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Seminar2ischemia 180315152816
Seminar2ischemia 180315152816
AND
INFARCTION
Presented By- Dr. Ankit Mohapatra
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
DENTISTRY
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CONTENTS
Ischaemia
Harmful Effects Of Ischaemia
Causes
General Causes
Local Causes
Arterial Obstruction
Venous Obstruction
Capillary Obstruction
Factors Determining Ischaemia
Subsidiary Factors 2
Page 2
Mechanism
Changes occurring
Symptoms
Treatment
Infarction
Etiology
Pathogenesis
Types of Infarction
Pathologic Changes
Healing Of An Infarct
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Infarct of different organs
Pulmonary Infarct
Renal Infarct
Infarct of Spleen
Infarct Of Liver
Cerebral Infarct
Myocardial Infacrt
Public Health Significance
References
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ISCHAEMIA
• It is a state, when a tissue or organ has it’s arterial perfusion lowered
relative to its metabolic needs.
OR
General Causes -
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Local causes-
By far the most important cause of ischaemia is obstruction of
arterial flow.
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ARTERIAL OBSTRUCTION
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THROMBOSIS
• Complete obstruction by occlusive thrombosis.
• Most frequentely found in small and medium sized arteries eg:
coronary or cerebral arteries.
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Embolism
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Spasm
•Generalized vaasoconstriction following haemorrhage and
dehydration.
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Atherosclerosis
Production of
partial obstruction
in medium-sized
vessels eg:
cerebral, coronary
and renal.
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Occlusive pressure from outside- caused by tourniquets
and tightly fitting plasters.
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Effects of arterial obstruction
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3. There may be cellular degeneration affecting the parenchyma
eg: fatty changes leading to necrosis. This is a patchy affair,
and leads to atropy accompanied by replacement fibrosis or
in central nervous system gliosis.
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VENOUS OBSTRUCTION
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Mesenteric venous thrombosis- leads to intestinal infarction
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Strangulation of a hernia
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Torsion of the testis- leads to haemorrhagic infarction of the organ.
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Cavernous sinus thrombosis- leads to retinal vein thrombosis and
retinal changes resulting in blindness
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Varicose veins of the legs-venous blood from the deep calf
veins are pumped by contraction of calf muscles through
communicating veins to the superficial veins. These dilate and
become varicose so that their valves become incompetent. The
high venous pressure causes distension of capillaries and
venules of the skin changing its colour to dusky blue.
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CAPILLARY OBSTRUCTION
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Acute leucocytoclastic vasculitis-
Affected vessels with necrosis
having their lumens occlueded by
fibrin and walls infiltered by
neutrophils showing degeneration
with karyorrhexis and clinically the
skin appears as palpable purpura.
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Frost bite-
Harmful effect of excessive cold
on the exposed body parts,
damages small blood vessels
resulting in, arteriolar spasm and
aggravation of ischaemia .
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Occlusion of fibrin-disseminated intravascular coagulation is
characterized by occlusion of small vessels by deposition of
fibrin mixed with platelets.
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Occluision of capillaries by red cells-
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Occlusion by white cells- Due to abnormal clumping of white cells
in chronic myeloid leukaemic condition infarcts may occur. Eg:
spleen
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Arteriolosclerosis-
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FACTORS DETERMINING ISCHAEMIA
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3. Anatomy of collateral circulation – end arteries can have
serious effects as demonstrated by steal syndrome’s eg:
obstruction of the first part of subclavian artery can cause blood
to be diverted down the vertebral artery to the arm, leading to
brain stem ischaemia.
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SUBSIDIARY FACTORS
3. Efficiency of heart
Acuumulation
of waste
products of
Deprivation of
nourishment
metabolism
Anoxia /
deprivation of
oxygen
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CHANGES
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Functional Disturbances- Angina pectoris
and intermittent claudication; both
manifested on exertion or activity.
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SYMPTOMS OF ISCHAEMIA
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ISCHEMIA OF THE HEART
Symptoms of cardiac ischemia include:
Profuse sweating
Shortness of breath
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ISCHEMIA OF THE BRAIN
Confusion
Dizziness
Droopy eyelid
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Headache
Numbness or weakness
Paralysis
Diarrhea
Non-healing sores
Pain
Skin changes
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SYMPTOMS INDICATING A LIFE-
THREATENING CONDITION
Droopy eyelid
Hallucinations
Seizure
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TREATMENT
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Common treatments to reduce ischemia and restore blood flow
include:
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Oxygen therapy
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INFARCTION
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ETIOLOGY
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•Generally - Sudden, complete and continuous occlusion by
thrombosis or embolism
•Torsion of a vessel, e.g. in testicular torsion
•Traumatic rupture or vascular compromise by edema, e.g. anterior
compartment syndrome.
• Non occlusive circulatory insufficiency.
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PATHOGENESIS OF INFARCTION
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THREE POSSIBLE PROCESSESS OF BLOOD TO
SEEP INTO THE DEVITALIZED AREA
BLOOD TRICKELS
OPENING OF IN THROUGH
OCCLUDED VENOUS
PERIPHERAL ARTERY, AS
ANASTOMOTIC OBSTRUSTION IS REFLUX
CHANNELS NOT COMPLETE
INITIALLY.
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NOTE: At all the events infarcts contain a great deal of blood
and are swollen and red in colour. The red cells entering the
effected area escape through damaged capillaries and lie free
on the dead tissues. Also, a great deal of fibrin derived from
blood lie on the dead tissue.
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1. DEATH OF CELLS IN AN AREA
DEPRIVED OF BLOOD SUPPLY
3. PROGRESSIVE AUTOLYSIS
OF NECROTIC TISSUE AND
HAEMOLYSIS OF RED CELLS.
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4. OUTWARD DIFFUSION OF
TISSUE BREAKDOWN
PRODUCTS AND FREE
HAEMOGLOBIN INGESTED BY
MACROPHAGES
5. INFARCT IS NOW
FIRM AND DULL
YELLOW IN COLOUR
SURROUNDED BY RED ZONE
OF INFLAMMATION
6. FOLLOWED BY SHRINKAGE
OF INFARCT WHICH LATER
BECOMES WHITE
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After phase of demolition, there is slow
progressive in-growth of granulation tissue from
the periphery and eventually infarct organizes to a
fibrous scar which later undergoes hyaline changes.
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As the dead tissue undergoes necrosis in solid organs,
associated swelling of cells squeeze the blood out of infarct in
this way making it look paler.
• COLOUR
Pale or Anemic
Red or Haemoraghic
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Presence
Depending or absence
on Age of
- Recent infection
- Bland
or fresh
- Old or
- Septic
healed
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BLAND : when free of bacterial contamination (infarcts of
streptococcus virdians endocarditis behave in a bland way because
organisms in the emboli are rapidly destroyed at the site of infarction)
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PATHOLOGIC CHANGES
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MICROSCOPICALLY
•The pathognomic cytologic change in all infarcts is coagulative
(ischaemic) necrosis of the affected area of tissue or organ.
•In cerebral infarcts- characteristic liquefactive necrosis.
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At periphery of an infarct, inflammatory reaction is noted.
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HEALING OF AN INFARCT
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•Necrosed tissue is autolysed and much of
Necrosed tissue autolysed material and blood fluid part is
and extravasted absorbed through lymphatics.
blood is • Undigestible red cells, necrotic tissue and
removed. insoluble fibrin are removed through
phagocytosis by macrophages.
In case of septic infarct both bacterial
products and enzymes of leucocytes are
concerned in liquefaction of dead tissue.
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Infarcts of different organs
Location Gross appearance Outcome
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GROSS:
PULMONARY INFARCTS :
Wedge-shaped
Base on the pleura,
hemorrhagic, variable in size
lower lobes.
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RENAL INFARCTION
Renal infarcts are Common
-caused by Thromboemboli
-most commonly originating from heart such as
mural thrombi in the left atrium ,MI,Vegetative
endocarditis
Less commonly
-renal artery atherosclerosis,
-arteritis
-sickle cell anemia.
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Grossly:
MULTIPLE AND BILATERAL
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MICROSCOPICALLY
Characteristic:
affected area shows coagulative necrosis of renal
parenchyma i.e. ghosts of renal tubules and glomeruli without
intact nuclei and cytoplasmic content.
The margin of the infarct shows inflammatory reaction – initially
acute but later macrophages and fibrous tissue predominate.
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INFARCT OF SPLEEN
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•Less frequently by obstruction of microcirculation (e.g. in
myeloproliferative diseases, sickle cell anemia, arteritis, Hodgkin's
disease, bacterial infections).
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MICROSCOPICALLY
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INFARCT OF LIVER
• Uncommon
• Dual blood supply
•Obstruction of the portal vein is usually secondary to other
diseases : Hepatic cirrhosis,
IV invasion of primary CA of liver,
CA of pancreas
• Generally does not produce ischemic infarction but instead
reduced blood supply to hepatic parenchyma causes non-ischemic
infarct called infarct of Zahn.
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•Obstruction of the hepatic artery or its branches:
arteritis, arterio-sclerosis, bland or septic emboli.
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MICROSCOPICALLY
Infarcts of Zahn
occurring due to reduced portal blood flow result in atrophy of
hepatocytes and dilatation of sinusoids .
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CEREBRAL INFARCTION
•Occasionally,
non-occlusive cause
compression of the cerebral
arteries from outside
and from hypoxic
encephalopathy.
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•Clinically, the signs and symptoms depend upon the region
infarcted.
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ARTERIAL OCCLUSION
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VENOUS OCCLUSION
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NON-OCCLUSIVE CAUSES
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PATHOLOGIC CHANGES
• Anemic or hemorrhagic
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•Within 2-3days, the infarct undergoes softening and degeneration.
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• Initially, eosinophilic neuronal necrosis and
Histolo lipid vacuolization produced by breakdown of
gically
–
myelin.
sequen • Simultaneously infiltrated by neutrophils
tial
change
s
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3. macrophages clear
away the necrotic debris
by phagocytosis followed
by reactive astrocytosis, .
Patient may die within first few hours of the onset while
remainder suffer from effects of cardiac function
INCIDENCE : Occurs at all age but more common in elderly.
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MI Classification
MI
ANATOMIC DIAGNOSTIC
STEMI NSTEMI
TRANSMURAL
SUBENDOCARDIAL
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Transmural infract & Subendocardial infarct
Feature Transmural infract Subendoca
rdial infarct
ST segment elevations
T wave changes
Q wave development
Enzyme elevations
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NSTEMI
ST segment depressions
T wave changes
No Q wave development
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ETIOPATHOGENESIS
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MECHANISM OF
MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA
DIMINISHED
CORONARY BLOOD • MYOCARDIAL
FLOW
OXYGEN DEMAND
Coronary artery • Exercise,emotion
disease,shock
HYPERTROPHY OF HEART
W/O SIMULTANEOUS
INCREASE IN CORONARY
BLOOD FLOW
Hypertension,Valvular heart
disease
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ROLE OF PLATELETS
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COMPLICATED PLAQUES
Two complications occur
Coronary vasospasm
Coronary ostial stenosis,
Embolism,
Thrombotic diseases,
Trauma and outside compression.
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LOCATION OF INFARCTS
• LV
•RV is less susceptible , due to its thin wall, having less
metabolic requirements and is thus adequately nourished
•Atrial infarcts, whenever usually accompany infarct of LV
•LA is relatively protected because it is supplied by oxygenated
blood in the left atrial chamber.
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REGION OF INFARCTION
Area of obstructed
artery:15 to 20%
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3 REGIONS OF MYOCARDIAL INFRACTION.
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Stenosis of the right coronary artery is the next
most frequent (30-40%) .
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Stenosis of the left circumflex coronary artery is
seen least frequently (15-20%).
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MICROSCOPICALLY
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Treatment Options
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GENERAL TREATMENT
MONA
Morphine
Oxygen
Nitroglycerin
Aspirin
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FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY
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CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
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Upon arrival to the cath lab all actue MI patients will receive:
– IV Integrelin
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CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS
GRAFT
Surgical treatment where saphenous vein is harvested from the
lower leg and used to bypass the occluded vessels.
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LONG TERM CARE
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PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE
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CORONARY OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY
DISEASE
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There is a high risk of ischaemic heart disease caused by
exposure to environmental tobacco smoke or second hand
smoking.
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REFERENCES
1. Robbins and Cotran - Pathologic basis of diseases.
8th edition.
2. Harsh Mohan – Text book of pathology. 3rd edition.
3. Mc Gee, Isaacson and Wright – Oxford text book of
Pathology. Principles of Pathology volume 1.
4. Anderson’s Pathology – 10th edition
5. Y.M. Bhende’s - General Pathology, 5th edition
6. Edward Sheffild - Pathology in Dentistry 1st edition122
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REFERENCES
7. http://www.virtualmedstudent.com
8. http://www.emsa.ca.gov
9. http://nstemi.org
10.https://en.wikipedia.org
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