example: Conservation of Mass?
The flow out of a reservoir is 2 L/s.
The reservoir surface is 5 m x 5 m.
How fast is the reservoir surface
h
dropping?

cs v  dA   t cv d

cs v  dA   t Constant density
d
Qout  Qin  
dt
Ares dh dh Q
Qout    Example
dt dt Ares 27
 Control Volume Review

 Control volumes should be drawn so that the

surfaces are either tangent (no flow) or normal
(flow) to streamlines.
 The control volume can change shape over time
 When possible choose a frame of reference so the
flows are steady

28
 Control Volume Review

 Control volume equation: Required to make the

switch from a closed to an open system
 Any conservative property can be evaluated using
the control volume equation
 mass, energy, momentum, concentrations of
species
 Many problems require the use of several
conservation laws to obtain a solution

29
 Acceleration and
Continuity/Vorticity Concepts

30
 Introduction

 Accleration
 Types of acceleration
 Continuity and Vorticity

31
 Acceleration

 Steady - unsteady
 Changing in time
 
dV dV
0 0
dt dt
 Uniform - nonuniform

Changing in space
 
dV dV
 0  0
dx dx 32
 Acceleration

 Rate of change of the particle’s velocity

 Lagrangian approach - each component is a function of
time only
 Eulerian approach - the velocity components are
functions of both space and time

  
V  u i  vj  w k
du u dx u dy u dz u
ax     
dt x dt y dt z dt t
33
 Acceleration
dx dy dz
u v  w
dt dt dt
du u u u u
ax  u v w 
dt x y z t
dv v v v v
ay  u v w 
dt x y z t

dw w w w w
az  u v w  34
dt x y z t
 Tangential and Normal
Acceleration
• s is the direction ALONG the streamline

• r is the radius of curvature of the streamline

V s ds Vs V s V s
at    Vs 
s dt t s t

V s2
an 
r
35
 Types of Acceleration
• Convective acceleration - change in velocity with
respect to position Uniform/nonuniform

du u u u u
ax  u v w 
dt x y z t

• Local acceleration - change in velocity with respect

to time at a given point steady/unsteady
du u u u u
ax  u v w 
dt x y z t
36
 Continuity at a Point
• Differential equation that is the statement of continuity at a point
• Derived by applying the basic continuity equation to a CV of
infinitesimal size
   
u   v   w   
x y z t
  
steady u   v   w   0
x y z
u v w
incompressible   0
x y z
37
 Rotation and Vorticity
• Vorticity - defined as twice the average rate of rotation

  w  v     u w    v  u  
     i     j     k
 y z   z x   x  y 
• Irrotational flow only exists when the average rates of rotation
are zero
• Thus, each term in the parantheses must have a zero value

w v u w v u
  
y z z x x y
38