Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA)

What is CDMA Introduction to Spread Spectrum Communications Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) CDMA Algorithm Advantages of CDMA CDMA Vs TDMA Vs FDMA Sites and Books

What is CDMA

CDMA : Code Division Multiple Access is a channel access method CDMA employs spread spectrum (SS) technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel A conflict-free protocol that allows overlap transmission, both in frequency division and time division techniques

Multiple Access Schemes

Introduction to spread spectrum

Spectrum , refers to the range of frequencies over which electromagnetic radio frequencies signals can be sent Spread Spectrum, refers Spreading the bandwidth to transmit data. There are three ways to spread the bandwidth of the signal: Frequency hopping : The signal is rapidly switched between different frequencies within the hopping bandwidth pseudorandomly, and the receiver knows before hand where to find the signal at any given time. Time hopping : The signal is transmitted in short bursts pseudorandomly, and the receiver knows beforehand when to expect the burst. Direct sequence : The digital data is directly coded at a much higher frequency. The code is generated pseudo-randomly, the receiver knows how to generate the same code, and correlates the received signal with that code to extract the data.

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

Chipping sequence Code given to user DSSS takes user bit stream and XOR with chipping sequence. Chip- is smaller pulses of Chipping sequence Spreading factor : s = tb/tc tb = User bit time tc = Chip duration Example : Chip sequences 11,110,1110,11101,1110010,10110111000 called Bankers code

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)

CDMA Algorithm

Each station is assigned m bit unique code called chip sequence say 8 bit Consider 4 stations A : 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 ( 1 1 1 +1 +1 1 +1 +1) B : 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 ( 1 1 +1 1 +1 +1 +1 1) C : 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 ( 1 +1 1 +1 +1 +1 1 1) D : 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 ( 1 +1 1 1 1 1 +1 1) (Binary chips) (Bipolar chip) All chip sequence are pairwise orthogonal Orthogonal chip sequences are generated using Walsh method

CDMA Algorithm cont..

-- 1-1110-1011111 1101 C S1 = ( 1 +1 1 +1 +1 +1 1 1) B+C S2 = ( 2 0 0 0 +2 +2 0 2) A+B S3 = ( 0 0 2 +2 0 2 0 +2) A+B+C S4 = ( 1 +1 3 +3 +1 1 1 +1) A+B+C+D S5 = ( 4 0 2 0 +2 0 +2 2) A+B+C+D S6 = ( 2 2 0 2 0 2 +4 0 ) Examples of transmission

CDMA Algorithm cont..

To Transmit bit 1 by B and Bit 1 C S2 = ( 2 0 0 0 +2 +2 0 2) S2 = ( 1 1 +1 1 +1 +1 +1 1) +

( 1 +1 1 +1 +1 +1 1 1)

To recover the signal Suppose S = transmitted chip sequence Receiver have to extract bit sent by station C then S.C = (A + B+C).C = A.C +B.C + C.C = 0 + 0 + 1

CDMA Algorithm cont..

Code Time

D C B A

Freq

CDMA Algorithm cont..

S4.C = ( 1 +1 3 +3 +1 1 1 +1) . ( 1 +1 1 +1 +1 +1 1 1) = ( +1+1 +3 +3 +1 1+1 1)/8 = 1 S1 . C = (1+1+1+1+1+1+1)/8 = 1 S2 . C = (2+0+0+2+2+0+2)/8 = 1 S3 . C = (0+0+2+2+0-2+0-2)/8 = 0 S4 . C = (1+1+3+3+1-1+1-1)/8 = 1 S5 . C = (4+0+2+0+2+0-2+2)/8 = 1 S6 . C = (2-2+0-2+0-2-4+0)/8 = -1 Recovery of station C signal

Advantages of CDMA

No of users increased Soft Handover Flexible Used in military applications as provides security for data Universal frequency reuse Fast and accurate power control Rake receiver

CDMA VS TDMA VS FDMA

CDMA Idea Spread spectrum using codes Rake Receiver 108 Soft Code and Special receivers Most Complex TDMA Time slots Flexible FDMA Frequency bands Rigid

Format Flexibility Flexible Multiple Fading Capacity Handoff Signal separation Implementation complexity

Better than FDMA Different frequencies so more 32 Hard 6 Hard

Synchronization in Filtering in frequency time domain domain Complex Simple

References

http://www.telecomspace.com/cdma.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access http://www.complextoreal.com/CDMA.pdf http://www.bee.net/mhendry/vrml/library/cdma/cdma.htm http://www.umtsworld.com/technology/cdmabasics.htm Computer Networks by Tenenbaum Mobile Communications by J Schiller

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