BIODIVERSITY AND

CONSERVATION

NAME: RADHA A.POWAR

 CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Types of Biodiversity
3. Benefits of Biodiversity
4. Conservation of Biodiversity
5. India as mega diversity nation
6. Hotspots of biodiversity
7. Threats to biodiversity
8. Habitat loss and Poaching
9. Recent issues of biodiversity
10.Conclusion
The Range of animal
and plant life in
ecosystem.
 ⊷INTRODUCTION

“
 The biosphere comprises of a complex
collections of innumerable organisms,
known as biodiversity, which constitutes the
vital life support for survival of human race.

 Biological diversity, abbreviated as

biodiversity, represent the sum total of
various life forms such as unicellular fungi,
protozoa, bacteria and multicelluar
organisms such as plants, fishes, and
mammals at various biological levels
including genes, habitats and ecosystem.

 Biodiversity is variety of life forms on

the earth and the essential interdependence
of all living things.
REPRESENTATION OF GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY
TYPES OF
BIODIVERSITIES

⊷ Diversity of
species.

⊷ Diversity of
ecosystem

⊷ Diversity of
genes.
DIVERSITY OF SPECIES
Diversity at the species level is called as species diversity.

Examples: The western-ghats have a greater amphibian species diversity

than eastern ghats.

DIVERSITY OF ECOSYSTEM
The diversity at the ecosystem level is called as ecological diversity.

Examples: Deserts, rainforest, mangroves, coral reefs, wet lands etc.

DIVERSITY OF GENES
The genetic variation existing within a species is called as gentic
diversity.
⊷Benefits of Biodiversity

“ CONSUMPTIVE VALUE
 Food or drink


Fuel
Medicine
 Better crop varieties
 Industrial material

NON CONSUMPTIVE VALUE

 Recreation
 Education and research
 Traditional value
BIODIVERSITY VALUE

Consumptive value:
1.FOOD
 About 80,000 edible plant species
 Edible animals

2.DRUGS AND MEDICINES

 Plant and plant extracts extensively
used in medicines.

3. Fuel
 Fossil fuels such as petroleum ,
natural gas.
Benefits of Biodiversity
ECOLOGICAL SERVICES

 Balance of nature
 Biological productivity
 Regulation of climate
 Degradation of waste.
 Cleaning of air and water.
 Cycling of nutrients.
 Control of potential pest and desease
causing species.
 Detoxification of soil and sediments.
 Stabilization of land against erosion.
 Carbon Sequestration and global climate
change
 Maintenance of soil fertility.
CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
 Biodiversity inventories
Example: Gene bank, DNA bank, seed
bank etc.

 Conserving biodiversity in protected habitats.

In-situ conservation
Ex-situ conservation

 Restoration of biodiversity
Imparting environmental education.
 Enacting, strengthening and enforcing
environmental legislation
 Population control
 Reviving the agriculture prartice
 Controlling urbanization
 Conservation throughtn biotechnology
 Biodiversity
Conservation

IN-SITU EX-SITU

Sacred Groves and Sacred plant, home,

lakes garden

Biosphere reserves
Seed bank, gene
Terrestrial bank,
cryopreservation
Marine
Botanical garden,
zoological garden,
National parks, wildlife aquarium
sanctuaries
CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
 Prevention of habitat fragmentation and
maintenance of habitat continuity.
 Mitigation of human wildlife conflicts.
 Prevention of overexploitation and
encroachment .
 Protect and promote biodiversity in and around
plantations.
 Prevent corrosion of wetlands into any other
land use and maintain their extent and ecological
status.
 Prevent contamination of natural biodiversity of
state from genetically modified organisms.
 Conservation of sacred grooves.
LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY

 Due to human activities biological

resources have been declining rapidly.
 The colonization of tropical Pacific
Islands by humans led to the extinction of
more than 2,000 species of native birds.
 More than 15,500 species are facing the
threat of extinction in worldwide.
 At present, 12 percent of birds,23
percent of mammals,32 percent of
amphibians and 31 percent of
gymnosperms face the threat of extinction.
INDIA AS A MEGA DIVERSITY NATION
 India is one of 12 mega diversity countries of
world
 It has 47000 species of plants and 81000
species of animals
 Many endemic plants and animals
 Centre of origin of many flowering and crop
plants.
 Great marine diversity due to 7500 km long
coast line.
 India has over 600 protected area, which
includes over 90 national parks, over 500
animal sanctuaries and 15 biosphere reserves.
Example kaziranga national park, gir national
park, chilka lake bird sanctuary Orissa .
 Protected area contain maximum biological
diversity
INDIA AS A MEGA DIVERSITY NATION
 With only 2.4% of worlds area, India
accounts for 7 to 8 percent of worlds
recorded plant and animal species.
 India's 10 bio-geographic zones
possesses an exemplary diversity of
ecological habitats like alpine forest,
grasslands, wetlands, coastal, marine
ecosystems and desert ecosystems.
 India has 16 major types and 251 sub
types of forests.
 Indigenous medicine systems utilize
nearly 6500 native plants for both human
and animal health care.
 India has currently 4.79% of total
geographic area under an elaborative
network of PA’s which includes 99 national
parks, 513 wildlife sanctuaries, 43
conservation reserves, 4 community
reserves and 3 biodiversity heritage sites.
HOTSPOTS OF BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity hotspot is a bio-geographic

region with a significant reservoir of
biodiversity i.e. under threat from humans

A hotspot is an area which faces serious

threat from human activities and supports a
unique biodiversity.

India has 2 biodiversity hotspots –

East Himalayan regions
Western Ghats

Currently 34 biodiversity hotspots are there

around the globe.
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
NATURAL CAUSES:
Narrow geographical area
Low population
Low Breeding rate
Natural disasters

ANTHROPOGENIC CAUSES:
Habitat modification
Overexploitation of selected species
Innovation by exotic species
Pollution
Hunting
Global warming and climate change
Agriculture
THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
 Habitat destruction- it is important to protect
habitat in order to protect biodiversity within it.
Huge pressure from the worlds rapidly
increasing population.

 Habitat Fragmentation- From human

activity. Reduces ability of habitat to support
species.

 Pollution- Introduction of pollutants such as

nutrient overloading with nitrate fertilizer as
well more harmful chemicals.

 Over exploitation- This includes the illigal

wildlife tread as well as overfishing, logging of
tropical hardwoods etc.

Diseases- Reduction in habitat is causing

high population densities, that encourages
spread of diseases.
 ⊷ Habitat loss can be
Habitat loss described when an
animal loses their
home.

Reasons of habitat
loss by humans:

 Agriculture, farming

 Harvesting natural
resources for
personal use

 for industrial and

urbanization
development.
 ⊷ Poaching is haunting
POACHING and harvesting taking
of wild plants or
animals, such as
through haunting,
harvesting, fishing, or
trapping.

Poaching is done for large profits

gained by the illegal sale or trade of
animal parts, meat etc.

Exists because there is a demand

for these products, caused by a lack
of education or disregard law
amongst the buyers.

Many cultures believe that certain

animal parts have medicine value.
POACHING HABITAT LOSS
RECENT ISSUES OF BIODIVERSITY
 Some 75 percent of the genetic diversity of crop
plants has been lost in the past century.

 Some scientists estimate that as many as 3

species per hour are going extant and 20000
extensions occur each year.

 Roughly one-third of the worlds coral reef

systems have been destroyed or highly degraded.

 About 24 percent of mammals and 12 percent of

bird species are currently considered to be globally
threatened.

 More than 50 percent of the worlds wetlands

have been drained, and populations of inland
water ans wetland species have declined by 50
percent between 1970 and 1999.
FUNCTIONS OF BIOSPHERE
RESERVES
. Conservation – To ensure the
conservation of ecosystem, species and
genetic resources.

 Development – To promote economic

development while maintaining cultural ,
social and ecological identity.

 Scientific Research – To provide

support for research related to monitoring
and education , local , national and global
issues.
CONCLUSION
Biodiversity is our life. If
biodiversity get lost at this rate
than in near future, the survival of
human being will be threatened.
So, it is our moral duty to
conserve biodiversity as well as
our environment.
Long-term maintenance of
species and their management
requires co-operative efforts
across entire landscapes.
Biodiversity should be delt
with at scale of habitats or
ecosystems rather than at
species level.
“ ⊷THAN
K YOU