BLACK HOLE THEORY

DONE BY:
S.AGALYA SHREE
 Introduction

Black holes are some of the strangest and most fascinating objects in space.
They're extremely dense, with such strong gravitational attraction that not even
light can escape their grasp.

The Milky Way could contain over 100 million black holes, though detecting
these gluttonous beasts is very difficult. At the heart of the Milky Way lies a
supermassive black hole — Sagittarius A*. The colossal structure is about 4
million times the mass of the sun and lies approximately 26,000 light-years away
from Earth, according to a statement from NASA.

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How do black holes form?

Black holes are expected to form via two distinct

channels. According to the first pathway, they are
stellar corpses, so they form when massive stars
die. Stars whose birth masses are above roughly 8
to 10 times mass of our sun, when they exhaust
all their fuel — their hydrogen — they explode
and die leaving behind a very compact dense
object, a black hole. The resulting black hole that
is left behind is referred to as a stellar mass black
hole and its mass is of the order of a few times
the mass of the sun.
History
• The idea of a body so big that even light could not escape was briefly proposed by English
astronomical pioneer and clergyman John Michell in a letter published in November 1784. Michell's
simplistic calculations assumed such a body might have the same density as the Sun, and concluded
that one would form when a star's diameter exceeds the Sun's by a factor of 500, and its surface escape
velocity exceeds the usual speed of light. Michell referred to these bodies as dark stars. He correctly
noted that such supermassive but non-radiating bodies might be detectable through their gravitational
effects on nearby visible bodies. Scholars of the time were initially excited by the proposal that giant
but invisible 'dark stars' might be hiding in plain view, but enthusiasm dampened when the wavelike
nature of light became apparent in the early nineteenth century, as if light were a wave rather than a
particle, it was unclear what, if any, influence gravity would have on escaping light waves .

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The no-hair theorem postulates that, once it achieves a
stable condition after formation, a black hole has only three
independent physical properties: mass, electric charge, and
angular momentum; the black hole is otherwise featureless.
If the conjecture is true, any two black holes that share the
same values for these properties, or parameters, are
indistinguishable from one another. The degree to which the
conjecture is true for real black holes under the laws of
modern physics is currently an unsolved problem.

Properties and
structure
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TYPES OF BLACK HOLE
• stellar-mass
• Stellar-mass black holes are born when
extremely massive stars collapse and
typically weigh between five and 10 times
the mass of the Sun
• INTERMEDIATE .
• An intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) is
a class of black hole with mass in the range
102–105 solar masses: significantly more
than stellar black holes but less than the 105–
109 solar mass supermassive black holes.
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• Supermassive
• Supermassive black holes contain between
one hundred thousand and ten billion times
more mass than our Sun. As of 2022, there
are over 150 confirmed supermassive
black holes in our local Universe (with
direct mass measurements). They typically
exist at the centre of large galaxies,
including the centre of our own galaxy, the
Milky Way.
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 At the center of our Milky Way galaxy
is a supermassive black hole. Called
Sagittarius A*, the black hole has a mass
of about 4 million sun, according to
NASA.

CENTRE BLACK HOLE

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 About 10 times more massive than the sun, the
black hole is only about 1,600 light-years away.
Located in the constellation Ophiuchus, the black
hole is three times closer to Earth than the
previous record holder, according to the National
Science Foundation.

NEAREST BLACK HOLE TO

EARTH
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 (CN) — NASA announced Thursday that scientists
utilizing the James Webb Space Telescope had discovered
the most distant — and ancient — supermassive black
hole found to date. Lying at the center of a galaxy deemed
CEERS 1019, it dates back some 13 billion years, only
570 million years after the Big Bang.06-

OLDEST BLACK HOLE

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DISCOVERY OF BLACK HOLE

• Black holes were predicted as an exact

mathematical solution to Einstein's equations.
Einstein's equations describe the shape of space
around matter. The theory of general relativity
connects the geometry or shape of shape to the
detailed distribution of matter.
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 Thank You
DONE BY:
S.Agalya Shree

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