18 A + B - Lect Modified

THIRD EDITION
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH
Dee Unglaub Silverthorn, Ph.D.
Chapter 18
Gas Exchange and Transport
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by

Dr. Howard D. Booth, Professor of Biology, Eastern Michigan University
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
About this Chapter
• Getting CO2 & O2 dissolved for transport

• How oxygen is transported, role of hemoglobin
• How carbon dioxide is transported
• Regulators that sense and coordinate respiration
with circulation for gas transport

Overview of Respiratory Exchange
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-1: Overview of oxygen and exchange and Transport CO 2
Solubility of Gasses
• Pressure gradient: lower at high altitudes
• Temperature: constant in warm blooded humans
• Solubility (solute & solvent): O2 or CO2 in water
Figure 18-2: Gases in solution

Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues: Oxygen
• Diffusion through alveolar thin cells
• Down diffusion gradient
• Higher in alveoli
• Lower in blood
• Diffusion from blood
• Also down gradient
• To ECF
• To tissue cells (O2 utilized--CO2 produced)

Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues: Oxygen
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-3a: Gas exchange at the alveoli and cells
Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues:
Carbon Dioxide
• Diffusion out of cells (down diffusion gradient)

• Into blood
• Buffer role
• Conversions:
• Plasma
• Bicarbonate
• On Hb
• Into alveolus & expiration

Gas Exchange in the Lungs and Tissues:
Carbon Dioxide
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-3b: Gas exchange at the alveoli and cells
Movement of Gases in Body

Alveolar Exchange and Diseases Related to
Exchange
• Wet surface
• Thin epithelia
• Little ECF
• Diseases:
• Emphysema
• Fibrotic Lung
• Pulmonary edema
• Asthma

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Alveolar Exchange and Diseases Related to
Exchange
Figure 18-5: Oxygen diffuses across the alveolar and endothelial cells to enter the plasma

Diseases of the Lung
Figure 18-4: Pulmonary pathologies that affect alveolarventilation and gas exchange
Gas Transport in the Blood: Oxygen
• 2% in plasma
• 98% in
hemoglobin (Hb)
• Blood holds O2
reserve
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-6: Summary of oxygen transport in the blood
Gas Transport in the Blood: Oxygen
Figure 18-7 : The role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport

Hemoglobin Transport of Oxygen:
Disassociation Curve
• 4 binding sites per Hb molecule

• 98% saturated in alveolar arteries
• Resting cell PO2 = 40 mmHg
• Working cell PO2 = 20 mmHg
• More unloaded with more need
• 75% in reserve at normal activity

Hemoglobin Transport of Oxygen:
Disassociation Curve
Figure 18-8: Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

Factors that Modify Hb Transport of Oxygen
• Bohr effect: pH  causes  O2 binding -releasing

it
•  2,3 DPG decreases O2 binding to hemoglobin
(response to high altitude)
•  PCO2 decreases O2 binding–releasing it
• (Temperature affects the curve but doesn't vary
in humans)

Factors that Modify Hb Transport of Oxygen
Figure 18-9: Physical factors alter oxygen binding to hemoglobin

Summary of Oxygen Transport
• How many of these choices are likely to be

variable?
Figure 18-12: Factors contributing to the total oxygen content of arterial blood
Gas Transport in the Blood: Carbon Dioxide
• Excess CO2 in blood (Hypercapnia)

• Leading to: acidosis, CNS depression & coma
• 7% in plasma, 23% bound to Hb
• 70% as HCO3- acts as a buffer [H+]

Gas Transport in the Blood: Carbon Dioxide
Figure 18-13: Carbon dioxide transport in the blood

Review of Respiratory Exchange & Transport
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-14: Summary of gas transport
Regulation of Ventilation: Central pattern generator
• Integrates input from cortex, limbic &

chemoreceptors
• Rhythmic contractions of ventilation

Regulation of Ventilation: Central pattern generator
Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 18-15: Reflex control of ventilation
Regulation of Ventilation: Pons Center
Figure 18-16: Rhythmic breathing

Regulation of Ventilation: Chemoreceptors
• Carotid & aortic bodies:

O2, CO2 & H+ receptors
• Medullary CO2 receptor
• Low [O2], high [CO2] &
low pH  ventilation
Figure 18-17: Carotid body oxygen sensor releases neurotransmitter when decreases PO 2

Regulation of Ventilation: Chemoreceptors
Figure 18-18: Central chemoreceptor monitors in cerebrospinal fluid

Summary of Regulatory Ventilation Reflexes
Figure 18-19: Chemoreceptor response to increased PCO 2

Protective Reflexes
• Bronchoconstriction
• Irritant receptors
• Toxic particles
• Irritating particles (i.e. pollen)
• Hering-Breuer Reflex prevents over inflation via
the activation of stretch receptors (present in
smooth muscle of the airways)
• Unconscious reflexes take over voluntary
breathing

What’s the difference between hypoxia, hypoxemia
and ischemia?
• Hypoxia is lack of oxygen to a tissue from any cause.
• Hypoxemia can be defined as a condition where arterial
oxygen tension or partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) is below
normal (normal value is between 80 and 100 mmHg). On
the other hand, hypoxia is defined as the reduction of
oxygen supply at the tissue level, which is not measured
directly by a laboratory value.
• Ischemia is the decrease of blood supply to a tissue. It can
be local, caused locally by a thrombus or embolus, or global
due to a low perfusion pressure. Can you think of a situation
in which there might be hypoxia without ischemia? There
could be a reduced oxygen carrying capacity of the blood due
to carbon monoxide or anemia or even a reduced PaO2 so
the blood is carrying less oxygen.

Oxygen status of human arterial blood
• The oxygen status of arterial human blood is described at least by four variables: Oxygen
partial pressure (pO2, mmHg), oxygen saturation (sO2, %), hemoglobin content (cHb,
g/dL) and oxygen content (cO2, mL/dL).
• Beside perfusion, however, the oxygen supply of all organs is decisively determined by the
mean capillary pO2 which itself is primarily dependent on the arterial cO2. Therefore, the
oxygen availability (cardiac output x caO2, mL/min) may be described by the cO2 value in
arterial blood or those variables which determine the latter one. The diagnostic significance
of the O2 variables of the oxygen status consequently increases in the order of pO2, sO2
(cHb) and cO2.
• In arterial blood, oxygen partial pressure is the result of O2 diffusion within the lungs into
the blood (lung function). Oxygen saturation describes the portion of chemically bound
oxygen expressed as O2Hb in relation to total Hb (Hb + O2Hb + COHb + MetHb). Oxygen
content is the total amount of oxygen in blood chemically bound plus physically dissolved.
Under pathophysiological conditions the diagnostic significance becomes very clear.
• Disturbances of lung function decreases all three variables, pO2 (hypoxia), sO2
(hypoxygenation) and cO2 (hypoxemia), to produce hypoxic hypoxemia. Carbon monoxide
poisoning or methemoglobin formation decreases two variables, sO2 and cO2, where the
pO2 remains normal and results in toxic hypoxemia. Anemia with a decrease in the
hemoglobin content lowers cO2 only, while pO2 and sO2 remain normal (anemic
hypoxemia).

Summary
• Oxygen is transported bound to Hb and this is

affected by temperature, pH, CO2 , and DPG
• Carbon dioxide is transported in plasma, bound
to Hb and acts as the buffer bicarbonate
• Respiration is regulated by CNS central pattern
generator, pons center and peripheral carotid and
aortic receptors
• Feedback reflexes coordinate circulation and
ventilation to maintain blood O2, CO2, and H+
concentrations

18 A + B - Lect Modified

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THIRD EDITION

PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by

• Getting CO2 & O2 dissolved for transport

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 18-2: Gases in solution

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Diffusion out of cells (down diffusion gradient)

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 18-7 : The role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• 4 binding sites per Hb molecule

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 18-8: Oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

• Bohr effect: pH  causes  O2 binding -releasing

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 18-9: Physical factors alter oxygen binding to hemoglobin

• How many of these choices are likely to be

• Excess CO2 in blood (Hypercapnia)

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 18-13: Carbon dioxide transport in the blood

• Integrates input from cortex, limbic &

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 18-16: Rhythmic breathing

• Carotid & aortic bodies:

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 18-18: Central chemoreceptor monitors in cerebrospinal fluid

Figure 18-19: Chemoreceptor response to increased PCO 2

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

• Oxygen is transported bound to Hb and this is

Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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