Ministry Of Science and Technology

Yangon Technological University

Department Of Electrical Power Engineering

EP- 31033, Electromagnetic Field I

Chapter (5) Conductors and Dielectrics

Daw Han Ni Win

Assistant Lecturer
Department of Electrical Power Engineering
Outlines of Lecturer Note

 Current and Current Density

 Metallic Conductors
 Conductor properties and boundary conditions
 The Nature of Dielectric Materials
 Boundary Conditions For Perfect Dielectric Materials

2
 Chapter (5)
Conductors and Dielectrics
Current and Current Density
Current is a defined as a rate of movement of charge passing a given reference point of
one coulomb per second.

I  dQ
dt
The incremental of current ∆I passing an incremental surface ∆s normal to the current
density is
I  Js
Where; ∆I = the incremental current (A)
J = the current density (A / m 2 )
∆s = the incremental surface (m 2)

Total current is obtained by integrating ;

I   Jds
s
3
Continue…

Q
 v  s 
t

Relationship between current density (J) , volume charge density (ρv) and velocity (v).

Q   v  volume

  v  x  s
x    s  x
t v t
4
Continue…

I  Q Vx  x
t t
I   v  s  Vx
The current density is ;

Jx  I J x   v Vx
s
In general ;

J   vV

5
Example (5.1)
As an example of the determination of the resistance of a cylinder, we find the
resistance of a 1-mile length of 16 copper wire, which has a diameter of 0.0508 in.
Solution;

R =?
L = 1 mile = 1609m
d = 0.0508 in = 1.29032×10-3 m
 d2   (1.29032  10 3 ) 2
A   1.308  10 6 m 2
4 4
  5.08  10 7 S / m(copper )
L L  1609
 21.2
R  6
A A (5.80  10 )(1.308  10 )
7

6
D (5.1)
Given the vector current density J  10  2 z â   4  cos 2  â  mA/m2 (a) find the current
density at P(   3,   30 , z  2) (b) determine the total current flowing outward


the circular band   3,0    through

2 ,2  z  2.8
Solution;
J  10  2 z â   4  cos 2  â  mA/m2

(a) J =?   3,0    2 ,2  z  2.8

J  10(3) 2 (2) â   4(3) cos 2 (30) â 
 180 â   9 â  mA/m2

(b) I=?   3,0    2 ,2  z  2.8

I   Jds
s

 
I   10  2 z â   4  cos 2  â  ddz â    10  2 zddz 
s s 7
   10  3 zddz
s
0 2.8
 10   d  zdz = 3.26 A
3

2 2

D (5.2)
Current density is given in cylindrical as J  10 6 z1.5 â z A/m2 in the region
0    20 m for   20 m J=0. (a) Find the total current crossing the
surface
z=0.1 m in the az direction (b) If the charge velocity is 2×106 m/s at z=0.1m, find
ρv there. (c) If the volume charge density at z=o.15 m is −2000C/m 3, find the
charge velocity there
Solution;
J  10 6 z1.5 â z A/m
2
0    20 m
J=0   20 m
(a) I=? z = 0.1 m in the az direction 8
 I   Jds
s

I    10 6 z1.5 â z ddz  â z = −39.7 μA

s

(b) V= 2×106 m/s, z = 0.1m

v  ?
J  vV
J  10 6 z 1.5  10 6 0.1
1.5
v     15.81mC / m 3
V 2  10 6
2  10 6

(c)  v  2000C/m2 z = 0.15 m v =?

 10 6 z1.5  10 6 0.15
1.5
J
v    29.05m / s
v  2000  2000

9
Metallic Conductors
F  QE  eE
Where; F = force
E = electric field intensity
e = electron
V  e E
d
Where; Vd = drift velocity

μe = mobility of electron

J   v V    e e E

Where; ρe = free electron charge density a negative value

J  E     e e

10
Continue…

J  I  E  V
s L
σ = conductivity

Ohm’s Law;

V  IR
Resistance;
R L
S
Power;
Pav  I 2R

Where; L = length of a conductor

σ = conductivity
s = cross sectional area
I = the rms value of the current
11
D (5.3)
Find the magnitude of the current density in a sample of silver for which
  6.17  10 7 S / m and  e  0.0056m 2 / V.s if (a) the drift velocity is 1.5μm/s (b) the electric
field intensity is 1mV/m (c) the sample is a cube 2.5mm on a side having a voltage
of 0.4 mV between opposite faces (d) the sample is a cube 2.5 mm one side carrying
a total current of 0.5A.
Solution
J =?   6.17  10 7 S / m  e  0.0056m 2 / V.s
(a) Vd = 1.5μm/s
J  E
Vd1.5  10 6
E   2.679  10  4 V / m
e 0.0056

J = 6.17×107×2.679×10−4 = 16.5×103 A/m2

(b) E= 1mV/m
J   E  6.17  10 7  1  10 3  61.7  10 3 A / m 2
12
(c) L = 2.5mm V= 0.4 mV
V  0.4  10 3 
J   E      6.17  10  
7

3 
 9. 9  10 6
A / m 2

L  2.5  10 
(d) L = 2.5mm. I = 0.5A
I I 0.5
J    80  10 3 A / m 2
S L 2 
2.5  10 3 2

D (5.4)
A copper conductor has a diameter of 0.6 in and it is 1200ft long. Assume that it
carriers a total dc current of 50A. (a) Find the total resistance of the conductor (b)
What current density exists in it (c) How much power is dissipated in the wire.
Solution;
d= 0.6 in = 15.24×10−3m
L= 1200ft= 365.76 m
I= 50A, σ =5.8×107S/m (copper)
(a) R=?
13
 L L
R 
A A
d 2
A  1.824  10  4 m 2
4
L L
R   0.035
A A
(b) J=?
I
J  2.74  10 5 A / m 2
S
(c) V =?
V= IR =50×0.035=1.75 V

(d) P=?
P = I2 R = (50)2×0.035 = 87.5 W

14
Conductor properties and boundary conditions
The desired boundary conditions for the conductor-to-free soace boundary in
electrostatics;
Dt  Et  0

D   E  s
N 0 N
  8.854 1012
0

15
Example (5.2)
Given the potential V=100(x2 – y2) and a point P (2,–1, 3) that is stipulated to lie on
a conductor to free space boundary, find V,E,D and  s at P and also the equation of
the conductor surface.
Solution;
V=100(x2 – y2) P (2,–1, 3)
V,E,D and  s= ?
VP  100(( 2) 2  (1) 2 )  300V
E  V
 V V V 
   â x  â y  â z 
 x y z 
   
 
   100 x 2  100 y 2 â x  (100 x 2  100 y 2 )â y  (100 x 2  100 y 2 )â z 
 x y z 
  200 xâ x  200 yâ y   200(2)â x  200(1)â y

E P  400â x  200â y V / m
16
 D P   0 E  3.54â x  1.771â y nC / m 2

D N  D P  3.96 nC / m 2
 s  D N  D P  3.96 nC / m 2

Example (5.3)
Given the potential V=100(x2 – y2) and a point P (2,–1, 3) determine the equation of
the stream line passing through P.
Solution;
V=100(x2 – y2) P (2, –1, 3)
the stream line of the equation=?
E   V
 V V V 
  â x  â y  â z   200 x â x  200 y â y
 x y z 

E  E x â x  E y â y
17
Ex= −200x Ey= 200y
Ex 200 y y
 
E y  200 x  x
dx  dy

x y
dx dy
 0
x y
Integrating;
ln x+ ln y = c1
x y = c1
(2) (−1) = c1
c1 = −2
the steam line of the equation; xy = −2

18
D (5.5)
Given the potential field in free space, V  100 sinh 5x sin 5 y V ,and a point
P(0.1,0.2,0.3) ,find at P (a) V (b) E (c) E (d)  s if it is known that P lies on a conductor
surface.
Solution;
V  100 sinh 5x sin 5 yV P (0.1, 0.2, 0.3)
(a) Vp =?
Vp = 100sinh 5(0.1) sin (5×0.2) = 43.85 V
(b) E =?
E = −∆V
 V V V 
   â x  â y  â z 
 x y z 
  
   100 sinh 5x sin 5 y â x  100 sinh 5x sin 5 y â y 
 x y 
 500 cosh 5x sin 5 y â x  500 sinh 5x cos 5 y â y  19
 E P  474.43 â x  140 â y

(c) E ?
E   474.432   1402  494.65V / m

(d ) s  ?
 s   0 E  8.854 1012  494.65  4.38 nC / m 2

D (5.7)
Using the values given in this section for the electron and hole mobilities in silicon
at 300K, and assuming hole and electron charge densities are 0.0029C/m 3 and -
0.0029C/m2, respectively, find (a) the component of the conductivity due to holes
(b) the component of the conductivity due to electrons (c) the conductivity.
Solution;
 h  0.0029C / m 3  e  0.0029C / m 3
(a) σh=? μh = 0.025m2/V.s (silicon)
20
  h   h  h = 0.0029×0.025 = 72.5μS/m
(b) σe =? μe = 0.12m2/V.s
 e   e  e   0.0029  0.12  348S / m
(c) σ =?
   h   e = 72.5+348 = 420.5μS

21
The Nature of Dielectric Materials
p  Qd pP
n
p = electric dipole moment (Cm)
Q = electric charge
d = distance
D  EP P  e E
0
0
D   E  e E   E(1  e )
0 0 0 D   0
 e = electric suspectibility
D = electric flux density
E = electric field intensity
P = polarization
 R  e  1 D   E  E
0 R
 R = relative permittivity

22
Continue…

Bound charge density

   P
b
The charge density ; T    0 E

Free charge density ;  v   D

23
D (5.8)
A slab of dielectric material has a relative dielectric constant of 3.8 and contains a
uniform electric flux density of 8 nC/m2. If the material is lossless, find (a) E (b) P
(c) the average number of dipoles per cubic meter if the average dipole moment is
10−29Cm.
Solution;
ƐR = 3.8
D = 8 nC/m2
(a) E =?
D 8 10 9
E   238 V / m
 0  R 8.854 10 12  3.8
(b) P =?
P   e  0 E  ( R  1) 0 E
 (3.8  1)  8.854 10 12  238

= 5.8 nC/m2
24
(c) n=? p  10 29 Cm
P 5.89 10 9
n   5.89  10 20
/ m 3

p 10  29

25
 Boundary Conditions For Perfect Dielectric Materials
Boundary Conditions for tangential components

E E
tan;1 tan;2

D   E
tan;1 0 r1 tan;1
D   E
tan;2 0 r 2 tan;2

D   E
tan;1  0 r1 tan;1
D   E
tan;2 0 r 2 tan;2
tan;1   r1
D
D 
tan;2 r2

26
Boundary Conditions for tangential components
s  D D
N1 N2

s  0; D D
N1 N2
D   E
N1 0 r 2 N2
D   E
N2 0 r1 N1
E 
N2  r1
E 
N1 r2
Et  E  E
t1 t2
Dt  E t  0
s  D N   E N

27
Example (5.5)
We located a slab of Teflon in the region 0  x  a and assume free space where x<0
and x>a given the uniform external fieldE out  E 0 â x V/m.We seek values for D,E and P
Solution;
 r  2.1 (Teflon )
Displacement and Polarization outside
D   0E0  P P   0 E 0  0 D   0E0
Displacement and Polarization inside
D   0E0  P P   0 E 0  ( 0  1) 0 E 0 D   r 0 E 0
At boundary D is continuous; so inside
E E
E in  out  0  0.476E 0
r 2 .1
P  ( r  1) 0 E in  0.524E 0 0

28
D (5.9)
Let region 1 (z<0) be composed of a uniform dielectric material for which Ɛ r=3.2,
while Region 2 (z>0) is characterized by Ɛr= 2. Let D1  30 â x  50 â y  70 â z
nC/m2 and find (a) DN1 (b) Dt1 (c) D t1 (d) D1 (e) θ1 (f) P1.
Solution;
Ɛr1 =3.2 (z<0) Ɛr2 =2 (z>0)
D1  30 â x  50 â y  70 â z nC/m2
(a) DN1 =?
DN1 = 70 â z
DN1 = 70 nC/m2
(b) Dt1 =?
D t1  D1  D N1  30â x  50â y nC / m 2
(c) D t1  ?
D t1   302  502  58.31nC / m 2 29
(d ) D1  ?
D1   302  502  702  91.1 nC / m 2

(e) θ1 =?
D1â z  D1 â z cos 
D1â z  (30 â x  50 â y  70 â z ) â z  70
D1  91.1 nC / m 2 â z  1
D1â z 70
cos     0.768
D1 â z 91.1  1

  39.8 
(d) P1 =?
P1= D1−Ɛ0E1
1
 D1 (1  )  0.6875 D1
 R1
 0.6875(30â x  50â y  70â z ) nC / m 2
30
D (5.10)
Continue Problem D (5.9) by finding (a) DN2 (b) Dt2 (c) D2 (d) P2 (e) θ2.
Solution;
(a) DN2 =?
DN2 = Ɛ0Ɛr1EN1
DN1 = Ɛ0Ɛr2EN2
D 70  10 9
E N 2  N1   3953V / m
 0  r2 12
8.854  10  2
E N1 
 r2
E N2  r1
2
E N1   3953  2471V / m
3 .2
D N 2  8.854  10 12  2471 3.2  70nC / m 2

(b) Dt2 =?
D t2  r2

D t 1  r1 31
 2
D t 2  ( 30â x  50â y )   18.75â x  31.25â y nC / m 2
3. 2
(c) D2 =?
D 2  D t 2  D N 2  18.75â x  31.25â y  70â z nC / m 2
(d) P2 = ?
P2  D 2   0 E 2
1
 D 2 (1  )  0 .5 D 2
 r2
 9.38â x  15.63â y  35â z nC / m 2
(e)  2  ?
D 2 â z  D 2 â z cos 
D 2 â z  (18.75â x  31.25â y  70â z ) â z  70 nC / m 2
D 2  (18.75) 2  (31.25) 2  (70) 2  78.92 nC / m 2

â z  1 70=78 92×1×cosθ
  27.5 
32