MECHANICS OF

MOTION
4TH QUARTER
MOTION IN ONE
DIMENSION
WHY DO OBJECTS MOVE?
 OVERVIEW

• Force causes an object to be in motion.

• In addition, force also causes an object in
motion to stop.
• Motion of objects can be one-dimensional, that
is, the movement of the object in only in one
direction.
• A body moving along a straight line is said to
be in one-dimensional motion.
• It can be described by the terms speed, velocity,
and acceleration.
 EFFECTS OF FORCES ON OBJECTS

1. Forces can transfer energy to an object to make it move.

2. Force can stop a moving object.
3. Force can change the speed of a moving object.
4. Force can change the size and shape of an object.
5. Force can change the position of or direction of movement of an
object.
 KINDS
OF
FORCES
LESSON 1
• Forces have two kinds: contact and non-contact.
• Contact forces result from the direct contact between two surfaces or objects. An
example of this is friction.
• Friction always opposes movement between two surfaces in contact.
3 types of Friction
a. Static friction – which refers to the force between two stationary surfaces in contact that resist
motion.
b. Sliding friction – which refers to the resistance an object in motion experiences through sliding.
c. Rolling friction – the resistance to motion experienced from rollers.
• Non-contact forces are called “forces acting at a distance”. These forces do not
involve direct contact among objects. Such examples are gravitational force,
magnetic force, weak and strong nuclear force.
 GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

• Gravitational force or gravity is a force of attraction between two objects.

• It causes all objects thrown upward to always fall and move toward the
center of earth.
• The earth is so big that it attracts and pulls most of the things toward itself.
• The occurrence of tides and the fall of an apple from a tree are also due to
gravity as observed by Sir Isaac Newton.
• Gravitational force acts between you and Earth, between Earth and the Sun,
between the planets and the solar system.
 GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

• The measure of the pull of gravity on objects is called weight.

• The weight of an object depends upon two things: its mass and the
strength of the gravity.
• Weight is not similar to mass.
• Mass is a measure of inertia or the amount of matter an object has.
• Mass is constant and is not affected by gravity.
• Meanwhile, weight is a force.
• Since it is a force, its unit is also in Newton.
 GRAVITATIONAL FORCE

• We can calculate weight using the formula:

W=
mg

Where:
W = Weight
m = mass
g = acceleration due to gravity
(9.8 m/s2)
 LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATION

• Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that every point of mass

in the universe attracts the other point mass with a force that is
directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distances between them.
Where:
Fg = Gravitational force
= masses of the two objects
G = universal gravitational
constant
r = the distance between center
of masses
 MAGNETIC FORCE
• Magnetic force is force that causes objects to attract or
repel from each other.
• It is the force shown when magnets and iron are attracted
to each other.
• For magnets, unlike poles attract while like poles repel.
• Magnetic force is also the force of attraction or repulsion
that occurs between electrically charge particles.
• The magnetic force between two moving charge particles
is the effect exerted by a magnetic field created by the
other.
 ELECTRIC FORCE

• Electric force is the force that exists between charged

particles.
• Objects with different charges attract each other, and objects
with the same charge repel each other.
• Electric force causes some objects to come together and
others to stay apart.
• It holds particles together that make up matter.
 NUCLEAR FORCE

• Nuclear force is the force that holds the particles in the nucleus
together.
• One type of nuclear force is the strong force.
• The Strong nuclear force holds the nuclear particles together by
holding the quarks together.
• Quarks are smaller particles in neutrons and protons.
• The strong force exists in very short distance.
• When this strong nuclear force breaks, it releases great amount of
energy that can produce electricity or even nuclear explosion.
 NUCLEAR FORCE

• Weak nuclear force is the force that holds the particles

within protons and neutrons together.
• In neutrons, the weak force is easily overcome.
• When neutrons decay, they form new atom.
• Nuclei that decay in this way are called radioactive.
 FRICTIONAL FORCE

• Friction opposes motion.

• It causes the object that moves along a surface to slow down
and eventually stop.
• Frictional force can be observed when you move a table or
chair without wheels.
• You can hardly move them because of the friction between
the foot of the furniture and the floor.
• Frictional force also affects falling objects.
 CENTRIFUGAL AND CENTRIPETAL
FORCE
• Vehicles can move in a circular motion because of two force
—centripetal and centrifugal.
• Centripetal force is a force that pulls the objects inward
while centrifugal force is an outward force that pulls objects
away from the center.
 HOW TO
DETER M INE
R ESULTANT FOR CE ?
• If we consider two horses pulling a carriage and each exerting
a force of 50 N, the net force that pulls the carriage is 100 N.
• The net force 100 N is the combined effect of the two forces
exerted by the horses called the resultant.
• We define resultant as the single force that has the same
effect as two or more forces.
• If two forces act in the same direction, the resultant is the sum
of two forces.
• In a tug-if-war, forces are acting in opposite directions.
• If the players on one and exert a force of 100 N and the
players on the other end exert a force of 90 N, the resultant is
100 N – 90 N or 10 N.
• The resultant of forces acting opposite to each other is the
difference of the forces and in the direction of the greater
force.
D ESCRIBING A N D
MEASU R ING
MOT ION
LESSON 2
 MOTION

• Motion can be described as a change in position.

• Using a reference point or origin, you can know that there is
a change in position.
• Motion can be described in distance and displacement, speed
and velocity, and acceleration.
• Here, you will consider only the simplest form of motion—
along a straight path or commonly known as linear motion.
 DISTANCE
• Distance is the actual length covered by
the moving object from one location to
another.
• This refers to the length of the path
travelled by an object during its motion.
• Distance is a quantity that only
considers the magnitude, meaning how
far or how much length was travelled.
 DISPLACEMENT
• Displacement is the shortest length from
starting point to an end point.
• It is the change in position.
• Displacement is a quantity that considers
magnitude and direction.
• To determine the displacement, always consider
the final position with respect to the origin.
• If the object’s final position is to the right or
above the origin, it has a positive displacement.
• If the object’s final position is to the ;eft or
below the origin, it has a negative displacement.
 EXAMPLES

• If a man walks 20 steps forward from Point A to Point B and

moves 5 more steps to point C, then the man’s total distance is 25
steps while the displacement is 25 steps forward.
• If he walks 15 steps backward from Point C to Point D, then the
man’s total; distance is 40 steps (25 steps + 15 steps backward)
while the displacement is 10 steps forward.
• Notice that the direction is included in the displacement.
• The displacement will become zero (0) if he walks back to his
original position (back to point A).
SPEED, VELOCITY, ACCELERATION
• After knowing the difference between distance and
displacement, it is also important to know the rate of a
moving body.
• There are three ways to describe a motion.
• It can be through speed, velocity, and acceleration.
• Then again, these terms do not mean the same.
• They are three different quantities.
SPEED
• Speed refers to how fast the object is moving. It
tells you the distance the object travels in a Where:
period of time. S =
• The SI unit used to expressed speed is meters speed
per second (m/s). d =
distance
• It can also be expressed in other units like
t = time
kilometers per hour (km/h or kph), meters per
minute (m/min), and miles per hour (mi/h).
• The road sign “Speed Limit 60 kph” means that
a vehicle should travel a distance of 60 km in a
period of 1 hour.
SPEED
• It would be impossible for a moving vehicle to cover a
distance at constant speed.
• Some may travel in a highway at 100 kph, stop at red
signal, or may reduce to 40 kph due to traffic.
• It is, therefore, more appropriate to use the term average
speed rather than just speed in describing the rate of travel.
• Average speed can be calculated by dividing the total
distance traveled by the total time of travel.
 SPEED - EXAMPLE
1. Lydia De Vega is a world known Filipino track and field
athlete. She can run the 100.0 m dash in about 11.0
seconds. What is her average speed?

Given: d = 100. 0 m Solution:

t=
11.0 s

RTF = average speed

SPEED - EXAMPLE
2. While on vacation, Lisa Carr traveled a total distance of
440 miles. Her trip took 8 hours. What was her average
speed?

Given: d = 440 mi Solution:

t=8
hours

RTF = average speed

 SPEED - EXAMPLE
3. What distance would be covered by a moving vehicle in 1
minute if its speed is 5.0 m/s?

Given: S = 5.0 m/s Solution:

t=1
min = 60s

RTF = distance
VELOCITY
• Velocity is a vector quantity, which
includes not only the rate but also the
direction the object takes.
• Simply, it is a speed with direction.

Where:
v = velocity
d = displacement (distance +
direction)
t = time
 VELOCITY - EXAMPLE
1. The car is heading north covering a distance 0f 500
meters in 20.0 seconds. What is the car’s velocity?

Given: d = 500. 0 m Solution: v

t=
20.0 s

RTF = v
 VELOCITY - EXAMPLE
2. Pete is driving down 7th street. He drives 150 meters in
18 seconds. Using the data, what will be his velocity?

Given: d = 150 m Solution: v

t = 18
s

RTF = v
 VELOCITY - EXAMPLE
3. Jed’s house is 6.0 km away from his school. How long
would it take him to go to school, riding a bus, if its
velocity is 30 km/h?

Given: d = 6.0 km Solution:

v=
30 km/h

RTF = time
ACCELERATION

• Whenever there is a change in speed, a change in

direction, or a change in both, there is a change in
velocity.
• Acceleration is the change in velocity.
• Acceleration, just like velocity, is a vector quantity.
In symbols: where:
a=
acceleration
vf =
final velocity
vi =
initial velocity
t = time
ACCELERATION

• You learned from the previous lesson that in SI, the

unit of measurement for velocity is meter per second
(m/s) while the unit for time is second (s).
• The unit of measurement, therefore, to be used for
acceleration is meter per second per second (m/s/s)
or meter per square second (m/s2)
 ACCELERATION - EXAMPLE
1. If a car with an initial velocity of 20 m/s, accelerates at a rate of 5
m/s2 for 3 seconds, what will its final velocity be?

Solution:
Given: vi = 20 m/s
a=5
m/s2
t = 3s
RTF = final velocity
 ACCELERATION - EXAMPLE
2. A man is driving his sports car down a four-lane highway at 40
m/s. He comes up behind a slow-moving dump truck and decides
to pass it in the left-hand lane. If Nathaniel can accelerate at 5
m/s2, how long it will take for him to reach the speed of 60 m/s?
Given: vi = 40 m/s
vf = Solution:
60 m/s
a=5
m/s2

RTF = time
ACCELERATION - EXAMPLE
3. A roller coaster is moving at 25 m/s at the bottom of a hill. Three
seconds later it reaches the top of the hill moving at 10 m/s. What
was the acceleration of the coaster?
4. How long will it take a car to go from a complete stop to 44 km/hr
if they are accelerating at 5km/hr2?
T HE KINEM AT ICS
EQUAT ION

LESSON 3
KINEMATICS EQUATION

• The kinematic equations are a set of four equations that can be

utilized to predict unknown information about an object's
motion if other information is known.
• The equations can be utilized for any motion that can be
described as being either a constant velocity motion (an
acceleration of 0 m/s/s) or a constant acceleration motion.
• They can never be used over any time period during which the
acceleration is changing. Each of the kinematic equations
include four variables.
KINEMATICS EQUATION

• If the values of three of the four variables are known, then the
value of the fourth variable can be calculated.
• In this manner, the kinematic equations provide a useful means
of predicting information about an object's motion if other
information is known.
• For example, if the acceleration value and the initial and final
velocity values of a skidding car is known, then the
displacement of the car and the time can be predicted using the
kinematic equations.
KINEMATICS EQUATION

The four kinematic equations that describe an object's

motion are:
KINEMATICS EQUATION

• There are a variety of symbols used in the above equations.

• The symbol d stands for the displacement of the object.
• The symbol t stands for the time for which the object moved.
• The symbol a stands for the acceleration of the object.
• And the symbol v stands for the velocity of the object; a
subscript of i after the v (as in vi) indicates that the velocity
value is the initial velocity value and a subscript of f (as in
vf) indicates that the velocity value is the final velocity value.
EXAMPLE
1. Ima Hurryin is approaching a stoplight moving with a velocity of
+30.0 m/s. The light turns yellow, and Ima applies the brakes and
skids to a stop. If Ima's acceleration is -8.00 m/s2, then determine
the displacement of the car during the skidding process.

Given:
RTF:
vi = +30.0 m/s
d=??
vf = 0 m/s

a = - 8.00 m/s2
EXAMPLE
2. Ben Rushin is waiting at a stoplight. When it finally turns green,
Ben accelerated from rest at a rate of a 6.00 m/s2 for a time of
4.10 seconds. Determine the displacement of Ben's car during this
time period.
EXAMPLE
3. A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly over a time of
5.21 seconds for a distance of 110 m. Determine the acceleration
of the car
EXAMPLE
4. A feather is dropped on the moon from a height of 1.40 meters.
The acceleration of gravity on the moon is 1.67 m/s2. Determine
the time for the feather to fall to the surface of the moon.
EXAMPLE
5. A bike accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 7.10 m/s over
a distance of 35.4 m. Determine the acceleration of the bike.
TRY!
6. A stone is dropped into a deep well and is heard to hit the water
3.41 s after being dropped. Determine the depth of the well.
TRY!
7. A plane has a takeoff speed of 88.3 m/s and requires 1365 m to
reach that speed. Determine the acceleration of the plane and the
time required to reach this speed.
8. A car traveling at 22.4 m/s skids to a stop in 2.55 s. Determine the
skidding distance of the car (assume uniform acceleration).
9. Rocket-powered sleds are used to test the human response to
acceleration. If a rocket-powered sled is accelerated to a speed of
444 m/s in 1.83 seconds, then what is the acceleration and what is
the distance that the sled travels?