Power Transmission

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Power Transmission

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 Objectives of Power Transmission

• Transmit power from motor shaft to driven shaft.

• Serves to bridge the physical gap between motor and machine.

• Transmit power from one source to different shafts.

• Changing the speed.

• Provide a shock absorbing cushion between driver and driven.

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 Belt Drives

• Used to transmit power from one shaft to another by means of

pulleys.
• Consists of an endless belt running over two pulleys, one of
which is driver and the other driven.
• Power transmission is due to frictional resistance between the
belt and pulleys.
• Belts or rope must be in tension so that motion is transmitted
without slip.
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 Classification of belts

a) According to Drives
i. Light drives belt
• Transmit small power at belt speed up to 10 m/s.
• Used in agriculture machines.

ii. Medium drives belt

• Transmit medium power at belt speed 10 to 22 m/s.
• Used in machine tools.

iii. Heavy drives belt

• Transmit heavy power at belt speed more than 22 m/s.
• Used in compressors and generators.

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 b) According to Shape
i. Flat type belt
• Flat in shape
• Used where need to transmit moderate power.
• Used where distance between two pulleys is not more than 8
meters.

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 ii. V type belt
• Belts are made of fabrics impregnated and covered with rubber and
moulded to a trapezoidal shape.
• Used where need to transfer moderate power.
• Used where two pulleys are very near.
• Groove angle of the pulley is generally 40 degree.

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 iii. Circular type belt
• Circular shape belt like rope.
• Used where need to transfer large amount of power.
• Used where distance between pulleys are more than 8 meters.
• The groove angle of pulley is usually 45 degree.

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 c) According to material used
• It must be strong, flexible and durable.
• Also should have high coefficient of friction.
i. Leather belts
• Leather may be either oak tanned or mineral salt tanned.
• To increase thickness(for heavy duty belts) of belt, the strips are
cemented together are called double or triple ply belts.

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 ii. Cotton or fabric belts

• Made of folding canvas or cotton duck to three or more layers(as per

required thickness) and stitched.
• Impregnated with some filler like linseed oil in order to make the belts
waterproof and to prevent injury to the fibres.
• Cheap and suitable in hot climate, in damp atmosphere and in exposed
condition.

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 iii. Rubber belts

• Consist of layers of fabrics impregnated with rubber composition

• Very flexible and suitable where exposed to moisture.

• They may be easily made endless.

• Quickly destroyed when allowed to come in contact with oil and grease.

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 iv. Balata belts

• Acid and water proof and also not affected by oils or alkalies.

• Made up from piles of stitched canvas filled with balata gum.

• Strength of it is 25% higher than rubber belt.

• Max. Limit of temperature is 40 0 C.

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 Types of flat belt drives

A. Open belt drives

• It is used when driver and driven shaft are parallel,
having a centre distance up to 15 m.
• Also used for driven required to rotate in the same
direction as driver.
• During power transmission one side of the belt is more
tightened (tight side) than the other side(slack side).

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 Open Belt Drives

• For horizontal drives always desired that tight side is at the lower side of
two pulleys.
• In case the tight side is at the upper side, the sag will be greater at the
lower side, reducing the angle of wrap and slip could occur earlier.

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 B. Crossed Belt Drive

• Adopted when the driven pulley is to be rotated in the opposite

direction of driving pulley.
• It can transmit more power than an open belt drive as the angle of
wrap is more.
Disadvantages
• It bends in two different planes, the belt wears out more at the point
where the two ends of the belt meet.
• For small centre distance, the belt is not fully utilized because of its
larger slanted run off.
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Crossed Belt Drive

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 C. Quarter turn belt drive
• Also known as right angle belt.
• When two connecting shafts are at right angles, known as quarter turn
drive.
• .

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 D. Belt drive with idler pulleys
Purpose of providing it
• Increase tension in belt.
• Increase the angle of contact.
• Taking up stretch in the belt therefore reducing the slippage.
Idler is mounted near the smaller of the two pulleys and ride on the slack side.

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 E. Compound belt drives
• Used when power is transmitted through one shaft to another shaft
by using number of intermediate pulleys.

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 F. Stepped or cone pulley drive
• Used for changing the speed of the driven shaft while the driving shaft
runs at constant speed.
• This is accomplished by shifting the belt from one part of the step to the
other.
• It consists of several pulleys of different diameters cast integral into a
single unit.

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 G. Fast and loose pulley drive

• Used to drive several machines from a single main shaft.

• A set of fast and loose pulley is used when the machine shaft
is to be started or stopped whenever desired without
interfering with the driving shaft

• Fast pulley is firmly keyed to the shaft and the loose pulley is
free to rotate and is incapable of transmitting power.

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 Fast and loose pulley drive

• To start the machine shaft, the belt is moved from the loose pulley to
the fast pulley by means of a belt shifter.
• To stop the machine shaft, the belt shift from the fast to the loose
pulley by means of a belt shifter.

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Velocity Ratio

Thickness = t

N 2, D 2
N 1, D 1

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Velocity Ratio

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Velocity Ratio of compound belt drive

N 3, D 3 N 4, D 4

N 1, D 1 N 2, D 2

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 Velocity Ratio of compound belt drive
Velocity Ratio of pulleys 1-2 If n number of pulleys are used then

Velocity Ratio of pulleys 3-4

Since , N2=N3

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 Velocity Ratio with Slip
• The effect of slip is a decrease in the speed on driving and
driven shaft
• ω1 , ω2 angular speed of driving and driven pulleys
• S1 , S2 percentage slips on driving and driven pulleys

Peripheral speed of driving pulley = ω1 D1 /2

Then speed of belt on driving pulley = {ω1 D1 /2}{ (100- S1)/100}
This is also the speed of belt on driven pulley
Peripheral speed of driven pulley =
= {ω1 D1 /2}{ (100- S1)/100}{(100- S2)/10}
If S is the total speed then peripheral speed of driven pulley is
={ω1 D1 /2}{ (100- S)/100} 27
• Or S = S1 + S2- .01 S1 S2

• Velocity ratio

N2/ N1 = ={D1 /D2}{ (100- S)/100}

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Length of the belt
Open belt

Thickness = t

N 2, D 2
N 1, D 1

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Open belt

Length of belt = Arc GE + EF+ Arc FH +GH

= 2 ( Arc JE + EF + Arc FK)

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Open belt

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Length of the belt: Cross belt drive
ɑ=ɸ

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Cross belt

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Cross belt

Note* Length of the belt in case of crossed belt drive depends only on the sum of
pulley radii and centre of distance whereas in case of open-belt drive it depends
upon the sum as well as the difference of the pulley radii apart from the centre
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distance
Ratio of tensions on the tight and slack sides of the flat belt

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 Ratio of tensions on the tight and slack sides of the flat belt

Resolving the forces in horizontal Resolving the forces in Vertical

component direction

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T1 and T2 are the tension in the tight and slack side respectively

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Power Transmitted

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 Advantages and Disadvantages of V-belt drive over flat belt
drive
Advantages Disadvantages
High velocity ratio may be obtained Less durable
Easily installed and removed Cannot be used with large centre distances
Compactness due to the small distance Construction of pulley is more complicated
between centres of pulleys
Longer life Belt life is more influenced with temperature
change, improper belt tension etc.
No joint trouble, therefore the drive is smooth It is not suitable for constant speed application

Operation of belt and pulley is quiet

Ability to cushion the shock
Power transmission is more for same
coefficient of friction, arc of contact and
allowable tension in the belt

Positive drive

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 Gear Drive

If mating teeth to remain in contact while transmitting motions, components of velocities

must be equal along common normal at point of contact .

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 Gear drives

• Used when distance between the driving and driven shaft,

is relatively small.
• In order to avoid the slipping and to obtain constant
velocity ratio or positive drive, a number of teeth are
provided on the periphery of the wheel.
• The wheels or discs with teeth are known as gears or gear
wheels.

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 Gear drives

Use of Toothed Gears

• To transmit power from one rotating shaft to another which may be
parallel, intersecting, or non parallel, non intersecting.
Gears are used under the following conditions
• The distance between the axes of the connecting shafts is less.
• The speed of shaft is low and the belt drive is not recommended.
• Speed or velocity ratio of the connecting shafts is maintained
constant.
• The torque transmitted is high.
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 Classification of Gears
According to the relative position of their shaft axes
1. Parallel shaft
• Two parallel and co-planer shafts are connected by gears.
i. Spur Gears
• They have straight teeth parallel to the axes and thus are not
subjected to axial thrust due to tooth load.
• In an Internal spur gear, the teeth are formed on the inner surface of
an annulus ring.
• An internal gear can mesh with an external pinion only.

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ii. Spur Rack and pinion
• Spur rack is a spur gear of infinite radius.
• It converts rotary motion into translatory motion or vice-versa.
• Used in a lathe in which the rack transmits motion to the saddle.

iii. Helical spur Gears

• The teeth are curved each being helical in shape.
• Two mating gears have the same helix angle, but have teeth of opposite
hands.
• It can be used at higher velocities and have greater load carrying
capacity.
• Load application is gradual.
• Low impact stresses and less noise.
• Subjected to end thrust.
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iv. Double- helical Gears
• A pair of helical gears secured together, one having a right
hand helix and the other a left hand helix.
• Axial thrust is eliminated.
• These can be run at high speeds with less noise and
vibrations.

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 2. Intersecting shafts
• Kinematically, motion between two intersecting shafts is equivalent to the
rolling of two cones, assuming no slipping.
i. Straight Bevel Gears
• Teeth are straight, radial to the point of intersection of the shaft axis and
vary in cross-section throughout their length.
• Used to connect shafts at right angles, which run at low speed.

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ii. Spiral Bevel Gears

• Teeth of a bevel gear are inclined at an angle to the face of the bevel.
• Smoother in action and quieter than straight tooth bevels.

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 Skew shaft or Non- coplanar and non-
intersecting shafts
i. Crossed helical gears
• Used for light loads only.
• Used to drive feed mechanisms on machine tools, camshafts and oil
pumps on small IC engines etc.

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ii. Worm Gears
• It is a special case of spiral gear in which the large wheel,
usually, has a hollow or concave shape such that a portion of
the pitch diameter of the other gear is enveloped on it.
• Provide high speed ratio

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iii. Hypoid Gears
• These are approximations of hyperboloids.
• A hypoid pair has a quiet and smooth action.
• A hypoid pinion is larger and stronger than a spiral bevel.

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2. According to the peripheral velocity of the gears
i. Low velocity
ii. Medium velocity
iii. High velocity

3. According to the type of gearing

i. External gearing
ii. Internal gearing
iii. Rack and pinion

4. According to the position of teeth on the gear surface

i. Inclined
ii. Straight
iii. Curved

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Gear Terminology

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 Gear Terminology
• Pitch circle – It is the imaginary circle by which pure rolling
action would produce the same motion as that produced by the
toothed gear.
• Pitch circle diameter – It is the diameter of pitch circle. It is
represented by ‘D’.
• Pitch surface – It is the surface of the rolling disc which the
toothed gears have replaced at the pitch circle.
• Pitch point - It is the common point of contact of pitch circles of
two gears.
• Circular pitch – It represents distance along the circumference of
the pitch circle, from any one point of a tooth to a corresponding
point on the adjacent tooth. It represent by
Pc ( ); Where T = number of teeth on a gear
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• Fillet – It is the curved portion of the tooth flank at the root
circle.
• Face – Tooth surface between the pitch circle and the top land.

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• Diametral Pitch – It is defined as number of teeth per unit
pitch diameter. It is represented by Pd (i.e. T/D) .
• Module – It is defined as pitch diameter per tooth and is
reciprocal of dimetral pitch. It is represent by ‘m’ (i.e. D/T) .
• Addendum – The height of tooth above the pitch circle is
termed as addendum.
• Dedendum – The depth of a tooth below the pitch circle is
known as dedendum.
• Clearance – Difference between dedendum and addendum
of a tooth is termed clearance.
• Addendum circle – The circle passing through the tips of
teeth is known as addendum circle.
• Dedendum circle - The circle passing through the roots of
all teeth is known as dedendum circle.

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• Total depth – It is the total radial depth of the tooth space.
• Working depth – It is the maximum depth to which a tooth
penetrates into the tooth space of the mating gear.
• Tooth space - It is the width of the space between two
adjacent teeth measured along the pitch circle.
• Tooth thickness – It is the width of the tooth measured along
the pitch circle.
• Backlash – It is the difference between the tooth space and the
tooth thickness along the pitch circle.
• Face width – The length of the tool parallel to the gear axis is
the face width.
• Top land – It is the surface of the top of the tooth.
• Bottom land – The surface of the bottom of the tooth between
the adjacent fillets.
• Flank – Tooth surface between the pitch circle and the bottom
land including fillet. 58
 Advantages and disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages

High efficiency The manufacturer requires special

tools and equipment

Reliable service The error in cutting teeth may cause

vibration and noise during operation

Transmit exact velocity ratio It is completely costly

It has compact layout

It may be used to transmit large power

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 Gear Trains
• Combination of gears used to transmit motion from one shaft
to another shaft.

Necessity of Gear trains

• When a large velocity reduction is required.
• When the distance between shafts is not more.
• When a particular velocity ratio is desired.
• Everyday use of gear trains is found in clocks, watches, laths
etc.

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 Types of Gear Trains

• Simple gear train

• Compound gear train

• Reverted gear train

• Epicyclic gear train

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 Simple Gear Train
• A series of gears, capable of receiving and transmitting motion
from one gear to another is called a simple gear train.

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 Compound Gear Train
• In this, each intermediate gear shaft carries two gears which
are fastened together rigidly.
• When a series of gears are connected in such a way that two or
more gears rotate about an axis with the same angular velocity,
it is known as compound gear train.

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 Reverted Gear Train
• It is a special type of compound gear train in which the first
and last gear shafts are co-axial.
• Used in automotive transmission, lathe back gears, industrial
speed reducer and in clock.

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 Epicyclic Gear Train
• In this, the axes of the shafts over which the gears are mounted
may move relative to a fixed axis.
• It is useful for permitting high velocity ratio with gears of
moderate size in comparatively less space.

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 Speed Ratio and Train value

⮚ A series of gears, capable of receiving and transmitting motion from one

gear to another is called a simple gear train
❖ A pair of mated external gears always move in opposite directions.
❖ All odd number gears move in one direction and all even numbered
gears in opposite direction
❖ Each gears is on separate shaft
❖ All gears axis can be in straight line or zig- zag manner.

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 Gear ration and Velocity Ration
• Gear ratio G= T/t T= teeth on gear
t= teeth on pinion

 Velocity ratio VR = ω1/ ω2=N1/N2

= D2/D1= T2/T1

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Problem 1 – The speed of a driving shaft is 100 rpm and speed of the driven
shaft is 150 rpm. The diameter of the driving pulley is given as 500 mm , Find
the diameter of the driven pulley in the following cases

i) If the belt thickness is negligible

ii) If the belt thickness is 6mm
iii) If the total slip is 5% considering the thickness of belt and
iv) If the slip is 2% on each pulley considering the thickness of the belt

Problem 2 Two pulleys are arranged parallel to each other at a distance of

5m. If the pulley diameters mounted on shafts are 500 mm and 750 mm.
Determine the difference in length of the belts for the opposite direction of
rotation and the same direction of rotation

Problem 3 Two pulleys of diameters 500 mm and 200 mm are mounted on

two parallel shaft 2 m apart. These shafts are connected by a cross belt . Find
the angle of contact of belt and pulleys. If the larger pulley rotates at 250 rpm
and maximum permissible tension in the belt is 1 kN., find the power
transmitted by the belt. Assume the coefficient of friction between the belt and
pulley is 0.25
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Thank you

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 Rope Drive
• Used to transmit large amount of power.
• Preferred for long centre distance between the shafts.
• Number of separate drives may be taken from the one driving
pulley and pulleys with several grooves can also be used to
increase the capacity of power transmission.

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 Classification of Rope drives

1. Fibre rope drives

2. Wire rope drives

3. Fibre rope drives

• Operate successfully when the pulleys are about 60 meters apart.
• Made of hemp, manila, and cotton.
Advantages
• Provide high mechanical efficiency.
• Not affected too much by external conditions.
• Smooth, steady and quite service.
• Power may be transmitted in any direction.

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 2. Wire rope drives
• Used where large amount of power is to be transmitted over long
distances from one pulley to another.
• Widely used in elevators, mine hoists, cranes, conveyors, hauling
devices and suspension bridges.
Advantages

▪ Lighter in weight ▪ More reliable

▪ Offer silent operation. ▪ It does not fail

suddenly
▪ More durable ▪ High efficiency

▪ Low cost

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 Chain Drives
• The wheels over which chains are run are known as sprockets.
• Sprockets have projected teeth that fit into the recesses in the
chain.

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 Chain Drives

• Mostly used when the distance between centres of shaft is short.

• Provide positive drive without slip.
• It is made up of rigid links which are hinged together in order to
provide the necessary flexibility for wrapping around the
driving and driven wheels.
• Used in cycles, motor-cycles, cement manufacturing machinery,
printing machine, agriculture machines, road rollers, textile
machines and paper making machines.
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 Chain Drive

Hoisting and Hauling Chains Conveyor chains Power Transmitting Chains

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27.02.2022 | 78
 Classifications of chains

A. Hoisting and Hauling chains

• Chain with oval links

• Links join each other by welding.
• Employed only at low speeds.
• Do not kink easily.

• Square link chain

• Cost is lesser than oval link chain.
• Easily kinks on overloading condition.

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 B. Conveyor chains
• Used for elevating and conveying the material continuously.
• Usually made of malleable cast iron and used in agricultural machinery.
• Motion of chain is not very smooth.

Detachable or hook joint type Close joint type

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 C. Power Transmission chains
• Built for high speed performance.
• Made of steel in which the wearing parts are hardened.

Block chain

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ii. Roller chain

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 iii. Silent chain
• Used where maximum quietness is desired.
• These chains don’t have rollers.
• Links are so shaped as to engage directly with the sprocket
teeth.
• Used where high power transmission is required.

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 Advantages and Disadvantages of chain over
belt or rope drive
Advantages Disadvantages
No slip takes place Production cost of chain is high
It gives less load on shaft Need careful maintenance and accurate
mounting

It is made of metal so occupy less space Lubrication is required

compared to belt or rope

It gives high power transmission There is a gradual stretching of chain so

efficiency that from time to time some links have to
be replaced

It may be used when distance between the Velocity fluctuations especially when
shafts is less unduly stretched.

Ability to transmit motion to several

shafts by one chain only

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Comparison between chain drives and belt or
rope drives
Chain drives Belt or rope drives

No slip takes place so that constant Slip takes place so that constant velocity
velocity ratio is obtained ratio is not obtained

Occupies less space Occupies more space

Lubrication is desired Lubrication is not desired

Chain drive is costly Less costly

Power transmission efficiency is high Power transmission efficiency is less

It gives less load on shaft It gives high load on shaft

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