PERKALMAS II

HEAT EXCHANGER BASICS

 HEAT EXCHANGERS

A heat exchanger is a device that is used to transfer thermal energy (enthalpy) between two or
more fluids, between a solid surface and a fluid, or between solid particulates and a fluid, at
different temperatures and in thermal contact.
Turbulent flow is more effective to transfer heat compared with Laminar flow

Use Baffle to generate turbulent flow

 Heat Transfer Design

Actual Heat transfer rate

Heat Transfer Design
Countercurrent vs Concurrent

countercurrent countercurrent
 Countercurrent vs Concurrent
Temperature Distribution
Countercurrent vs Concurrent
Temperature Distribution Comparisson
Numbers of Transfer Unit (NTU)
“ratio of the overall thermal conductance to the smaller heat
capacity rate”
 Outlet Temperature
General Equation Concurrent Flow

Concurrent Flow Countercurrent Flow

Outlet Temperature Difference
Cross Flow Heat Exchanger
 IRREVERSIBILITY
• Heat transfer across a finite temperature difference (including both heat
transfer between the fluids and heat transfer across the heat exchanger
boundary, i.e., heat leak and/or gain to/from surroundings)

• Mixing of “dissimilar” fluids (dissimilar with respect to p, T, and/or

composition)

• Fluid friction and flow impact

• Phase change where initial conditions are not in equilibrium

• Flow throttling
ENTROPY GENERATION
External Temperature Effect