1C Pharmaceutical Aids and Necessities

PHAR MACEUTIC AL
AIDS AND
NE CESSITIES
PHARMACEUT I CAL
AI DS AND
NE CESSI T IE S
WHAT IS
Pharmaceutical aids are the drugs that have no or little
pharmacological effects but are essentially used in
PHARMACEUTICAL
preparation of dosage forms like tablets, injections and
emulsions.
AIDS AND
NECESSITIES?
Why is it important in
drug preparation?
W H AT I SIS
WHAT
P H A R MA C
PHARMACEUTICALE U T I C A L
emulsions.
A ID S A N D
AIDS AND
N EC E S S I T I E S ?
NECESSITIES?
emulsions.
Pharmaceutical aids are required for such purposes as preservations, stabilization, acidification, alkalization, suspending excipient,
adsorption, absorption, filtration, prevention of oxidation, stabilization and complexation. Pharmaceutical aids may remain in the
final product in which case they do not exert any specific action on the body when the product is administered or they may get
removed during processing but come in close contact with the product at some stage
Why
W h y iis
s iitt imp
i mport
o rta ntant
in i n
drug
d ru g preparat
p re pa ra tioinon?
?
W hy i s i t i m por t a nt i n
P HARM AC EUT I CAL
CHARACTERIST AI
P H A R M A CNEC
I CDS
S OFANDA GOOD
E U T IE
CSS
A L IA
TIIDESS
dr ug pr e pa r a t i on?
CHARACTERIS TICS OF A
GOOD P HARMACEUTICAL
AIDS
-Should be Inert and non-reactive. Ex. Pharmaceutical
Pharmaceutical aids are required for such purposes as:
products such as tablets, capsules, suppositories, and
• preservations and stabilization
injections.
• acidification
-Should and
be non toxic. Ex. alkalization
Creams and vials
-Should be cost effective.
• suspending excipient
-Should be chemically stable.
• adsorption and absorption
-Should have sufficient capacity to mask the bitter taste or
odor •of filtration and prevention of oxidation
the formulation.
• stabilization and complexation
They may remain in the final product but do not exert any specific action on
the body, or they may get removed during processing but come in close contact
with the product at some stage.
pharmacological effects W
but HAT IS used in
are essentially
preparation ofPdosage
HA R MA
forms likeCtablets,
E U Tinjections
IC A Land
emulsions. A ID S A ND
Why
i
drugs it impo
prep r
aratitant in P HARM AC EUT I CAL
on?
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD AI DS AND
NEC E SS I T I E S
PHARMACEUTICAL
CHARACTERIS TICS OF A AIDS
GOOD P HARMACEUTICAL
AIDS
-Should be Inert and non-reactive. Ex. Pharmaceutical
products such •as Should
tablets, capsules, suppositories,
be Inert and
and non-reactive. (Pharmaceutical
injections.
products
-Should be non toxic. such
Ex. Creams and as
vialstablets, capsules, suppositories, and
-Should be cost effective.
injections)
-Should be chemically stable.
• Should
-Should have sufficient be tonon
capacity masktoxic. (Creams
the bitter taste or and vials)
• Should be cost effective.
odor of the formulation.
• Should be chemically stable.

• Should have sufficient capacity to mask the bitter taste or
odor of the formulation.
Pharmaceutical aids are required for such purposes as:

• preservations and stabilization
• acidification and alkalization
• suspending excipient The different classification include
• adsorption and absorption • Acids & bases
• filtration and prevention of oxidation
• Buffer
• stabilization and complexation Pharmaceutical aids are the drugs that have no or little
• Antioxidants pharmacological effects WHAT I S used in
but are essentially
They may remain in the final product but do not exert any specific action on
CAN PROV IDE A PROTO N
D ; O N E THAT CAN ACCEPT A
R) IS CALLED A BA SE.
ATED BY TH E PRESENCE OR
ARE KN O WN AS CON JUGATE
O TO N FROM THE ACID O F ON E P HARM AC EUT I CAL
OTHER, IS CALLED AI DS AND
RESSIO N: HA + B= A - + HB+
THE DIFF ERENT NEC E SS I T I E S Pharmaceutical aids are the drugs that h
pharmacological effects but are essenti
A RE STRON G ELECTRO LYTES,

BA SES A RE WEA K
CLASSIF
A C ID ICATION
AND preparation of dosage forms like tablet
emulsions.
B A SE
IN PHA RMA CY FOR
A S BUFFER SYSTEMS, TO
INCLUDE
CIN ALS. THEY ARE USED IN
TO CHEMICAL FORM
The different classification include

• Acids & bases
• A M O LEC U LE O R IO N TH AT C A N P R O V I D E A P R O TO N
• Buffer
( P R O TO N D O N O R ) IS A N A C I D ; O N E TH AT C A N A C C EP T A
P R O TO N (P R O TO N A C C EP TO R ) IS C A LL ED A B A S E.
• A N A C ID A N D B A S E A R E R E LATE D B Y TH E P R E S EN C E O R
A B S EN C E O F P RO TO N S , A N D A R E K N O W N A S C O N J U G ATE
• Antioxidants
PA I R . TH E TR A N S F ER O F P R O TO N F R O M T H E A C I D O F O N E
C O N J U G ATE PA IR TO TH E A N O TH ER , I S C A LLE D
N E U TR A LIZATIO N .
• Glass
G EN ER A L C H EM IC A L E X P R E S S I O N : H A + B = A - + H B +
• S T R O N G A C ID S A N D B A S ES A R E S T R O N G E LE C TR O LY TE S ,
WH ER EA S WEA K A C ID S A N D B A S E S A R E WE A K
• Water
EL EC TR O LY TES .
• A C I D A N D B A S ES A R E U S ED I N P H A R M A C Y F O R
A N A LY TICA L P R O C ED U R ES , A N D A S B U F F E R S Y S T EM S , TO
D I S S O LV E IN S O LU B LE M ED I C I N A LS . T H EY A R E U S ED IN T H E
C O N V ER S IO N O F D R U G TO C H E M I C A L F O R M
NO THERAPEUTIC VALUE, FOR

MAKING DOSAGE F ORMS
• Should be Inert and non-reactive. (Pharmaceutical
• A m o l e c u l e o r i o n t h at c an p r o v i d e a p r o t o n ( p r o t o n d o n o r )
products such
i s as
a ntablets,
a ci d ;capsules, suppositories,
o n e t h at c an ac ce pandt a p r o t o n ( p r o t o n a cc e p t o r ) i s
injections) c a l l e d a b a se .
• Should be• non
A ntoxic.
a ci d(Creams
an d b aand
se vials)
ar e r e l at e d b y t h e p r ese n c e o r ab se n c e o f
H UA
A BO
SO RA
AP DA
AC Y
T E FE
WA R I EL
SH O ,
, A S T AT PE
AR
ND IC LY
FO AGE
R
A C N T,
NE
OD
O
, C R
EX ONV
TR ER
AC TS
T I O WA
N TE
P HARM AC EUT I CAL

AN R
A, D
T
CIE HE A
NC BS
Y O EN
F H CE
CL AI DS AND
NEC E SS I T I E S
O F F I CI AL I NO RG AN I C
ACI D AND
RO
AN WN
T
Pharmaceutical aids are the drugs that h
N D PT INT
AN .
IM
AL pharmacological effects but are essenti
A CI DS
IC
NI ACID
T
O R R AT E , preparation of dosage forms like tablet
B AS E
TH
E
emulsions.
• A molecule or ion that can provide a proton (proton donor)

is an acid ; one that can accept a proton (proton acceptor) is
called a base .
• An acid and base are related by the presence or absence of
protons, and are know n as conjugate pair . The transfer of
proton from the acid of one conjugate pair to the another, is
called neutralization .
General Chemical Expression: HA + B= A- + HB+
• Acid and bases are used in pharmacy for analytical

procedures , and as buffer systems , to dissolve insoluble
medicinals . They are used in the conversion of drug to
chemical form. 1.Boric Acid (H3BO3)- Weak Acid
Other names: Boracic acid, Orthoboric acid, and Agua Borada
• A native boric acid is called sassolite.
Properties: Colorless, odorless powder with a soapy feel, pearly scales
Uses: antiseptic because it is a weak bacteriostatic agent, antiseptic for minor burns and cuts, eyewash, and

for acne treatments.
2. Hydrocholoric Acid (HCL)- Strong Acid
• Acids & bases

Other names: Muriatic acid, Spirit of Sea salt
Properties: Colorless fuming liquid, has a strong odor
Uses: a pharmaceutical aid as an acidifying agent, converts water insoluble bases to water soluble form for
P HARM AT
CLASSIFIC ACIO
EUT
N SI CAL
OF
OFFICIAL INORGANIC
AI
NECE
AIDS AND
DS
N ESS
AND
PHARMAC EU T ICA L
CEISSITIES
TIES
A CI D
AND
•
• Acids & bases
• buffer
1.Boric Acid (H3BO3)- Weak Acid
ACIDS
A M O L E C U L E O R IO N T H AT C A N PR O V ID E A P R O TO N
( PR O TO N D•O Antioxidants
BA SE N O R ) I S A N A C I D ; O N E T H AT C A N A C C E PT A
PR O TO N ( PR O TO N A C C E PTO R ) I S C A L L E D A B A SE .
• Glass emulsions.
•
Other names: Boracic acid, Orthoboric acid, and Agua Borada
A N A C ID A N D B A SE A R E R E L AT E D B Y T H E PR E SE N C E O R
A B S E N C E O F P R O TO N S , A N D A R E K N O W N A S C O N J U G AT E
PA IR . T H E •T RWater
A N S FE R O F P R O TO N F R O M T H E A C I D O F O N E
• A native boric acid is called sassolite.

C O N J U G AT E PA I R TO T H E A N O T H E R , IS C A L L E D
N E U T R A L I Z AT IO N .
G E N E R A L C H E MI C A L E X PR E S SI O N : H A + B = A - + H B +
Properties: Colorless, odorless powder with a soapy feel, pearly scales
• ST R O N G A C ID S A N D B A SE S A R E ST R O N G E L E C T R O LY T E S ,
WHEREAS WEAK ACIDS AND BASES ARE WEAK
Uses: antiseptic because it is a weak bacteriostatic agent, antiseptic for minor burns and cuts, eyewash, and
E L E C T R O LY T E S.
• A C I D A N D B A S E S A R E U S E D I N P H A R M A C Y FO R
A N A LY T I C A L PR O C E D U R E S, A N D A S B U F FE R SY S T E M S, TO
for acne treatments.

D I SSO LV E IN SO L U B L E M E D IC I N A L S. T H E Y A R E U S E D I N T H E
C O N V E R SI O N O F D R U G TO C H E M IC A L F O R M
2. Hydrocholoric Acid (HCL)- Strong Acid

Other names: Muriatic acid, Spirit of Sea salt
Properties: Colorless fuming liquid, has a strong odor
Uses: a pharmaceutical aid as an acidifying agent, converts water insoluble bases to water soluble form for
extraction and separation.
3. Diluted HCL
Uses: gastric antiseptic, cures gastric achlorhydria, the absence of HCL in the stomach; and 5. PHOSPHORIC ACID (H3PO4)- WEAK ACID
O T H E R N A M E S : O RT H O P H O S P H O R I C A C I D A N D A C I D O O RT H O F O S F O R I C O
P R O P E RT I E S : N O N - T O X I C , W H I T E C RY S TA L L I N E S O L I D , V I S C O U S L I Q U I D
hypochlorhydria, the deficiency of HCL production of the stomach. 6. Nitric Acid (HNO3)- Strong Acid
Other names: Spirit of Nitre, Aquafortis, Aqua forte
U S E S : A C I D I F Y I N G A G E N T, U S E D I N T E E T H W H I T E N E R S A N D M O U T H WA S H
6. DILUTED PHOSPHORIC ACID

Properties: colorless liquid but can acquire yellow-brown tint when exposed U S E Sto: light,
U S E oxidizes
D A S Acommon
T O N I C A N D S T I M U L A N T, U S E D I N M A K I N G P H A R M A C E U T I C A L
metals except Au and Pt. P R E PA R AT I O N S
• Xanthoproteic test- production of a yellow stain on animal tissue
4. Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4)- Weak Acid Uses: acidifying agent for bases, for manufacture of sulfuric acid, coal tar dyes and explosives, used in
fertilizers, source of nitrate ion in the preparation of Milk of Bismuth, externally
chancres and warts.
7 . S Uused
L F Ufor
R Ithe
C elimination
A C I D ( Hof
2SO4)- STRONG ACID
OTHER NAMES: OIL OF VITRIOL, VITRIOLIC ACID, AND ACEITE DE VITRIOLO
Other names: Orthophosphoric Acid and Acido Orthofosforico 7. Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)- Strong Acid
Other names: Oil of Vitriol, Vitriolic Acid, and Aceite de Vitriolo
P R O P E RT I E S : A C L E A R , C O L O R L E S S , O D O R L E S S , A N D S Y R U P Y L I Q U I D , H I G H
V ISC O SITY A N D A STR O N G TEN D EN C Y TO A B SO R B MO ISTU R E FR O M TH E A IR , A
P R O P E RT Y K N O W N A S H Y G R O S C O P I C I T Y
Properties: non-toxic, white crystalline solid, viscous liquid

Properties: a clear, colorless, odorless, and syrupy liquid, high viscosityUand
S EaSstrong
: U S Etendency
D F O Rto Tabsorb
H E P R O D U C T I O N O F H 3 P O 4 , F O R M A K I N G F E RT I L I Z E R S , A N D
moisture from the air, a property known as hygroscopicity M A N U FA C T U R E O F C H E M I C A L S S U C H A S H C L A N D H N O 3 , F O R M S A LT S O F B A S I C
O R G AofNchemicals
Uses: used for the production of H3PO4, for making fertilizers, and manufacture I C D R Usuch
G M asOHCL
L E C U L E S A N D D E H Y D R AT I N G A G E N T I N T H E P R E PA R AT I O N O F
Uses: acidifying agent, used in teeth whiteners and mouthwash

and HNO3, form salts of basic organic drug molecules and dehydrating P Y Ragent
O X YinL the
I N preparation
U S P 2 6 of
Pyroxylin USP 26
8. ACETIC ACID (CH3COOH)-
8. Acetic Acid (CH3COOH)- Weak Acid OTHER NAMES: VINEGAR, GLACIAL ACETIC ACID
Other names: vinegar, glacial acetic acid U S E S : F O R T H E T R E AT M E N T O F I N F E C T I O N S C A U S E D B Y P S E U D O M O N A S
B A C of
Uses: for the treatment of infections caused by pseudomonas bacteria, treatment T Eouter
R I Aear
, Tinfections,
R E AT Mused
ENT OF OUTER EAR INFECTIONS, USED IN CHEMICAL PEELS,
in chemical peels, helping to rejuvenate skin by removing the outer layers H
of Edead
L P Icells.
N G T O R E J U V E N AT E S K I N B Y R E M O V I N G T H E O U T E R L AY E R S O F D E A D
5. Diluted Phosphoric Acid CELLS
Uses: used as a tonic and stimulant, used in EUTIC

NO THERAP making VALUE,
pharmaceutical
FOR preparations
PHARMAC EU T ICA L
AIDS AND N E CE SSITIES
P HARM AC EUT I CAL
UA B
ORAD
Y FE
EL
A OFFICIAL
BASES
INORGANIC AI DS AND
OFFICIAL INORGANIC
NECE SS I T I E S
ACIDS
, PEA
R LY
S T AT
AN D
AND I C A
F O R G E N T,
ACNE Pharmaceutical aids are the drugs that h
E
olut
ion.
oTO
fA N pharmacological effects but are essenti
C C EroPTmatA
ic
E. preparation of dosage forms like tablet
ENCE OR
V JEURGTAT E
N
ADCO
6. Nitric Acid (HNO3)- Strong Acid
S W
T FI OONN EAT E R emulsions.
a co AND
unte
rirri
tant
Properties: colorless liquid but can acquire yellow-brown tint when exposed to light, oxidizes common
H- E+ A HB+
BSEN
N CY O C
ateO
R r,LY
glyT FE SH, C E
ceri L
metals except Au and Pt.

n an
d in
S T E M S, TO

O
USWEND I N T H E
ND P TINT
T.
ANIM
AL
ULFU
URCE RIC Uses: acidifying agent for bases, for manufacture of sulfuric acid, coal tar dyes and explosives, used in
LY U O F
SED
fertilizers, source of nitrate ion in the preparation of Milk of Bismuth, externally used for the elimination of
chancres and warts.
7. Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)- Strong Acid

Other names: Oil of Vitriol, Vitriolic Acid, and Aceite de Vitriolo
Properties: a clear, colorless, odorless, and syrupy liquid, high viscosity and a strong tendency to absorb
moisture from the air, a property known as hygroscopicity
Uses: used for the production of H3PO4, for making fertilizers, and manufacture of chemicals such as HCL
and HNO3, form salts of basic organic drug molecules and dehydrating agent in the preparation of
Pyroxylin USP 26
8. Acetic Acid (CH3COOH)- Weak Acid

Other names: vinegar, glacial acetic acid
Uses: for the treatment of infections caused by pseudomonas bacteria, treatment of outer ear infections,
used in chemical peels, helping to rejuvenate skin by removing the outer layers of dead cells.
1.Strong Ammonia Solution (NH3)- Strong Base
Other names: Ammonium Hydroxide, Stronger Ammonia water
Properties: Hydroxides or insoluble salts become soluble in Ammonia solution.
Uses: Manufacture of Nitric Acid and Sodium bicarbonate. Preparation of Aromatic
Ammonia Spirit (NF XV)
PHARMAC EU T ICA L
P HARM AC EUT I CAL
UA B
ORAD
Y FE
EL
A OFFICIAL
BASES
INORGANIC AI DS AND
OFFICIAL INORGANIC
NECE SS I T I E S
BASES
, PEA
R LY
S T AT
AN D
AND I C A
F O R G E N T,
E
olut
ion.
oTO
C C EroPTmatA
ic
E.
ENCE OR
preparation of dosage forms like tablet
N
ADCO
a co
V JEURGTAT E
S W
T FI OONN EAT E R
AND
emulsions.
unte

rirri
tant
H- E+ A HB+
BSEN
N CY O C
ateO
R r,LY
glyT FE SH, C E

ceri L
n an
d in
S T E M S, TO
Uses: Manufacture of Nitric Acid and Sodium bicarbonate. Preparation of Aromatic

O
USWEND I N T H E
ND P TINT
T.
ANIM
AL
ULFU
URCE RIC
LY U O F
SED
Ammonia Spirit (NF XV)
2. Diluted Ammonia Solution

Other names: “Ammonia water” or “Household Ammonia”
Uses: Circulatory stimulant by inhalation of the vapors, it is externally used as a counterirritant
3. Calcium Hydroxide (CaOH)2- Strong Base

Other names: Slaked lime, Calcium Hydroxide
Properties: White powder having an alkaline and bitter taste, slightly soluble in water, glycerin and in syrup
but insoluble in alcohol, ability to absorb CO2 from the air
Uses: used medically as a fluid electrolyte and as topical astringent, also found in facial cleanser,
depilatories, hair color
6. Nitric and
Acid (HNO3)- bleaching,
Strong Acid conditioner, and facial moisturizer
4. Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)- Strong Base
Other names: Caustic Potash, Potass
1.StrongProperties:
1.Boric white or nearly
Acid (H3BO3)-
Ammonia SolutionWeak white
(NH3)- fused masses that have a crystalline fracture, having a caustic or corrosive
AcidStrong Base
Properties: colorless liquid but can acquire yellow-brown tint when exposed to light, oxidizes common
Other names:
effect Boracic acid, Orthoboric acid, and Agua Borada
on tissues
Other names:
•Uses: Ammonium
A native boric acid Hydroxide,
is called Stronger
sassolite. Ammonia water
metals except Au and Pt.
Properties:
saponifying
Hydroxides
Properties: Colorless,
agent, used as
orodorless
insoluble
aqueous and alcoholic volumetric solutions for titrating acids
salts with
powder become soluble
a soapy in Ammonia
feel, pearly scales solution.
Uses: antiseptic because it is a weak bacteriostatic agent, antiseptic for minor burns and cuts, eyewash,
Uses: Manufacture
and5.for
Sodium of Nitric(NaOH)-
Hydroxide
acne treatments.
Acid and Sodium
Strong Base bicarbonate. Preparation of Aromatic
Uses: acidifying agent for bases, for manufacture of sulfuric acid, coal tar dyes and explosives, used in
Ammonia Spirit
Other (NFCaustic
names: XV) Soda, Soda Lye
PHARMAC EU T ICA L
P HARM AC EUT I CAL
UA B
ORAD
Y FE
EL
A OFFICIAL
BASES
INORGANIC AI DS AND
OFFICIAL INORGANIC
NECE SS I T I E S
BASES
, PEA
R LY
S T AT
AN D
AND I C A
F O R G E N T,
E
olut
ion.
oTO
C C EroPTmatA
ic
E.
ENCE OR
preparation of dosage forms like tablet
N
ADCO
a co
V JEURGTAT E
S W
T FI OONN EAT E R
AND
emulsions.
unte

rirri
tant
H- E+ A HB+
BSEN
N CY O C
ateO
R r,LY
glyT FE SH, C E
Properties: white or nearly white fused masses that have a crystalline fracture, having a caustic or corrosive
ceri L
n an
d in
S T E M S, TO
effect on tissues
O
USWEND I N T H E
ND P TINT
T.
ANIM
AL
ULFU
URCE RIC
LY U O F
SED
Uses: saponifying agent, used as aqueous and alcoholic volumetric solutions for titrating acids
5. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)- Strong Base

Other names: Caustic Soda, Soda Lye
Properties: highly ionized in solution, very soluble in alcohol, ether, and glycerin, very strong base capable
of damaging tissues
Uses: found in biodiesel, hair moisturizers, drain cleaner, use of caustic soda for paint scraping
6. Soda Lime- Strong Base

Uses: mixture of calcium hydroxide and sodium or potassium hydroxide or both and is intended for use in
metabolism tests, anesthesia and oxygen therapy.
6. Nitric Acid (HNO3)- Strong Acid
Other
1.Boric
1.Strong names: Ammonium
Acid (H3BO3)-
Ammonia SolutionWeak Hydroxide,
(NH3)- Stronger Ammonia water
AcidStrong Base
Properties: Properties:
colorless
Other liquid
names:Hydroxides
Boracic acid, or but can
Orthoboric
insoluble acid,acquire yellow-brown tint when exposed to light, oxidizes common
and Agua soluble
Borada
Other names: Ammonium
• A native boric acid Hydroxide,
is called Strongerbecome
salts
sassolite. Ammonia waterin Ammonia solution.
metals except Au
Uses:
Properties: and
A buffer
Manufacture
Hydroxides
Properties: Pt.
solution
Colorless,orof Nitric
insoluble
odorless
maintains
Acid
saltsand
powder
aSodium
become
with
stable bicarbonate.
pH by neutralizing
soluble
a soapy in Ammonia
feel, pearly
added acid or base, crucial for
Preparation
scales solution.of Aromatic
• Xanthoproteic processes requiring constant pH. Its working range and capacity define its ability to
Uses:Ammonia
Manufacture test-
Uses: antiseptic
Spirit
and for resist
(NFproduction
ofbecause
Nitric
acne treatments.
XV)Acid and Sodiumof bicarbonate.
a yellow
it is a weak bacteriostatic stainforonminor
agent, antiseptic
Preparation of animal
Aromatic tissue
burns and cuts, eyewash,
pH shifts and determine the extent of changes it can handle. A buffer solution
Buffer solutions are classified
Uses: acidifying
Ammonia (NF XV)for as:
agent
Spirit bases, for manufacture of sulfuric acid, coal tar dyes and explosives, used in
CE OF P HARM AC EUT I CAL
RS BUFFECI ALRI S
O F F I C I A LAI DS AND
OFFI
IM P O RTA
BASES
NEC NORGANI C
INN OCRIE
E SS EO
GIA
T NF
S IC
Pharmaceutic
pharmacologi
preparation o
B U F F EBASES
emulsions.
AN D RS
E
A buffer solution maintains a stable pH by neutralizing added acid or base, crucial for
processes requiring constant pH. Its working range and capacity define its ability to resist
pH shifts and determine the extent of changes it can handle. A buffer solution consist of
weak conjugate acid-base pairs.
LU TIO N
Ex.
• acetic acid with acetate (CH3COO-)
• Ammonia, a weak base, paired with its conjugate acid, ammonium cation
TYPES O F SOLUTION
Buffer solutions are classified as:
• acidic (pH < 7) e.g. acetic acid and sodium acetate, pH 4. 75
• alkaline (pH • >BICARBONATE
7) e. g. BUFFER ammonium
effect on tissues
chloride and ammonium hydroxide, pH of about
Properties: white or nearly white fused masses that have a crystalline fracture, having a caustic or corrosive
system in blood maintains a crucial, constant
9.25.
Uses: saponifying agent, used as aqueous and alcoholic volumetric solutions for titrating acids
pH for physiological processes.
Buffer solutions are crucial for maintaining a stable pH in chemical reactions,
• TRIS BUFFER, employed in molecular biology and electrophoresis,
5. Sodium
1. The bicarbonate Hydroxide
buffer system (NaOH)-
in blood Strong Base a crucial, constant pH for physiological
maintains
especially in biochemical processes. pH influences the occurrence and rate of
Other names: Caustic Soda, Soda Lye
PHA RMACEUTICAL
O F F I C I A LAIDS AND
BUFFERS
IMPORTANCE OF
O FFICCI
OFFI
AN O
IA
TFIBFOXI
A
L
AL INO
NECIN
E SDANTI
ANTIOXIDANT
R G AN IC
NORGANI
ORGANIC
ESSITIES
C
Pharmaceutic
pharmacologi
ICSB ASE S
preparation o
IA L IN O R G A N IC
BASES
emulsions.
BUFFERS
B ASES
Buffer solutions are crucial for maintaining a stable pH in chemical reactions,

especially in biochemical processes. pH influences the occurrence and rate of
reactions, and biochemical reactions are sensitive to pH variations.
B UFF ER EXAMPLE S OLUTION

• BICARBONATE BUFFER system in blood maintains a crucial, constant
pH for physiological processes.
• TRIS BUFFER, employed in molecular biology and electrophoresis,
ensures stability with a pH range of 7.0 to 9.0.
• PHOSPHATE BUFFER, used in biological research and cell culture, pH
range of 6.0 to 8.0.
• CITRATE BUFFERS, utilized in various industries, exhibit a broad pH
range (2.5 to 7.5) and prove valuable for enzyme-based applications by
A buffer solution maintains a stable pH by neutralizing added acid or base, crucial for
supporting optimal pH levels
processes requiring for
constant pH. enzyme
Its working range andactivity.
capacity define its ability to resist
TYPES
pH shifts and OFof SOLUTION
determine the extent changes it can handle. A buffer solution consist of
a. either the antioxidant is oxidized in place of the active constituent
b. if the active constituent is oxidized, the antioxidant reduces it back to
oxidation state. In selecting a suitable antioxidant, the following factors
te (CH3COO-) from a salt such as weak conjugate acid-base pairs. considered:

PHARMAC EU T ICA L
ORGANI C AIDS AND N E CE SSITIES
S
P HARM AC EUT I CAL
phosphite)
pro
ANT IOXID
OFFI CI AL ANT
I NORGANI C
BUF FE R S
AI DS AND
IMPORTANCE
NEC E SS I T I E S OF
Pharmaceutic
Buffer solutions are crucial for maintaining a stable pH in chemical
pharmacologi
in biochemical processes. pH influences the occurrence preparation
and rate ofo
biochemical reactions are sensitive to pH variations. Biological
emulsions.mo
BASES
cesses
les and multiple-dose
g vial)
requirin
termine
the exte
AN DD
nt of
groups sensitive to pH, affecting their activity. In multicellular orga
BORA
ng to quinones
intracellular and extracellular fluids rely on buffer systems to prese
E A
RleI Cdrugs
O
UID
FEEL
WA S H
, PE essential for biological equilibrium.
Antioxidants are compounds which have the capability of functioning chemically as reducing agents.
ARL Y to quinones
ol nucleus to prevent oxidation
TIC
RMAC A G
morphine
ON F O RE U T IEC N
A LT ,
C E PT A A C N E
They are used in pharmaceutical preparations containing easily oxidizable substances (e.g.,
ite)
NCE OR
RJIU
OGLOAT E
IQUID,
D
M O F O NHEI G H
THE AI
RT S R, A
WA T E
iodide, ferrous) in order to maintain these substances in their reduced forms.

LIZER S , A NR
I O N
TS OF A D
B ANS ID
C
A
+ RHAB
T I+O N O
F
O LY T E S ,
ABSE
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aTsE M TO
S, TO
SED IN THE
N TI
N
P T. T
NIMA
L
In selecting a suitable antioxidant, the following factors should

URIC
E OF
SED
be considered:
1.An antioxidant should be physiologically inert.

2.Should be able to produce desired redox reaction.
3.Should be effective in low concentration.
4.Safe and non toxic.
B U F F E R E X A M P L E S O L U T IO N
1. The bicarbonate buffer system in blood maintains a crucial, constant pH for physiological
processes.
te (CH3COO-) from
2. Tris buffer, a saltinsuch
employed as biology and electrophoresis, ensures stability within the
molecular
biologically relevant pH range of 7.0 to 9.0.
GL
P HARM AC EUT I CAL
OF F I CI AL
GLASS AI DS AND Pharmaceutic
Buffer solu
pharmacologi
NEC E SS I T I E S
processes
termine
requirin
the exte
g ANTI OXI DANT in biochemo
preparation
emulsions.
biochemica
AN DD 1. Hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2)
nt of
groups sens
BORA
E A intracellula
RICO
UID
FEEL
WA S H
TIC
, PE
• don’t have any medicinal use and a very strong reducing agent
A R LY
R M A C EA G E
essential fo
ON F O R U T I CN
A LT ,
Uses: hypophosphite used as preservatives (e.g., Ammonium hypophosphite)

C E PT A A C N E
NCE OR
RJIU
OGLOAT E
Gl
IQUID,
D
M O F O NHEI G H
THE AI
RT S R, A
LIZER WA T E
I O N S , A NRD
2. Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

TS OF A
B AN
inf
A S ID
C
+ RHAB
T I+O N O
F
O LY T E S ,
• gaseous in nature
ABSE
NCE
iuBOm
AF
aTsE M
C THER A,
E L P I N GCIL
TO
S, TO
va
SED IN THE
N TI
Uses: used in injectable preparations enclosed on single-dose ampules and multiple-dose vial. ma
N
P T. T
NIMA
URIC
L
Glas
E OF
SED 3. Sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) will
• Antioxidant and prevents oxidation of drugs which have phenol or catechol ring to quinones
Uses: used to prepare water soluble derivatives or normally insoluble drugs
4. Sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5)

Uses: antioxidant and reducing agent and used to stabilized injections containing salts of adrenaline or
morphine
5. Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)

Uses: used for iodine titration in volumetric analysis, an antidote for cyanide poisoning, and in Hg, I, Pb,
and Bi toxicity a. either the antioxidant is oxidized in place of the active constituent
b. if the active constituent is oxidized, the antioxidant reduces it back to its normal
B U F F E R E X A MThe
P Lfollowing
E S OareL Uadded
T IOto impart color to the glass
N
• Copper(I) oxide: opaque red, green, and blue oxidation state. In selecting a suitable antioxidant, the following factors should be
• Leachability: property in which ions from glass container will leach out and
• Tin(IV) oxide: opaque
• Calcium Fluoride: milky white considered: interact with product, reducing the stability of the product
processes. Glass is the container material of choice for most small
• Manganese(IV) oxide: violet
te (CH3COO-) from
molecular
volume infusions. Usually primarily composed of silicon
• Cobalt(II)
biologically relevant pH range of 7.0 to 9.0. oxide: blue • Delamination or glass particulate formation: caused by chemical attack on
GL
Pharmaceutic
Buffer solu
pharmacologi
OFFI CI ALT YP E S
in biochemo
preparation
GLASS
GLASS
GLASS TYPES
TYPES
processes
GLASS TYPES
termine
requirin
g emulsions.
biochemica
the exte
AN DD
nt of
PHARMACEUTICAL groups sens
BORA
AI DS AND
E A intracellula
RICO
UID
FEEL
WA S H
, PE A R LY
ANTI OXI DANT
NECESSITIES
essential fo
TIC
R M A C EA G E
F O R U T I CN
AT
A C NLE,
RIOLO
IQUID,
Glass is the container material of choice for most small
M THE HIGH
volume infusions. Usually primarily composed of silicon

AIR, A
RT S
W
L I Z E R SA T E R
TISO O NF ,AA N D
B N C
A R AT I O A S ID
N OF
ABSE
iuBOm
AFC TH
NCE
ER A,
E L P I N GCIL
dioxide, varying in other oxides like sodium, potassium,
as TO
N TI
calcium, magnesium, aluminum, boron and iron
N
P T. T
NIMA
URIC
L
Glas
E OF
will
DEFINITION OF
SED
TERMS
• Leachability: property in which ions from glass container will leach out and
interact with product, reducing the stability of the product
• Delamination or glass particulate formation: caused by chemical attack on

the glass, by formulation of solution, resulting in weakening glass & eventual
1. Hypophosphorous acid (H3PO2)
removal of flakes from glass surface
• don’t have any medicinal use and a very strong reducing agentType 1: Borosilicate glass
Properties: composed of silicon dioxide & boric oxide, with low levels of non-network-forming oxides
Uses: hypophosphite used as preservatives (e.g., Ammonium hypophosphite) a. either the antioxidant is oxidized in place of the active constituent
2. Sulfurtodioxide (SO2) • Chemically resistant glass; low leachability with low thermal coefficient of expansion b. if the active constituent is oxidized, the antioxidant reduces it back to its normal
B U F F E R E X A MThe P Lfollowing
E S Oare L Uadded
T IO N
• gaseous
impart color to the glass
in nature
Uses: container suitable for all products, although sulfur dioxide treatment is added sometimes to further increase state. In selecting a suitable antioxidant, the following factors should be
• Copper(I) oxide: opaque
Uses: used inred, green,
injectable and blue
preparations enclosed on single-dose ampules and multiple-dose vial.
Type 1: Borosilicate glass
Properties: composed of silicon dioxide & boric oxide, with low levels of non-network-forming oxides oxidation
• Tin(IV) oxide: opaque resistance • Chemically resistant glass; low leachability with low thermal coefficient of expansion
processes.
• Calcium Fluoride:
3. Sodium
milkybisulfite
white(NaHSO3) resistance considered:
Uses: container suitable for all products, although sulfur dioxide treatment is added sometimes to further increase
• Antioxidant and prevents oxidation of drugs which have phenol or catechol ring to quinones
te (CH3COO-) from
employed as biology and electrophoresis,
molecular ensures
Uses: used to prepare waterstability within the
soluble derivatives Type
or normally insoluble 2: Soda-lime treated
drugs glass Type 2: Soda-lime treated glass
• Cobalt(II)
biologically relevant pH range of 7.0 to 9.0. oxide: blue • This type of glass maybe suitable for a solution that’s buffered, has a pH below 7; or is not reactive with glass
PH A R M A C EU TIC A L
OFFICIAL
GL
A ID S AN D
ANTIOXIDANT
N EC ESSITIES
Pharmaceutic
Buffer solu
GLASSTTYPES
YPES
pharmacologi
processes
termine
AN D
requirin
the exte
g
nt of GLGLASS
GLASS
ASS
GLASS
G L ATYPES
SS
TYPES
GL ASS TYPES
T YPES
GLASS TYPES
WAT E R
PHARMACEUTICAL
OFFI CI AL
AI DS AND
in biochemo
preparation
emulsions.
biochemica
groups sens
E intracellula
RICO
UID
WA S H ANTI OXI DANT
NECESSITIES
essential fo
Type 1: Borosilicate glass

RMACE
UTICAL
RIOLO
IQUID,
M THE
LIZERS
HIGH
AIR, A
, AND
Properties: composed of silicon dioxide & boric oxide, with low levels of non-network-forming oxides Gl
TS OF
• Chemically resistant glass; low leachability with low thermal coefficient of expansion inf
B
A R AT I O A S I C
N OF
Uses: container suitable for all products, although sulfur dioxide treatment is added sometimes to further increase va
iuB m
ACTERI
EL A,
as P I N G T O
ma
resistance
Glas
will
Type 2: Soda-lime treated glass
• This type of glass maybe suitable for a solution that’s buffered, has a pH below 7; or is not reactive with glass
Type 3: Soda-lime glass

Properties: composed of relatively high proportions of sodium oxide & calcium oxide, combination that makes glass
chemically less resistant
• They melt at low temperatures, therefore are easier to mold into various shapes and have a higher thermal
coefficient of expansion than type 1
E S Oare L Uadded
T IO N
• gaseous
in nature
injectable and blue
preparations enclosed on single-dose ampules and multiple-dose vial. oxidation • A highly soluble liquid with a high boiling point,
• Tin(IV) oxide: opaque resistance
1. The bicarbonate buffer system in blood maintains a crucial, constant pH for physiological • Leachability: property in which ions from glass container will leach out and
• Water, a ubiquitous found in 75% of Earth's
considered:
processes.
3. Sodium
milkybisulfite
white(NaHSO3) surface, polar regions, and minerals, is dielectric constant, and specific heat, is a crucial
• Antioxidant and prevents oxidation of drugs which have phenol or catechol ring to quinones characterized by its strong hydrogen hydride and
te (CH3COO-) from
employed
molecular
oxide: bluevolume infusions. Usually primarily composed of silicon
as biology and electrophoresis, ensures
Uses: used to prepare
• Cobalt(II)
waterstability within the
soluble derivatives Type
or normally insoluble 2: Soda-lime treated glass
drugs interact with product, reducing the stability of the product
unique physical properties, making it chemically
stable and versatile.
pharmaceutical agent due to its chemical stability.
PH A R M A C EU TIC A L
OFFICIAL
GL
A ID S AN D
ANTIOXIDANT
N EC ESSITIES
Pharmaceutic
WAT EGLAS
R S TYPES
Buffer solu
pharmacologi
in biochemo
preparation
processes
termine
requirin
g emulsions.
biochemica
the exte
AN DD
nt of
groups sens
BORA
E A intracellula
RICO
UID
FEEL
WA S H
, PE A R LY essential fo
TIC
R M A C EA G E
ON F O R U T I CN
A LT ,
C E PT A A C N E
NCE OR
RJIU
OGLOAT E
• Water, a ubiquitous found in 75% of Earth's • A highly soluble liquid with a high boiling point,
Gl
IQUID,
D
M O F O NHEI G H
surface, polar regions, and minerals, is dielectric constant, and specific heat, is a crucial
THE AI
RT S R, A
LIZER WA T E
I O N S , A NRD
TS OF A
B AN
inf
A S ID
C
+ RHAB
T I+O N O
F
O LY T E S ,
ABSE
NCE characterized by its strong hydrogen hydride and pharmaceutical agent due to its chemical stability.
iuBOm
AFC THER A,
E L P I N GCIL
aTsE M va
unique physical properties, making it chemically
TO
S, TO
SED IN THE
N TI
N
P T. T
ma
NIMA
URIC
L stable and versatile. Glas
E OF
SED
will
Water is extremely significant in

pharmaceutical agent.
Uses: hypophosphite used as preservatives (e.g., Ammonium hypophosphite) a. either the antioxidant is oxidized in place of the active constituent
E S Oare L Uadded
T IO N
• gaseous
in nature Type 1: Borosilicate glass
injectable and blue
preparations enclosed on single-dose ampules and multiple-dose vial. oxidation
• Tin(IV) oxide: opaque
3. Sodium
resistance • Leachability: property Properties: composed of silicon dioxide & boric oxide, with low levels of non-network-forming oxides
in which ions from glass container will leach out and
considered:
• Chemically resistant glass; low leachability with low thermal coefficient of expansion
milkybisulfite
white(NaHSO3)
processes. • Antioxidant and prevents oxidation of drugs which have phenol or catechol ring to quinones
te (CH3COO-) from
employed
as biology and electrophoresis,
molecular
• Cobalt(II) oxide: blue volume infusions. Usually primarily glass
ensures
Uses: used to prepare waterstability within the
soluble derivatives
composed of silicon
Type
or normally insoluble interact with product, reducing the stability of the product
Uses: container suitable for all products, although sulfur dioxide treatment is added sometimes to further increase
2: Soda-lime treated
drugs
resistance
PHARMACEUTICAL
OFFI CI AL
AI DS AND
ANTI OXI DANT
NECESSITIES GLASS
GL
LASS TYPES Pharmaceutic
Buffer solu
pharmacologi
USES OF WATER IN PHARMAC EUTIC AL

in biochemo
preparation
processes
WATER
termine
requirin
g emulsions.
biochemica
the exte
AN DD
nt of
groups sens
BORA
E
PREPERATION
RICO
UID
A intracellula
FEEL
WA S H
TIC
R M A C EA G E
ON F O R U T I CN
A LT ,
C E PT A A C N E
NCE OR
RJIU
OGLOAT E Purified Water
Gl
IQUID,
D
M O F O NHEI G H
THE AI
RT S R, A
- is used in all water-containing medications, except ampoules, injections, and certain external preparations like liniments.
LIZER WA T E
I O N S , A NRD
TS OF A
B AN
inf
A S ID
C
+ RHAB
T I+O N O
F
O LY T E S ,
ABSE
NCE
iuBOm
AF
aTsE M
C THER A,
E L P I N GCIL
TO va
Purposes:
S, TO
SED IN THE
N TI ma
• production of formulations or preparations for non-parenteral use
N
P T. T
NIMA
L
Glas
• cleaning specific tools used in the preparation of non-parenteral products
URIC
E OF
SED
will
• cleaning components of non-parenteral products that come into contact with it
• For all type of test and assay
SIX DIFFERENT MONOGRAPHS:

• Purified Water- use preventing the various risks from contaminants in water
• Sterile Purified Water- Aseptic preparation of parenteral solutions
• Water for Injection- used to dissolve, dilute, or preparations for parental administration
• Bacteriostatic Water for Injection- used as a diluent in the preparation of parental products
• don’t have any medicinal use and a very strong reducing agent
2. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) b. if the active constituent is oxidized, the antioxidant reduces it back to its normal
A MThe
B U F F E R E XType Lfollowing
E S Oare
1:PBorosilicate Uadded
LglassT IOto impart color to the glass
Nin nature
• gaseous
• Copper(I) oxide: opaque inred, green, and blue • Leachability:
oxidation state.property in which ions
In selecting from glassantioxidant,
a suitable container will leach out and
the following factors should be
Properties: composed ofUses: used dioxide
silicon injectable
&preparations
boric oxide,enclosed on single-dose
levelsampules and multiple-dose vial.
• Water,
• Tin(IV) oxide: opaquea Potable
ubiquitous water foundwithinlow75% of non-network-forming
of Earth's oxides
• Chemically
1. The bicarbonate buffer system in blood maintains
resistant3.a glass;
crucial,lowconstant pH
leachabilityfor physiological
with low thermal coefficient of expansion • A highly soluble liquid with a high boiling point,
considered:
Glass is thefor container material of choice foris added
most smallto further increase
Water is extremely significant in
•bisulfite
is not (NaHSO3)
suitable for general pharmaceutical use but it is water that is meant for human drinking. Potable water
processes. Heavy Water
• Calcium
Uses: container
Fluoride:
surface,
suitable
Sodium
milky
polar
all
white
products, regions,
although
oxidationsulfur and
dioxide minerals,
treatment istoinhalators
sometimes
• Manganese(IV) oxide: violet Sterile
• Antioxidant
is one •
and of
prevents
the Water
important
•product,
of
for
drugs
functions inInhalation-
which have
modernphenol
use
or catechol
society. in
ring quinones
and inpreparation
the preparation of inhalation solutions
te (CH3COO-) from a saltinsuch as biology Sterile Water for Inhalation- use in ofinhalators and inisthe of inhalation solutions
2. Tris buffer, employed •resistance
volume
molecular
Deuterium infusions.
and electrophoresis,
oxide, a
Uses:
characterized
• Cobalt(II) oxide: blue
commercial Usually
ensures
used to prepare stability
water
primarily
within
has the
soluble derivatives
by its strong hydrogen hydride andno
or
composed
documented
normally medicinal
insoluble drugs
silicon
use
• Sterile Water for Injection- use for extemporaneous preperation compounding
but used in pharmaceutical, dielectric constant, and specific heat, is a crucial
• Delamination or glass particulate formation: caused by chemical attack on the
PHARMACEUTICAL
OFFI CI AL
AI DS AND
ANTI OXI DANT
NECESSITIES GLASS WATER
GL
Buffer solu
pharmacologi
USES OF WATER IN PHARMAC EUTIC AL

in biochemo
preparation
processes
termine
requirin
g emulsions.
biochemica
the exte
AN DD
nt of
groups sens
BORA
E
PREPERATION
RICO
UID
A intracellula
FEEL
WA S H
TIC
R M A C EA G E
ON F O R U T I CN
A LT ,
C E PT A A C N E
NCE OR
RJIU
OGLOAT E • Sterile Water for Inhalation- use in inhalators and in the preparation of inhalation solutions
Gl
IQUID,
D
M O F O NHEI G H
THE AI
• Sterile Water for Injection- use for extemporaneous preperation compounding

RT S R, A
LIZER WA T E
I O N S , A NRD
TS OF A
B AN
inf
A S ID
C
+ RHAB
T I+O N O
F
O LY T E S ,
ABSE
NCE
• Sterile Water for Irrigation- performing urologic procedure for surgeon
iuBOm
AF
aTsE M
C THER A,
E L P I N GCIL
TO
S, TO
va
Potable water
SED IN THE
N TI
N
P T. T
ma
NIMA
URIC
L
• is not suitable for general pharmaceutical use but it is water that is meant for human drinking. Potable water Glas
E OF
SED
is one of the important functions in modern society. will
Uses:
- for drinking
- washing and extraction of crude drugs
- preparation of products for external use waters that used in pharmaceutical preparation
Heavy Water
• Deuterium oxide, a commercial product, has no documented medicinal use but is used
a. either the in pharmaceutical,
antioxidant is oxidized in place of the active constituent
b. if the active constituent is oxidized, the antioxidant reduces it back to its normal
B U F F Ebiological,
R E X A M P L E S Oand
L U T IOnuclear
N research, potentially causing growth retardation in experimental mammals.
Remington, J.P. Remington The Science of Practice and Pharmacy (21st ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. (2006) (pp. 380-382)
• Leachability:
oxidation state. property in which ions
In selecting from glassantioxidant,
a suitable container will leach out and
the following factors should be
PhenylalanineAminoTransferase. (2017, February 19). Pharmaceutical AIDS-and-necessities. Slideshare.net.

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https://www.slideshare.net/xoxotrishandre/pharmaceutical-aidsandnecessities?fbclid=IwAR34wKps6JjNX6NgdQX2B1LiBRTUoxXgG20EeLoJoy3YUyhN_tOqeyjRy5
s
soluble
considered: liquid with a high boiling point,
te (CH3COO-) from a salt such as
Hafsa, et al. (2017). Pharmaceutical Aids- A Review Study. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology Water is extremely significant in
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xation%20etc dielectric constant, and specific heat, is a crucial
• Delamination or glass particulate formation: caused by chemical attack on the
PHARMACEUTICAL
OFFI CI AL
AI DS AND
ANTI OXI DANT
NECESSITIES GLASS
GL
Buffer solu
pharmacologi
RE FE RE N CE S
in biochemo
preparation
processes
termine
requirin
g emulsions.
biochemica
the exte
AN DD
nt of
groups sens
BORA
E A intracellula
RICO
UID
FEEL
WA S H
TIC
R M A C EA G E
ON F O R U T I CN
A LT ,
C E PT A A C N E
NCE OR
RJIU
D
M O
OGLO
IQUID,
AT E
F O NHEI G H
Remington, J.P. Remington The Science of Practice and Pharmacy (21st ed.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. (2006) (pp. 380-382)
THE AI
RT S R, A
LIZER WA T E
I O N S , A NRD
TS OF A
B ANS ID
C
A
+ RHAB
T I+O N O
PhenylalanineAminoTransferase. (2017, February 19). Pharmaceutical AIDS-and-necessities. Slideshare.net.
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O LY T E S ,
ABSE
iuBOm NCE
AF
aTsE M
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TO
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S, TO
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L
URIC
E OF
SED
Hafsa, et al. (2017). Pharmaceutical Aids- A Review Study. Asian Journal of Pharmacy and Technology
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xation%20etc
Studocu. (n.d.). Topic 9 Pharmaceutical AIDS & Necessities - 9 - PHARMACEUTICAL AIDS & NECESSITIES Course Code : -
Studocu. https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/xavier-university-ateneo-de-cagayan/organic-bio-chemistry/topic-9-pharmaceutical-aids-necessities/23400207
Studocu. (n.d.-a). Pharmaceutical Aids and Necessities - solution Bases: produces hydroxyl ion (OH) in an aq. - Studocu.
https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/riverside-college/pharmacy/pharmaceutical-aids-and-necessities/37889664
• Sterile Water for Inhalation- use in inhalators and in the preparation of inhalation solutions
Materials Property Retrieved from https://material-properties.org/ • Sterile Water for Injection- use for extemporaneous preperation compounding
B U F F E R E X A MThe
P Lfollowing
E S OareL Uadded
T IOto impart color to the glass
N • Sterile Water for Irrigation- performing urologic procedure for surgeon
• Copper(I) oxide: opaque red, green, and blue
Pharmaceutical Aids and Necessities. (August
• Tin(IV) oxide: opaque 28, 2014). Retrieved from https://www.scribd.com/doc/238012141/Pharmaceutical-Aids-and-Necessities
Potable water
processes. Heavy Water • Calcium Fluoride: milky white
• is not suitable for general pharmaceutical use but it is water that is meant for human drinking. Potable water
te (CH3COO-) from
molecular
• Deuterium oxide, a commercial product, has no isdocumented
• Cobalt(II)
biologically relevant pH range of 7.0 to 9.0. oxide: blue
one of the important functions in modern society.
medicinal use but is used in pharmaceutical,

1C Pharmaceutical Aids and Necessities

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PHAR MACEUTIC AL

• Should be chemically stable.

Pharmaceutical aids are required for such purposes as:

A RE STRON G ELECTRO LYTES,

The different classification include

NO THERAPEUTIC VALUE, FOR

P HARM AC EUT I CAL

• A molecule or ion that can provide a proton (proton donor)

General Chemical Expression: HA + B= A- + HB+

• Acid and bases are used in pharmacy for analytical

The different classification include

2. Hydrocholoric Acid (HCL)- Strong Acid

• Acids & bases

• A native boric acid is called sassolite.

for acne treatments.

2. Hydrocholoric Acid (HCL)- Strong Acid

6. DILUTED PHOSPHORIC ACID

Properties: non-toxic, white crystalline solid, viscous liquid

Uses: acidifying agent, used in teeth whiteners and mouthwash

Uses: used as a tonic and stimulant, used in EUTIC

metals except Au and Pt.

• Xanthoproteic test- production of a yellow stain on animal tissue

7. Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)- Strong Acid

8. Acetic Acid (CH3COOH)- Weak Acid

Other names: Ammonium Hydroxide, Stronger Ammonia water

Properties: Hydroxides or insoluble salts become soluble in Ammonia solution.

Uses: Manufacture of Nitric Acid and Sodium bicarbonate. Preparation of Aromatic

2. Diluted Ammonia Solution

3. Calcium Hydroxide (CaOH)2- Strong Base

Other names: Caustic Potash, Potass

5. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)- Strong Base

6. Soda Lime- Strong Base

Buffer solutions are crucial for maintaining a stable pH in chemical reactions,

B UFF ER EXAMPLE S OLUTION

te (CH3COO-) from a salt such as weak conjugate acid-base pairs. considered:

iodide, ferrous) in order to maintain these substances in their reduced forms.

In selecting a suitable antioxidant, the following factors should

1.An antioxidant should be physiologically inert.

Uses: hypophosphite used as preservatives (e.g., Ammonium hypophosphite)

2. Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

4. Sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5)

5. Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)

volume infusions. Usually primarily composed of silicon

• Delamination or glass particulate formation: caused by chemical attack on

Type 1: Borosilicate glass

Type 3: Soda-lime glass

Water is extremely significant in

USES OF WATER IN PHARMAC EUTIC AL

SIX DIFFERENT MONOGRAPHS:

USES OF WATER IN PHARMAC EUTIC AL

• Sterile Water for Injection- use for extemporaneous preperation compounding

interact with product, reducing the stability of the product

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