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Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Research Methods
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1.1 Necessity, types and levels of researches
Humans have vital
instinct of questioning
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Continued …………….
Term Research
Research = ‘Re’ + ‘Search’
again and to find out
again something
research :- to observe the phenomena again and again
from different dimensions
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Definitions of Research
Research is used to
establish or confirm facts,
reaffirm the results of previous work
solve new or existing problems
support theorems
develop new theories.
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
“careful investigation through search for new facts in
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Continued………….
P.M. Cook:
“a honest exhaustive, intelligent searching for facts and their
meanings or implications with reference to a given problem.
characteristics of research in his definition:
honest and exhaustive process.
facts are studied with understanding.
facts are discovered in the light of problem.
problem-centered.
findings are valid and verifiable.
should contribute new knowledge in that field.
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General characteristics of Research
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Objectives Of Research
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Continued………….
2. Factual objective
factual find out new facts.
descriptive / describe facts or events which happened
previously/.
3. Application objective
does not contribute a new knowledge in the fund of
human knowledge but suggests new applications.
By application we mean improvement and
modification in practice.
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TYPES OF RESEARCHES
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Classification of Research based on the major objectives of the research
2. Descriptive research
used to portray accurately the characteristics of a particular
entity (individual, situation or a group) 13
Continued ……………….
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Classification of Research based on the Goal of the research
2. Applied research
aims at finding an immediate solution to identify problems
and/or their sources and the means to obtain solutions on such
practical areas
engineering, health, education, socio economics, agriculture, etc.
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Classification of Research based on the Approach of the research
1. Quantitative research
based on the measurement of quantity or amount.
applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in
terms of quantity.
2. Qualitative research
concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e.,
1. Analytic research
the system is given/ known but the problem may be to
determine/ understand
I.Either the outputs given a set of inputs or
II.possible inputs for a specified set of given outputs.
2. Synthetic research
set of inputs and a specified set of outputs are known. The
problem is to determine/model the system itself.
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Classification of Research based on the data
types of the Research
1. Primary research
Involves new/ noble ideas or methods in finding
solutions to problems.
Example: archeological research.
2. Secondary research
Bases itself on primary research in posing problems
for which it then seeks improved or new solutions.
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Steps of Action Research
researchprocess is similar to undertaking a journey.
important decisions to make under a research journey
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1) What you want to find out about
what research questions (problems) you want to find
answers to;
2) How to go about finding their answers.
practical steps through which you must pass
research methodology for finding answers to your
research questions.
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steps of research
1. Selection of a research topic
2. Selection and formulation of the research problem
3. Literature survey and reference collection
4. Assessment of current status of the topic chosen
5. Formulation of hypotheses
6. Design of research
7. Collection of data
8. Analysis of data
9. Formulation of conclusions
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Characteristics of a researcher
sensitive in his nature.
problem-minded.
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Continued…………………..
usual practice of the researchers
they select the topic of the study.
They construct the problem on the basis of the
topic.
It results that the researcher has no involvement in
his research activities.
identifying the exact nature and dimensions of a
problem is of major importance in research work
investigator should learn how to recognize and
define a problem.
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Sources of Problems
Personal experiences of the investigator / daily
problems
extensive study of available literature-research
abstracts, journals, hand-books of research
international abstracts
his field of investigation
recent trends, new innovations and technological
changes
consulting supervisors, experts of the field and most 26
Steps in defining a problem
1. Identify a broad field or subject area of interest to you
2. Dissect the broad area into sub areas
3. Select what is of most interest to you / delimiting the
elements of the problem.
4. Review the researches’ conducted in area to know the
recent trend and studies in the area
5. Raise research questions
6. Formulate objectives
7. Assess your objectives
8. Double check
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Criteria for Selection of the
Problem
Novelty and avoidance of unnecessary duplications.
Interest, intellectual curiosity, and drive
Magnitude
Measurement of concepts
Level of expertise
Relevance
Availability of data and method
Ethical issues
Special equipment and working conditions.
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Continued …………….
Hildreth Hoke McAshan proposed an objective guide
for judging the merits of a problem. The following
questions may be raised for this purpose.
Is the problem really important?
Is the problem interesting to others?
Is the chosen problem a real problem?
Does the problem display originality and
creativeness?
Am I really concerned with finding the solution?
Am I able to state hypotheses from the problem in a
testable form?
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Statement of Problem
After selecting a problem, it should be stated carefully
State the problem in questionnaire form or in an
equivalent form.
Specify the problem in detail and in precise terms
List the assumptions made
Remove the ambiguities, if any, in the statement of
the problem
Examine the feasibility of a particular solution
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Continued …………….
Kerlinger has identified three criteria of good
Problem Statements.
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Precautions that are to be taken in identifying the
problem
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Assumptions about the Problem
makes the research work feasible.
delimits the scope of the problem.
establishes the proper frame of reference.
aids in the development of testable hypotheses.
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End of chapter
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Group Quiz # 1/for Computer and
Power Eng. Students/
1. define the term research.
2. According to your understanding define
research.
3. what are the major objectives of
research? Explain them in detail.
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Group Quiz #1/for Control Eng. Students/
Max. Marks :- 5
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