Plastic waste management through

thermochemical recycling methode

PhD Student: Sogand Musivand

1- Introduction

2- Technologies for plastic waste Management

3- Thermochemical recycling

4- Cellulose Acetate

5- Mixed Waste

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INTRODUCTION

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 Plastic have made significant contribution in almost every field of human activity:

 Agriculture

 Medical

 Transportation

 Piping

 Electrical and heat insulation

 Packaging

 Manufacturing of household and electronic goods,

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 Why plastics are used !!!

 Plastics are widely use because of their light wight nature

 durability, potential for diverse applications, and low price

 Hygienic- inert and chemical resistance

 Sterilizable and resistance to bacterial and other microbial growth

 Transparency as well as opacity

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 Category of plastics

A: RECYCLEABLE PLASTICS

(THERMOPLASTICS):

 PET,HDPE,PVC, LDPE,PP,PS,..

B. Non- Recycleable plastics (thermoset and other):

 Multilayer and laminated Plastics, PUF, Bakelite,

Polycarbonate, Melamine, Nylon,…

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 Category of plastics

A: RECYCLEABLE PLASTICS

(THERMOPLASTICS):

 PET,HDPE,PVC, LDPE,PP,PS,..

B. Non- Recycleable plastics (thermoset and other):

 Multilayer and laminated Plastics, PUF, Bakelite,

Polycarbonate, Melamine, Nylon,…

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ORIGINE OF PLASTIC

Petroleu
m
Non renewable

SOURCE
OF Coal
PLASTICS

Cellulos Renewable
e

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 Plastics Dilemma

Environmental effect
 Surface water contamination
 Ground water contamination
 Air contamination
 Soil contamination
 Non degradable or degrade very slowly

Economic Effects
 Municipal wellbeing
 Recycling revenue

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Technologies for plastic waste Management

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 Land Filling

 It is the most traditional method of waste disposal

 Disposed waste is compacted and covered with soil

 Problem of scarce of land in some countries

 There are long term risk of contamination of soils and ground water by some additives and

breakdown by products in plastics, which can become persistent organic pollutants.

 Major drawback to landfills from sustainability aspects is that none of the material

resources used to produce the plastic is recovered.

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 Incineration

 Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of solid wastes

 Waste materials are converted to ash, flue gas, and heat

 The heat generated by incineration is used to generated electric power

 Release toxic gases and hazardous substances into the atmosphere

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Incineration

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 Mechanical Recycling

 Recovering plastic waste by mechanical processes such as sorting, washing, drying, grinding, re-granulating and

compounding does not change the chemical structure of the material,

 poorer plastic quality

 recycled products are not widely used by industries

 this method requires high-quality and homogeneous plastic waste streams, which can be achieved by proper

collection and sorting systems.

 This types of recycling is restricted to thermoplastics

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Mechanical Recycling

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 Chemical Recycling

 When the long chain of plastic polymers breaks at certain points or when lower molecular

weight fraction are formed it is termed as depolymerisation.

 Thermochemical recycling is a process that can replace up to 15-20% of the fossil raw material

needed to meet society’s demand for plastic

 Use of chemical process to break down plastic polymer chain into valuable chemical

 produce higher quality and value products Gasificatio

n

 Known as feedstock recycling

Pyrolysis

hydrolysis

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 GASIFICATION

 Process of conversion of solid fuel into gaseous fuel for wide applications.

 Temperature 700°C and 1200°C

 Pressure can vary depending on the types of gasifying agent 1-30 bar

 Heating plastics waste in presence of gasifing agent (air, oxygen, or steam)

 It produce gaseous fuels syngas (H2 and co) and methane

 The gas also contains tar, acid, and dust as impurities

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GASIFICATION

MSW

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 Pyrolysis

 Process of converting solid plastics into char, bio oil and gaseous products by thermal decomposition of biomass in

the absence of oxygen

 Products distribution highly depends on the operating temperature and residence time used in the process

 Pyrolytic oil may be used directedly as a liquid fuel boiler, diesel engine, gas turbine for heat and electricity

generation or can be upgrade to transport fuels grade.

 In case of plastics, it can be used for monomer and valuable chemicals

 Temperature 400-800°C

 Usually, atmospheric pressure

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Pyrolysis

Combustible Gas

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 HYDROTHERMAL LIQUIFACTION

 Hydrothermal processes can be subdivided into three fundamental processes, regarding temperature range and the

desired products. Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC), Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL), and Hydrothermal

Gasification (HTG)

 Heating plastic wastes in presence of water

 High pressure 10-25 Mpa

 Temperature 250-370 c

 ability to use wet biomasses without prior dewatering

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HYDROTHERMAL LIQUIFACTION

Plastic waste+
water

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CELLULOSE ACETATE

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 Cellulose Acetate

 Cellulose acetate, a synthetic compound derived from the acetylation of the plant substance cellulose.

 The cellulose is reacted with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid.

 partial hydrolysis to remove the sulfate and a sufficient number of acetate groups

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HTL OF CELLULOSE ACETATE

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Cellulose acetate decomposition

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GC-MS Results

Acetic acid

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Pyrolysis of Cellulose acetate

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Pyrolysis of Cellulose acetate

Acetic acid

Diethyl phthalate

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MIXED WASTE

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 Mixed plastic waste

MARCO COMPONENTS COMPOSITION

MIXED PLASTIC WASTE AS RECEIVED

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 AIM OF STUDY

 The HTL is used to decompose Cellulose, PET, and PU and to obtain solid residue made of pure poly-olefins to

produce oil in pyrolysis and a high-quality HTL oil

STEPS OF THE RESEARCH:

 Pyrolysis of mixed plastic waste
 Characterization of the products
 HTL of model compounds: Optimization of
the operative conditions to maximize the
purity of solid residue
 HTL of mixed plastic waste
 Pyrolysis of HTL residue

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HTL OF MODEL COMPOUNDS

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HTL OF MODEL COMPOUNDS

Optimal Conditions: T=300°C , t=10 min

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HTL OF MODEL COMPOUNDS

* Without catalyst: with respect to the HDPE spectra the

bans relative to the presence of carbonyl bond and
carbonyl compounds and aromatics by HTL of cellulose
are more intense

* With Fe: the bands are present but with less intensity

* PRESENCE OF Fe INTO THE HDPE

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HTL OF MODEL COMPOUNDS

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HTL OF MIXED PLASTIC WASTE

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pyrolysis OF MIXED PLASTIC WASTE

ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF OILY PHASE

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THANK YOU

Sogand.musivand@uniroma1.it

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