Learning Outcomes

Session outcome
★ Full Chapter Explanation
★ Most Scoring Chapters
★ PYQ Practice
★ Paper prediction
★ MCQ practice
★ Confidence Booster
 RISE O F
NATIONALISM IN
EUROPE
1.Rise of Nationalism in Europe
OVERALL MARKS- 6-7 MARKS
 Frederic Sorrieu

The dream of Worldwide ‘Democratic’ and ‘Social Republic’ - The Pact

between Nations by Frederic Sorrieu , 1848
 ● Emergence of Nation
During the 19th century- Nationalism emerged
State
as a force which brought about sweeping ● Replacing Multinational
changes in the political and mental world of
Dynastic Empire of
Europe
Europe

Modern State Nation State

Majority Of
Its Citizen Shared Sense Of
& Not Only
Its Ruler History Common
Identity
 Changes-Collective sense of identity
Absolute Monarchy till 1789
French revolution in 1789
Sovereignty from Monarchy to Body of
french Citizens
● The idea of Nation and Citizen through equal
rights under Constitution
● A new Tricolour flag
● The elected estates general called The National
Assembly
● Centralised administration
● Uniform Laws within territory
● Abolition of Internal duties and dues
● Uniform of system of weights
● French as common Language
 Napoleon into Picture

Napoleon saw his role as a

moderniser of Europe through his
Napoleon became the Emperor of
France in 1804 and introduced his reforms
famous Civil Code or Napoleonic
Code of 1804
The Civil Code of 1804
● Right to Property
● The
No Privileges
Civil Code basedof
on1804
Birth
● Equality before law
Through a return to monarchy ● Improved transport and communication
Napoleon had, no doubt, ● Abolition of feudal system
destroyed democracy in France ● Guild restrictions removed
● Uniform currency and standardized weights

Initially, French armies were welcomed as

Harbingers of liberty but later it turned hostile due to Increased
taxation
● Censorship
● forced conscription into the French armies
 THE ARISTOCRACY AND NEW MIDDLE CLASS

ARISTOCRATS

● PEASANTS
Socially & politically powerful.
● United by a common way of life. ● Comprised of majority population.
● Owned estates & townhouses in ● Western Europe- majority land
the countryside.
farmed by tenants
● Spoke French for purposes of
and small owners.
diplomacy and in high society. ● While in Eastern and Central
● Families often connected by way of
Europe the pattern of
marriages.
landholding was characterised by
● However, the aristocrats were
vast estates which
numerically a small group.
were cultivated by serfs.
 Emergence of the New Middle Class,
second half of 18th century

growth of towns and emergence of

Growth of Industrial Production in commercial classes whose existence was
Western and Parts of Central Europe
based on production for the market.

● Second half 18th century-

England
● 19th century- France and parts of
german states

Emergence of a working-class population, and middle classes made up of

industrialists, businessmen, professionals.

It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity
following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
 LIBERAL NATIONALISM

Ideas of national unity in early-nineteenth-century Europe were closely

allied to the ideology of liberalism.

LIBER- ‘FREE’ IN LATIN

For the new middle classes liberalism

stood for freedom for the individual
and equality
of all before the law.

POLITICAL LIBERALISM ECONOMIC LIBERALISM

 Zollverein- Custom Union

● Initiative of Prussia in 1834.

● Abolished tariff barriers.
● Reduced the number of currencies from 30 to 2.
●The creation of a network of railways further stimulated
mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.

A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider

nationalist sentiments rowing at the time.
Defeat of Napoleon, 1815 Rise of “New” Conservatives

New CONSERVATIVES

Proposed for Don’t want to return

preservation of to society of
traditional Hierarchy Pre-Revolutionary
era

Modernisation could in fact

strengthen traditional
institutions like the
monarchy. It could make
state power more effective
and strong.
 Treaty of Vienna 1815

HOST: The Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich

GOAL: restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by Napoleon, and create
a new conservative order in Europe.

CHANGES UNDER TREATY:

1. The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was

restored to power.

2. France lost the territories it had annexed under Napoleon.

3. A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent

French expansion in future

4. Thus the kingdom of the Netherlands, which included Belgium, was set up in the

north and Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south.

5. Russia was given part of Poland while Prussia was given a portion of
Saxony
 The Revolutionaries

Following years of 1815: Secret societies to train revolutionaries:

commitment to oppose Vienna Congress

Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini.

● Italy could not continue to be a

Founded 2 secret societies:
● Young Italy in Marseilles patchwork of small states and
● Young Europe in Berne kingdoms.
● Unification alone could be the basis of
Italian liberty.

Metternich described him as

‘The most dangerous enemy of our social order’
Identify the person in the painting from the options given below. He
was described as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

A Metternich

B Mazzini

C Garibaldi

D Cavour
 The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848

Liberal-nationalists: educated middle-class elite:professors, school- teachers, clerks and members

of the commercial middle classes.

July 1830: first upheaval in France

Bourbon King overthrown by liberal revolutionaries

Louis Philippe: a constitutional monarchy

July Revolution: Belgium break away from United Kingdom of Netherlands

When the France sneezes’, Metternich once remarked, ‘the rest of the
Europe catches cold’
Romanticism

● An ideology where culture, art and ideas are focused upon to create
a form of nationalist sentiments.
● Romantic artists and poets generally criticised the glorification
of reason and science and focused instead on emotions, intuition and
mystical feelings.
● Their effort was to create a sense of a shared collective
heritage, a common cultural past, as the basis of a nation.
Johann Gottfried Herder

Karol Kurpinski, for example, celebrated the national struggle

KAROL KURPINSKI through his:
1. Operas and music
2.Folk Dances such as Polonaise and mazurka into
nationalist symbols.
 Greek War of Independence

Greece: part of Ottoman Empire since 15th century, cRADLE OF eUROPEAN

CIVILISATION

Growth of revolutionary nationalism in 1821

Supported by: Greeks living in exile, West Europeans

Poets and artists: mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.

Treaty of Constantinople 1832, recognised Greece as

independent Nation
 1830’s were year of Great economic hardship in
Europe

Reason
● Increase in Population
● More Job seekers than jobs-Unemployment
● Migration from Rural areas to slums in urban cities

How
Industrialisation further created Hardships ● Import of cheap machine made goods from England
created competition among small producers due to this
textile production suffered a lot

● In Aristocratic regions of Europe peasants

suffered a lot from feudal dues
 1848 revolution of the poor

The rise of food prices and Year of bad Hunger +Hardship resulted in Peasant revolt
harvest led to widespread
pauperism in town and country

This brought the population

of Paris out on the roads.
Roads.
Louis Philippe was forced Result
to flee. National Assembly proclaimed France a
Republic
● It granted suffrage to all males above 21
● Guaranteed the Right to work
● National workshops to provide employment
 CASE OF GERMANY

The Middle class professionals

of various political
organisations came together in On 18th May 1848,831 elected representatives
the city of Frankfurt to vote for marched to Frankfurt parliament
an All German National
Assembly

They drafted the constitution german nation to be

The parliament was dominated
by middle classes who had ignored poor headed by Monarchy
people’s demands, so poors didn’t
support their revolution

These terms were denied by Friedrich Wilhelm IV

(king of Prussia) and joined other monarchs to
oppose the elected assembly

In the end troops were called in and Assembly was forced to

disband
 IMPACT OF THE REVOLUTION

Conservatives forces were able to suppress liberal movements but could not restore old regime

Monarchs started to realise about cycle

of revolution will continue and that
uprisings won’t stop until
they grant concessions to the (Liberal-
Nationalist) Revolutionaries. Result
● Serfdom and Bonded labour were
introduce changes that had already
taken place in western europe before abolished both in Habsburg dominions
1815 and in Russia .

● The rulers were granted more

autonomy to Hungarians In 1867
 Italy was divided into seven states
Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an Italian prince.
The north was under Austrian Habsburgs
In 1861 Victor The centre was ruled by the Pope
Emmanuel II was The southern regions were under the Bourbon kings of
proclaimed king Spain
of united Italy

Giuseppe Mazzini had sought for a

unification of Italy.He formed a secret
Unification of Italy society called Young Italy.But the
Giuseppe Garibaldi joined the revolutionary uprising failed in 1831 and
team and marched into South 1848
Italy and the Kingdom of the
Two Sicilies and won the support
Chief Minister Cavour led the movement to unify
of the local peasants smash the
Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. In
Spanish rulers.
1859 the diplomatic alliance defeated Austria

Cavour+Sardinia-Piedmont +France

Now The process of unification passed on

from Giuseppe Mazzini to King Victor
The Austrian forces Emmanuel II
Assertion (A) : Italy was divided into seven states, of which
only one was ruled by an Italian princely house.
Reason (R) : The north was under the domination of the
Bourbon kings of Spain

Both A and R are true and R is the

A correct explanation of A.

Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct

B explanation of A.

C A is true but R is false

D A is false and R is true.

 Explain the contíibution of Otto von Bismaícfi in Geíman unification.

Unification of Germany (1866-71)

The National Otto-Von Bismarck of Prussia played

unification was taken the role of a main leader in the act of
under by the nation-building- 3 wars and 7
leadership of years- austria, denmark and
Prussia. france

1871- Kaiser William I was

declared as the new Emperor of
a new Empire.

The Unification of Germany Currency, banking, legal and judicial

established Prussian dominance in systems were introduced by the New
Europe. German Empire.
 Strange Case of Britain

Before the Constant growth in An act of Union

1688- England
18th century, power helped 1707 was formed
entrenched as a
it was not a English nations to nation. The power between England
nation state. of the monarchy and Scotland by the
extend their control United Kingdom
was taken over
over other nations of Great Britain.
by the English
and islands. Parliament.

The Catholic clans that inhabited the Scottish

Highlands su ff ered terrible repression After the failed British Nation was
whenever they attempted to assert their revolution led by the formed- which
independence. Wolfe Tone and his included various
They were forbidden to speak their Gaelic United Irishmen symbols-flag, National
language or wear National Dress of Scotland; (1798), British took Anthem and the
large numbers were forcibly driven out of their over Ireland forcibly. English Language.
homeland.
 V i s u a l i s i n g t h e Nat i o n

Female allegories were invented by artists in

the nineteenth century to represent the
nation. In France she was christened
Marianne, a popular Christian name, which
underlined the idea of a people's nation
 GERMANIA Female Allegory of Germany

Black, Red, Gold Tricolour Flag

Crown with Oak Leaves of Liberal Nationalists in 1848,
Heroism Banned by dukes of German States

Sword
Readiness to Fight BreastPlate with Eagle Symbol
of German Empire- Strength

Olive Branch around the

Sword
Willingness to make
Peace

Rays of the Rising Sun

Beginning of a New Era
Broken Chains
Being Freed
Populaí Chíisľian
name
Undeílying idea of a
People’s Naľion

Chaíacľeíisľics díawn
fíom Libeíľy and ľhe
Republic

The Red
Cap The
Tíicoloí The
Cockade
 Balkan Crisis

Balkan: a region of geographical and ethnic variations, inhabitants called Slavs

Were under the Ottoman Empire

Spread of the ideas of romantic

nationalism, Disintegration of the
Ottoman Empire

European subject nationalities broke

away from its control and declared
independence.
 Balkan Crisis to First World War

Each power – Russia, Germany, England, Austro-Hungary – was keen on countering the hold of
other powers over the Balkans, and extending its own control over the area. This led to a series of
wars in the region and finally the First World War.

Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in

1914.

Colonies occupied by European began to oppose imperial

domination.

Sense of collective National unity and the idea that societies

should be organised into
‘nation-states’ came to be accepted as natural and universal.
What happened to Poland at the end of 18th century. Which of the
following answers is correct?

Poland achieved independence at the end of the 18th

A century.

Poland came totally under the control of Russia and

B became part of Russia.

C Poland became the part of East Germany.

Poland was partitioned at the end of the 18th

D century by three Great Powers: Russia, Prussia and
Austria.
Which of the following is true regarding the ideas promoted by
Mazzini?

Opposition to monarchy and support to a

A democratic republic.

To establish liberty and freedom under a

B monarchy.

The disintegration of the German

C confederation under 39 states.

Censorship of newspapers, books, plays

D and songs.
 Match the Following

Column A Column B A (i)-(b), (ii)-(c), (iii)-(d), (iv)-(a)

Napoleon Bonaparte Young Italy

B (i)-(d), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(c)
Duke Metternich Civil Code

Louis XVI Congress of Vienna C (i)-(b), (ii)-(a), (iii)-(c), (iv)-(d)

Giuseppe Mazzini French Revolution

D (i)-(a), (ii)-(d), (iii)-(b), (iv)-(c)
Assertion (A): Serfdom and bonded labour were abolished in
Habsburg dominion and Russia.
Reason (R): Monarchs had realised that revolution could be resisted
only by granting concessions to liberal nationalist rebels.

Both A and R are true and R is the

A correct explanation of A.

Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct

B explanation of A.

A is true but R is false

D
C A is false and R is true.
Study the picture and answer the question that follows :
Which of the following aspect best signifies this image
of Germania”?

A Heroism and Justice

B Folk and Cultural Tradition

Austerity and Asceticism

Revenge and Vengeance

C
What impact did the storming of the Bastille by the French have
on Europe?

People across Europe got inspired to fight

A against the rule of the monarch.

Made monarchs from different parts of

B Europe abdicate from the throne.

Inspired nations across Europe to

C colonise other countries of the world.

People in Europe started to fear French

D revolutionaries.
Arrange the following in chronological order and choose the correct
option :
(I) Napoleonic wars
(II) The Treaty of Vienna
(III) Greek Struggle for Independence
(IV) Slav Nationalism in Ottoman Empire

A III, II, I and IV

B I, II, III and IV

C IV, III, II and

D IV, II, III and I

 2023 QUESTIONS
2 markers:
1. Explain Romanticism as Cultural Movement in Europe

2. Explain Frederic Sorrieu Dream in context of Democratic and social republic in

France during 1848

3. Analyze the role of Chief Minister Cavour who led the movement to unite the
regions of Italy.

4. Examine the ideas of liberal nationalism in Europe during the nineteenth century.

5. How did the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognize Greece as an Independent Nation?
Explain

5 markers:
6. “Ideas of national unity in early nineteenth century Europe were closely allied to the
ideology of liberalism.” Examine the statement.

7. Explain the process of unification of Italy.

8. How did the French Revolution play an important role in creating the Idea of Nation state ?
Explain.
1.Rise of Nationalism in Europe
2024 PREDICTION: OVERALL MARKS- 6-7
MARKS
MCQ:
1. Either a Picture based Question/
Allegory Question
2. Chronology of events

5 Markers in most sets

3. Easy to score

Important topics for 2023-24:

3-5 marks

Balkan Crisis
1848: Age of Revolution
Liberal Nationalism
Unifications
Congress of Vienna
Civil Code
Romanticism
Nationalism
in India
2.Nationalism in India

OVERALL MARKS-4- 7 (+2 maps) MARKS

Topics
The First World War, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
● The Idea of Satyagraha
● The Rowlatt Act
● Why Non-cooperation?

Differing Strands within the Movement

● The Movement in the Towns
● Rebellion in the Countryside
● Swaraj in the Plantations

Towards Civil Disobedience

● The Salt March and the Civil Disobedience Movement
● How Participants saw the Movement
● The Limits of Civil Disobedience

The Sense of Collective Belonging

● Conclusion
 Huge war
expenditure

Increased Taxes

First world war created

new economic and
social situation
(1914-1918) Forced army
recruitment

Spread of
Failure of crop
influenza

epidemic
The Idea of Satyagraha
Fought against
racial
discrimination
Gandhiji returned through
from South Africa in satyagraha
1915
Idea of satyagraha
➢ No Physical
emphasised on Truthforce
➢ No vengeance
➢ No Aggression

Mahatma Gandhi believed that this dharma of

non-violence could unite all Indians.
Gandhiji’s satyagraha

❖ 1917-Champaran in Bihar
❖ 1917-To support the peasants
of the Kheda
❖ 1918-Ahmedabad Mill strike
The Rowlatt Act Government had enormous powers to repress
political activities and allowed detention of
political prisoners without trial for two years

In 1919 Gandhiji decided to launch a

nationwide satyagraha against the
proposed Rowlatt Act (1919).

Rallies were On 10 April, the police in Amritsar Martial law was

organised,workers went on fired upon a peaceful imposed and
strike in railway workshops, procession, lead to attacks on General Dyer took
and shops closed down banks, post offices and railway command
stations.
Jallianwala Bagh incident On 13 large crowd gathered in the
April ground of Jallianwala Bagh to
enclosed
attend the annual Baisakhi fair

Dyer entered the area, blocked the exit

points, and opened fire on the crowd,
killing hundreds

His object, as he declared later, was

to ‘produce a moral effect’, to create
in the minds of satyagrahis a
feeling of terror and awe
The news of Jallianwala Bagh
spread,There were strikes, clashes
with the police and attacks on
government buildings along with
How was the Rowlatt Act of 1919 perceived in terms of
fundamental rights and civil liberties by Indians?

It was viewed as a regressive legislation in

A favor of the majority of Indians.

It was considered as severely curtailing the

B right to personal liberty.

It was seen as a necessary measure to

C prevent communal tensions

It was regarded as a safeguard for

D protecting British soldiers
 The First World War had ended with To defend the Khalifa,Khilafat
the defeat of Ottoman Turkey Committee was formed in Bombay in
March 1919

Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali,

began discussed with Gandhi
about united mass action on the
issue.

Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity Calcutta session of the Congress in

to bring Muslims under the
umbrella of a unified national
movement.
September 1920
● Convinced other leaders to start
non-cooperation movement
● Sort to support Khilafat issue
 British rule was
established in India
with the cooperation of
Indians. Non-Cooperation means
❖ the surrender of titles
❖ a boycott of civil services, the army, police, courts
❖ legislative councils elections were boycotted
❖ foreign goods boycotted, use of khadi

In December 1920 Congress session of Nagpur,

Non-Cooperation Movement was adopted.

The Movement in the Towns

The middle class started the movement, and thousands

of students, teachers left government-controlled
schools and colleges, and lawyers gave up their legal
practices The council elections were boycotted in
most provinces except Madras,the
Justice Party supported council entry

The production of Indian textile mills and

handlooms went up when people started
boycotting foreign goods

This movement slowed down due to

❏ Khadi clothes being expensive

❏ Fewer Indian institutions for students
and teachers
❏ Lawyers joined back government
courts
Rebellion in the Countryside

The Non-Cooperation Movement

spread to the countryside
which comprised of peasants
and tribals
The peasant movement in
Baba Ramchandra led the peasants Awadh demanded three
movements in Awadh things
● The movement was against talukdars and
landlords who demanded very high rent ● Reduction of revenue
and various cesses ● Abolition of begar
● The Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up ● Social boycott of
headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba oppressive landlords
Ramchandra and a few others
 Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh

The Colonial Government had

closed large forest areas and
prevented people them entering
forest
Alluri Sitaram Raju inspired by
Gandhi's Non cooperation movement
persuaded people to wear khadi and give
up drinking.

The Gudem rebels attacked police stations,

attempted to kill British officials and
carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving
swaraj.
Raju was captured and executed in
1924, and over time became a folk
hero.
Swaraj in the Plantations

Plantation workers,Swaraj is “Right Inland Emigration Act Of 1859

to move freely in and out of the Plantation Workers were not permitted to leave the tea gardens
confined space and retaining a without permission and they were rarely Given such
link with their native.” Permission.

Thousands of workers left the plantations

and headed home.

But unfortunately, they never

reached their destination and were
caught by the police and brutally
beaten up.
End of Non Cooperation Movement

Large group of protesters, participating

The Chauri Chaura incident in the Non-cooperation movement,
clashed with police and burnt the
police station which led to the death of
22 police officers.

Mahatma Gandhi called a halt to the

Non-Cooperation Movement
POLITICS OF 1920s

Two strands in Congress

some leaders wanted to participate in Young leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru

elections and Subhas Chandra Bose pressed
C. R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed for more radical mass agitation and for
the Swaraj Party within the Congress to full independence
argue for a return to council politics

In the late 1920s, Indian politics was again

shaped because of two factors.
● The first effect was the worldwide
economic depression
● Simon Commission
Simon Commission

The Statutory Commission was set up to look

In 1928, Simon Commission arrived in
into the functioning of the constitutional
India, and it was greeted by the slogan
system in India and suggest changes
‘Go back, Simon’.

In December 1929, under the presidency of

Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore Congress
formalised the demand for ‘Purna Swaraj’

It was declared that 26 January 1930

would be celebrated as Independence
Day
On 31 January 1930, Mahatma Gandhi The most stirring of all was the demand
sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating to abolish the salt tax, which is
eleven demands. consumed by the rich and the poor.

The demands needed to be fulfilled by 11

March, or else Congress would start a civil
disobedience campaign
 The march was over 240 miles, from
The famous salt march was started by
Gandhi's ashram in Sabarmati to the
Mahatma Gandhi, accompanied by
Gujarati coastal town of Dandi.
78 of his trusted volunteers.

On 6 April, he reached Dandi, and

ceremonially violated the law,
manufacturing salt by boiling
seawater.

This marked the beginning of the

Civil Disobedience Movement
 The movement spread across the
world and salt law was broken in
different parts of the country

In April 1930, Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout

disciple of Mahatma Gandhi, was arrested.
Mahatma Gandhi was arrested a month later
Foreign clothes were boycotted, peasants
refused to pay revenue, and in many places,
forest law was violated.

Which led to attacks on all structures

that symbolised British rule
Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off
the movement and entered into a pact
with Irwin on 5 March 1931.

Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji consented to participate in

a Round Table Conference in London.

When the conference broke down,

Mahatma Gandhi returned to India
disappointed and relaunched the Civil
Disobedience Movement.

It continued for almost a year, but by it

1934 lost its momentum.
How Participants Saw the Movement

1. Countryside

The Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of

Uttar Pradesh were active in the They became enthusiastic supporters of the
movement. Civil Disobedience Movement.

They were deeply disappointed when the

movement was called off in 1931. So refused
to participate when restarted

The poorer peasants joined a variety of

radical movements, often led by
Socialists and Communists.
2. Industrial class
Industrial workers
Industrial owners

The industrialists attacked colonial
control over the Indian economy and
supported the Civil Disobedience
Movement
To organise business interests, the Indian
Industrial and Commercial
Congress in 1920 and the Federation
of the Indian Chamber of Commerce
and Industries (FICCI) in 1927 were
formed
LUKEWARM RESPONSE,
EXCEPT NAGPUR REGION
● In 1930 and 1932, railway workers
and dock workers were on strike.
● In 1930 thousands of workers in
Chotanagpur tin mines wore
Gandhi caps and participated in
protest rallies and boycott
campaigns.
● Congress was reluctant to include
workers’ demands as part of its
programme of struggle. It felt that
this would alienate industrialists
3. Women
Important feature of the Civil Disobedience
Movement was the large-scale participation of
women.

They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt,

andpicketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail. In
urban areas these women were from high-caste families; in rural
areas they came from rich peasant household

Congress was reluctant to allow women to

hold any position of authority within the
organisation.
4. The Depressed Class

Mahatma Gandhi declared that swaraj

would not come for a hundred years if
untouchability was not eliminated. He
called the ‘untouchables’ harijan or the
children of God

Dr B.R. Ambedkar, who organised the

Dalits into the Depressed Classes
Association in 1930
DEMAND reserved seats in educational
institutions, and a separate electorate
Political empowerment, they believed,
would resolve the problems of their social
disabilities. Poona Pact 1932.
It gave the Depressed Classes reserved seats
in provincial and central legislative
❏ Dalit participation in the Civil councils, but they were to be voted in by
Disobedience Movement was the general electorate
therefore limited
The decline of the Non-Cooperation-Khilafat movement, 5. MUSLIMS
Muslims felt alienated from Congress, due to which the
relations between Hindus and Muslims worsened.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah was willing to give up the demand for

separate electorates if Muslims were assured reserved seats in
the Central Assembly and representation in proportion to
the population in the Muslim-dominated provinces.

The hope of resolving the issue at the All Parties Conference in 1928
disappeared when M.R. Jayakar of the Hindu Mahasabha strongly
opposed efforts at compromise.
The Sense of Collective Belonging

Nationalism spreads when people begin to History and fiction, folklore and songs, and
believe that they are all part of the same popular prints and symbols all played a part
nation in the making of nationalism.

The identity of India came to be visually associated with the

image of Bharat Mata created by Bankim Chandra
Chattopadhyay.He also wrote wrote ‘Vande Mataram’Later
it was included in his novel Anandamath and widely
sung during the Swadeshi movement in Bengal.

Abanindranath Tagore painted his famous

image of Bharat Mata portrayed as an ascetic
figure
 Rabindranath Tagore himself began
collecting ballads, nursery rhymes and
myths, and led the movement for folk
revival

In Madras, Natesa Sastri believed

that folklore was national literature it
was ‘the most trustworthy
manifestation of people’s real
thoughts and characteristics’
published a massive four-volume
collection of Tamil folk tales, The
Folklore of Southern India
During the Swadeshi movement in Bengal, a tricolour
flag (red, green and yellow) was designed, which had
eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India
and a crescent moon representing Hindus and Muslims.
Gandhiji had designed the Swaraj
flag 1921
REINTERPRETATION OF HISTORY

❏ The British saw Indians as backward and primitive, incapable of

governing themselves.
❏ In response, Indians began looking into the past to discover
India’s great achievements. They wrote about the glorious developments
in ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics,
religion and culture, law and philosophy, crafts and trade had flourished.
❏ These nationalist histories urged the readers to take pride in India’s great
achievements in the past and struggle to change the miserable conditions
of life under British rule
 2023 QUESTIONS

5 markers:

1. Analyse the Implication Of First world war on Economic and Political Situation of India
2. Analyse the Role of Folklore and symbols in the revival of Nationalism in India
during Late 19th century

3 markers

3. Analyse the role of the business classes in Civil Disobedience Movement.

4. Analyse the role of women in Civil Disobedience Movement.
5. Explain any three effects of Non-Cooperation Movement on the Indian economy.
6. How was the Rowlatt Act opposed by the people of India ? Explain with three
examples.

Case based questions*

2.Nationalism in India

2024 prediction: OVERALL MARKS-4- 7 (+2

maps) MARKS

MCQ
● Identify the movement/ act through features
● Chronology of events

Case Based Question

In SOME SETS, 5 MARKER direct question

Important Topics for 2023-24

Rowlatt Act
Impact of 1st WW on pol and eco of india
Spread of Non Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement Role
of folklore and symbols in creating a feeling of nationalism
Identify the event given in the
picture?

A First Round Table Conference

Second Round Table Conference

B

Congress session of 1929

None of the above

C
Which of the following event was related this image of
Gandhiji?

A Dandi march

B Non-cooperation movement

C Champaran Satyagraha

D Kheda satyagraha
Read the Following and Answer the questions
The Congress Working Committee, in its meeting in Wardha on 14 July 1942, passed
the historic Quit India resolution demanding that the British immediately transfer
power to Indians and leave India. On 8 August 1942 in Mumbai, the All India Congress
Committee endorsed the resolution which called for a non-violent mass struggle on
the widest possible scale throughout the country. It was on this occasion that Gandhiji
delivered the famous ‘Do or Die’ speech. The call for ‘Quit India’ almost brought the
state machinery to a standstill in large parts of the country as people voluntarily threw
themselves into the movement. People observed hartals, and demonstrations and
processions were accompanied by national songs and slogans. The movement was
truly a mass movement which brought into its ambit thousands of ordinary people,
namely students, workers and peasants. It also saw the active participation of leaders,
namely, Jayprakash Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali and Ram Manohar Lohia and many
women leaders such as Matangini Hazra in Bengal, Kanaklata Barua in Assam and
Rama Devi in Odisha. The British responded with force, yet it took more than a year to
suppress the movement.
1. Where did Gandhiji give his famous do or die speech?

A. Wardha

B. Surat

C. Lahore

D. Mumbai
2. Which of the following was a demand of the ‘Quit India’
resolution?

A. Separate nation for Hindus

B. Freedom of Speech

C. Freedom to observe hartals and demonstrations

D. Immediate transfer of power to Indians

3.Name the famous female leader from Odisha who participated in the
Quit India Movement

A. Kanaklata Barua

B. Aruna Asaf Ali

C. Rama Devi

D. Matangini Hazra
Answers:

1. D. Mumbai

On 8 August 1942 in Mumbai, the All India Congress Committee endorsed the resolution that called for a non-
violent mass struggle on the widest possible scale throughout the country. It was on this occasion that Gandhiji
delivered the famous Do or Die speech.

2. D. Immediate transfer of power to Indians

The main demand of the Quit India movement was the immediate transfer of power to Indians and the British
leaving India. The demand was accompanied by non-violent mass protest. In his speeches, M K Gandhi asked
people to participate in the movement and fight for the freedom of the country.

3. C. Rama Devi

Rama Devi was a famous revolutionary leader from Odisha who participated in the Quit India
Movement, in 1942.
Assertion (A):A growing anger against the colonial government was thus bringing
together various groups and classes of Indians into a common struggle for freedom in
the first half of the twentieth century.
Reason (R):Diverse groups were all tortured by British in one way or the other.

Both A and R are true and R is the correct

A explanation of A.

Both A and R are true but R is NOT the

B correct explanation of A.

C A is true but R is false

D A is false and R is true.

Arrange the following statements in sequential order based on the events that took place in India prior to
independence.
i. The Poorna Swaraj resolution was passed.
ii. Boycott of the Simon Commission
iii. Quit India Movement launched.
iv. Salt march and the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

A iv, iii, ii, i

B ii, i, iv,iii

C i, iv, iii, ii

D i, ii, iii, iv
Making o f
the Global
World
3.Making of the Global World
OVERALL MARKS- 2- 3 MARKS

Topics
Limited Chapter so predictable Questions The Pre-modern World
● ● Silk Routes Link the World
The silk routes are a good example of
● Food Travels: Spaghetti and Potato
vibrant pre -modern trade and cultural links ● Conquest, Disease and Trade
between distant parts of the world.’
● Interlinking of society throughout history
● “The most powerful weapon of the
Spanish conqueror was not a
conventional military weapon at all.”
Justify the above statement by giving
two reasons.
● “Traders and travelers introduced new
crops to lands they travelled.
 The process by which people, their culture, money, goods and
Globalisation information can be transferred between countries with few or no
barriers.

Making of the Global world has a long

history of

Trade Movement of
capital

Migration People in
search of work
From ancient times, travellers, traders, priests and pilgrims travelled vast distances for knowledge,
opportunity and spiritual fulfilment, or to escape persecution.
They carried goods, money, values,
skills, ideas, inventions, and even
germs and diseases.

Signifies existence of pre-modern trade and cultural

Silk routes Link the World
links between different parts of the world.

Trade

Culture -Religion

Culture -Food Travel

Trade

West-bound Chinese silk cargoes travelled this route

★ Both over land and sea: connected vast regions of Asia and
also linked Asia with Europe and Northern Africa before the
Christian era
★ Chinese pottery and textiles & spices from India
★ Gold and Silver from Europe
Culture -Religion

★ Christian missionaries travelled this route to

Asia like early Muslim preachers a few centuries
★ Buddhism emerged from eastern India and
spread in several directions through intersecting
points on the silk routes.

Culture -Food Travel

★ Traders introduced crops to land they travelled

★ Ready made food:
○ Noodles from China in west became
spaghetti
○ Arab traders carried pasta to sicily
Food offers many examples of long-distance cultural exchange

● Many of our common foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, maize,

tomatoes, chillies, sweet potatoes, and so on were not known to our ancestors
until about five centuries ago.

● These foods were only introduced in Europe and Asia after Christopher
Columbus accidentally discovered the vast continent that would later become
known as the Americas.
● Europe’s poor began to eat better and live longer
with the introduction of the humble potato.

● Ireland’s poorest peasants became so dependent on

potatoes that when disease destroyed the potato crop in
the mid-1840s, hundreds of thousands died of
starvation.

Irish Potato Famine

Conquest, Disease and Trade

● Portuguese and Spanish conquest and colonisation of

America by the mid-sixteenth century

● Not just a result of superior firepower

● Most powerful weapon of the Spanish conquerors:the
germs of smallpox that they carried on their person.

● America’s original inhabitants had no immunity

against these diseases that came from Europe as they
had been isolated from rest of the world

● It killed and decimated whole communities, paving the

way for conquest.

● Guns could be bought or captured and turned

against the invaders. But not diseases such as
smallpox to which the conquerors were mostly
immune
Which one of the following crops was not known to our ancestors until
about five centuries ago?

A Potato.

B Rice.

C Wheat

D Cotton
Which of the following diseases proved a deadly killer for the people of
America?

A Plague.

B Cholera.

C Smallpox.

D Diphtheria.
Raja has been given a project at school where he has to paste the picture of indigenous
food items found in all the continents across the world. He pastes the picture of a potato for
Europe. His teacher deducts his marks and tells him to rectify his mistake. Identify Raja's
mistake in the given Situation.

Raja should have pasted the picture of a

A Chilli.

B Potatoes were native to Asia.

C Europe has multiple indigenous food items.

Raja should have pasted the picture of a

D potato for the American continent.
What does the given picture signify?

A Globalisation

B Irish Famine

C Migration in Europe

D Migration from Europe

P r i n t Culture and
the Modern
World
 Topics

4.Print Culture and the Modern World The First Printed Books
Print in Japan

OVERALL MARKS- 4-5 MARKS Print Comes to Europe

Gutenberg and the Printing Press

The Print Revolution and Its Impact

A New Reading Public
Religious Debates and the Fear of Print
Print and Dissent

The Reading Mania

‘Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world!’
Print Culture and the French Revolution

The Nineteenth Century

Children, Women and Workers
Further Innovations

India and the World of Print

Manuscripts Before the Age of Print
Print Comes to India

Religious Reform and Public Debates

New Forms of Publication

Print and Censorship

 The First Printed Books

China, Japan & Korea developed the technology of earliest printing press. From
A.D. 594 onwards, booka in China were printed by rubbing paper i.e Wooden
Block Printing

China remained the highest producer of printed material by printing vast

numbers of textbooks for the civil service examinations held for recruiting its
personnel

Print was used in everyday by merchants and academicians

Shanghai became the hub of new print culture catering to the western style
school

Scribes were hired to make copies of the books

 Print in Japan

Buddhist missionaries In medieval Japan,

from China introduced poems and prose were
hand-printing technology regularly published and
into Japan around AD books were cheap and
768-770. abundant.

In the late eighteenth century, in the

The oldest Japanese book,
printed in AD 868, is the
Buddhist Diamond Sutra.
flourishing urban circles at Edo
illustrated collections of paintings
depicted an elegant urban culture,
involving artists, courtesans, and
teahouse gatherings.
 Print Comes to Europe

● Silk and spices from China flowed into Europe through the silk route.
● In 11th century, Chinese paper reached Europe via the same route
● Paper made possible the production of manuscripts, carefully written by scribes.
● Luxury editions were still handwritten on very expensive vellum
● To increase the production of handwritten manuscripts, scribes or skilled
handwriters were employed by wealthy or influential patrons and booksellers
 In 1295, Marco Polo returned to Italy after many years of exploration in
China.

★ Marco Polo carried the knowledge of Woodblock printing from

china
★ Italians began producing books with woodblocks, and soon the
technology spread to other parts of Europe.

The handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy ever increasing demand

for books because

● The manuscripts were fragile

● Awkward to handle
● Difficult to carry or read easily.
● Copying was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming business
Gutenberg, son of a merchant
➔ Mastered the printing technique by 1448.
➔ The first book printed by him was the Bible.
➔ One hundred eighty copies of this book were
printed in three years.
 Print Revolution and Its Impact

Influenced popular perceptions

The Print Revolution transformed and opened up new ways of
the lives of people. looking at things.

New Reading Public

Religious debates and the Fear

of Print

Print and the Dissent

 New Reading Public
Advantages
★ Printing reduced the cost of
books.
was restricted to
★ The time and labour required
to produce each book came
down
★ Multiple copies could be
produced with greater ease.
★ Books flooded the market to
meet ever-growing
readership.
★ Access to books created a
new culture of reading
Common people lived
in a world of oral
culture
They heard sacred
texts read out,
ballads recited, and
folk tales narrated.
Earlier, reading
the elites
Knowledge was transferred
orally.People collectively
heard a story, or saw a
performance
Because Books were expensive due to the
time taken for producing it.But things
changed after print came.
 But the transition was not so simple

1. Books could be read only by the literate

2. The rates of literacy in most European countries were very low
till the twentieth century.
3. The oral culture of hearing in public was taken over by reading
in public because common people now had access to books
4. Printers began publishing popular ballads and folk tales,
and such books would be profusely illustrated with pictures.
5. Oral culture thus entered print and printed material was
orally transmitted.
6. The hearing public and reading public became
intermingled.
 Religious debates and the Fear of
Print
Print created the possibility of
wide circulation of ideas, and
introduced a new world of
debate and discussion and
persuaded people
Religious authorities, monarchs
as well as many writers and
artists feared print would make
people to revolt and rebel
Important change
➔ In 1517, the religious reformer Martin
Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses criticising
many of the practices and rituals of the Roman
Catholic Church.
➔ This lead to a division within the Church and to the
beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
➔ Luther’s translation of the New Testament sold
5,000 and second appeared within 3 months
➔ Scholars felt print helped to spread the new
ideas that led to the Reformation
 Print and the Dissent

★ Menocchio, a miller in Italy, ★ Several restrictions were put

interpreted the message of the over the publishers and the
Bible and formulated a view booksellers by the church and
of God and Creation that also the church began to
enraged the Roman Catholic maintain an Index of
Church. Prohibited Books from 1558

★ The Roman Catholic Church

started identifying such ideas,
beliefs, and persons who wrote
against the Church and thus
Menocchio was hauled up twice
and finally executed.
 Booksellers employed pedlars who roamed around villages,
carrying little books for sale

Almanacs or ritual calendars and ballads and folktales

In England, Penny Chapbooks were carried, by petty pedlars known as 'Chapmen sold for a
Penny'.

In France, small books printed on poor quality paper were called the ‘Bibliothèque Bleue’, and were
sold at low-price.

The periodical press, newspapers and journals carried information about wars, trade as well as news of
development in other places.

The ideas and writings of the scientists and thinkers like Isaac Newton, Thomas Paine,
Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau were printed and read by a large number of audience
 By the mid-eighteenth century

A novelist in eighteenth-century France, declared:

‘The printing press is the most powerful engine of
progress and public opinion is the force that will
sweep despotism away.’
Louis-Sebastien Mercier
The heroes are transformed by acts of reading.They
devour books, are lost in the world books create, and
become enlightened in the process.

Mercier proclaimed: ‘Tremble, therefore,

tyrants of the world! Tremble before the
virtual writer!’
 Print culture and the French Revolution

By the 1780s there was

an outpouring of
Print popularised the literature that mocked
ideas of the the royalty and criticised
Enlightenment thinkers. their morality.

Print created a new

culture of dialogue and
debate.
 The Nineteenth Century
Children, Women, and Workers

● As primary education became compulsory in the late nineteenth

century, children became an important category of readers.

● A children’s press, devoted to literature for children

Children
alone, was set up in France in 1857. This press published
new works as well as old fairy tales and folktales.

● The Grimm Brothers in Germany spent years compiling

traditional folk tales gathered from peasants.
 ● Women became important as readers as well as writers.

● Penny magazines were specially meant for women, as were manuals teaching
proper behavior and housekeeping.
Women
● Some of the best-known novelists were women: Jane Austen, the Bronte
sisters, and George Eliot. Their writings became important in defining a new
type of woman: a person with will, strength of personality, determination, and the
power to think

● Lending libraries in England became instruments for educating white-collar

workers, artisans and lower-middle-class people.

Workers ● Self-educated working class people wrote for themselves

● Working day was gradually shortened from the mid-nineteenth century, workers had
some time for self-improvement and self-expression
 India and the World of Print

Manuscripts Before the Age of Print

➔ India had a rich tradition of handwritten

manuscripts in Sanskrit, Arabic, and ★ Manuscripts were highly expensive
Persian as well as vernacular and fragile.
languages.
★ They had to be handled carefully.
➔ Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves
★ They could not be read easily as the
or on handmade paper and were
script was written in different styles.
sometimes beautifully illustrated.
★ So manuscripts were not used widely in
➔ They were pressed between wooden
daily life.
covers or sewn together to ensure
preservation.
 The first Printing Press was brought to India by
the Portuguese missionaries in the mid 16th
century

Print Comes to India James Augustus Hickey was persecuted by Governor

General Warren Hastings because he published a lot of
gossip about the East India Company’s officials in India.

The first printed Indian newspaper to appear was

the weekly Bengal Gazette, brought out by
Gangadhar Bhattacharya, who was close to
Rammohun Roy.
Religious Reform and Public Debates

Intense debates around religious

issues

Offered a variety of new

interpretations of the beliefs of
different religions.

Some criticised existing practices and

campaigned for reform, while others
countered the arguments of
reformers.

Printed tracts and newspapers not

only spread the new ideas, but they
shaped the nature of the debate.
 Hindu orthodoxy over matters like

★ Widow immolation
★ Monotheism
★ Brahmanical priesthood
★ Idolatry.

Bengal, as the debate developed, tracts and newspapers

proliferated, circulating a variety of arguments.

To reach a wider audience, the ideas were printed in

the everyday, spoken language of ordinary people.
 Rammohun Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi from
1821 and the Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the
Samachar Chandrika to oppose his opinions.

From 1822, two Persian newspapers were published,

Jam-i-Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar. In the
same year, a Gujarati newspaper, the Bombay
Samachar, made its appearance.

The ulama Feared of conversion they founded The

Deoband Seminary in 1867 and Published thousands
of FATWAS explaining about Muslim Doctrines.
Urdu print helped them conduct these battles
in public.

The Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and the Shri

Venkateshwar Press in Bombay published numerous The first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas of
religious texts in vernaculars. Tulsidas, a sixteenth-century text, came out from
Calcutta in 1810
 The printing press led to a new visual culture in India

★ Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced images for mass

circulation.

★ Cheap prints and calendars became easily available and could be

bought even by the poor to decorate their homes.

★ These prints began shaping popular ideas about modernity and

tradition, religion and politics, and society and culture.

★ By the 1870s caricatures and cartoons were being published in

journals and newspapers commenting on social and political
issues.

★ Some cartoons made fun of Indians blindly copying the West and
criticized British rule over India while imperial caricatures made
fun of Indian nationalists.
 Women and Print

she wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban

Rashundari Devi which was published in 1876. It was the first
full-length autobiography in Bengali.

Highlighted experiences of women like their

Kailashbashini Debi imprisonment at home, ignorance, and unjust
treatment in their writings.

Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Narrated the plight of upper-caste Hindu

Ramabai women, especially widows.

Tamil writers expressed the poor Highlighted issues like women's education,
status of women. widowhood, and widow remarriage
 Print and Poor

★ From the late nineteenth century, issues of caste discrimination began to be written about in
many printed tracts and essays.

★ Jyotiba Phule wrote about the injustices of the caste system in his Gulamgiri (1871).

★ In the twentieth century, B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra and E.V. Ramaswamy

Naicker in Madras, better known as Periyar, wrote powerfully on caste, and their
writings were read by people all over India.

★ Kashibaba, a Kanpur millworker, wrote and published Chhote Aur Bade Ka

Sawal
in 1938 to show the links between caste and class exploitation.

★ The poems of another Kanpur millworker, who wrote under the name of Sudarshan Chakra
between 1935 and 1955, were brought together and published in a collection called Sacchi
Kavitayan
 Print and Censorship

Before 1798, the colonial state Its early measures to control printed
under the East India matter were directed against
Company was not too Englishmen in India
concerned with censorship.

Change of Attitude after 1857

● Englishmen demanded a
clamp down on the ‘native’
press
 Vernacular Press Act - 1878
➔ It was modelled on the Irish Press Laws
➔ It provided the government with extensive rights to censor
reports and editorials in the vernacular press
➔ Government kept regular track of the vernacular
newspapers published in different provinces
◆ If report was judged as seditious
◆ the newspaper was warned
◆ If the warning was ignored -
the press was liable to be seized the printing
machinery confiscated.

When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907, Bal

Gangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy about them in his
Kesari. This led to his imprisonment in 1908
4.Print Culture and the Modern World Prediction: OVERALL MARKS- 4-5
MARKS

MCQ
● Picture Based Question
● Ques on Writings eg

Usually 3 markers

2023-24 Expected topics:

More India specific questions
Reading Culture
 2023 QUESTIONS

3 markers:

1. Explain The Implication Of Print Culture On the

Religious Reforms in India During 19th Century

2. How did print come into existence in Europe ?

Explain.

3. How did access to books create a new culture of

reading
? Explain.

4. Examine any three effects of Print Culture on the French

revolution.
Which one of the following was NOT the reason for the popularity of
scientific ideas among the common people in eighteenth century
Europe?

A Printing of idea of Isaac Newton

B Development of printing press

C Interest of people in science and reason

D Traditional aristocratic groups supported it

What was the main purpose behind the passing of the Vernacular
Press Act in India in 1878?

The Vernacular Press Act regulated the publications in

A the English language

The Vernacular Press Act aimed to curb growing political

B dissent by banning many political parties

The Vernacular Press Act aimed to control trade

C controlled by Indian merchants and imposed high tariffs
on their goods.

D The Vernacular Press Act aimed to control the freedom of

the ‘native press’ by imposing stringent control over what
they published.
“Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest one” was spoken by

A Martin Luther.

B Dante.

C New Comen.

D Johann Gutenberg.
Consider the statements given below and choose the correct answer
Statement I: In 1517, the religious reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses criticising
many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church
Statement II: This lead to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant
Reformation

A Statement (i) is correct and (ii) is incorrect.

Statement (i) is incorrect and (ii) is correct

B

Both (i) & (ii) are incorrect

D
C Both (i) & (ii) are correct
6.What does the below Picture Suggest

The move towards women’s

A education

The picture suggests traditional

B family roles

The destruction of proper family

C relations

D The Picture suggests about slavery

'A' has been given a task to make the list of books which were based on the hardships
faced by the members of the disadvantaged castes in India during the 19th century.
Which of the following books should A include in the list?
(I) Sambad Kaumudi
(II) Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal
(III) Sachchi Kavitayen
(IV) Amar Jiban

A (I) only

B (II) and (III) only

(I), (III) and (IV)

D
C (I), (II), (III) and (IV)
What does this image portray towards print?

‘Printing is the ultimate gift of God

A and the greatest one

Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the

B world! Tremble before the virtual
writer!’

print is associated with the end of

C the world

D None of the above

ht t ps : / / v dnt.in/AxBTF
surabhi_nerdalert