Heat

Class: VI Chapter: Heat Arjun Science Classes
Objectives
 On completion of this chapter, the students
will be able to
 Introduce heat
 Name the different sources of heat and
explain them.
 Demonstrate the effects of heat.
 Explain and demonstrate absorption of heat
and its uses.
 Explain the uses of heat.
Introduction: CGS unit heat is measured in calorie. (1 cal =
• All living beings including plants and animals 4.2 joule)
need heat energy for their survival.
• We must have noticed that with the
beginning of winter season, the leaves start
to fall down from the trees.
• Heat is a form of energy which gives
sensation of warmth.
• For our domestic cooking purposes, to run
the factories, industries and transportation
vehicles, a proper heat source is needed.
• Excess of heat energy than necessary is
also harmful to us.
• Thus excess of heat energy is not beneficial
to the living beings.
• Heat is produced by the vibration of
molecules present in the body.
• In SI unit heat is measured in Joule and in
Sources of heat:
• The object from which heat energy can be
obtained are called sources of heat.
The Sun
• The sun is the main source of heat energy.
• More or less, any hot body acts as a source
of heat energy.
• Sun is the prime source of heat energy in
the earth.
• We feel chill during the winter time, when
we do not get sufficient amount of heat
energy from the sun.
• It is the same reason that night time is
cooler than the day time.
• In the absence of sun no life will survive on
our planet, earth.
• Nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms in the sun
gives heat and light energy.
• The sun rays give warmth to the earth, air,
water etc.
• In nature we get water cycle because of the
sun.
• Water is constantly evaporated in nature
and hence we get water cycle.
• All kinds of energy like hydroelectricity,
fossil fuel, wind energy etc. are directly or
indirectly depend upon the solar energy.
• At present the solar energy is also used to
heat water and for other heating purposes.
• The solar cells collect solar heat energy and
in return give current electricity which is
used for lighting and other useful purposes
Fossil fuel
• The remains of dead animals and plants
which were buried under the earth's crust
millions of years ago are called fossils.
• The fuel formed from such fossils is called
fossil fuel.
• The fuels like, coal, kerosene, petrol, diesel,
natural gas ,etc. are called the fossil fuels.
• Domestic cooking is also done by burning
coal and kerosene oil.
• The natural gas or the L.P.G. (liquefied
petroleum gas) is mainly used for cooking,
room heating etc.
• Fuels like petrol, diesel oil are generally
used for running means of transport like
motor cycles, cars, aeroplanes, etc.
• When these fuels are burnt, the necessary
heat energy is produced for running the
engine.
• So fossil fuel is one of the main source of
heat energy.
Bio-fuel
• The fuel energy which is obtained from
living organisms such as bio-gas, dry cakes
of cow and buffalo dung, straw, hay, wood,
etc. is known as the biomass-fuel.
• Cattle dung is commonly converted into
cakes and dried over the light to get guitha.
• In the villages these fuels are generally
used for cooking and warming the rooms
during winter season.
• The people even sit around the burning bio
mass fire to avoid coldness.
• Some villagers generate the bio-gas by
collecting dung in a specially made pit and
get bio-gas from the decomposed biomass.
Bio fuel Mineral oil

The fuel obtained The fuel obtained
from firewood, biogas, from fossils such as
straw, guitha etc. is mineral oil, coal etc. is
called bio fuel. called mineral oil.
It is mostly used in It is mostly used in
village area urban areas.
It is cheaper. It is expensive.
Sources of energy cont …
Electricity
• Electricity is also one of the source for heat
energy.
• In the city and in some villages, people use
current electricity for room heating during
winter and cooking as well.
• But as the electricity bill is expensive,
people hesitate to use it.
• The electricity generated from water is
called hydroelectricity.
• Electricity is widely used to run industries,
factories , vehicles etc.
• Electric rice cooker, iron , immersion rod,
induction stove, electric kettle etc. are used
to convert electric energy into heat energy.
Friction :
• The friction created when two surface rub
against each other produces heat energy.
• For example, the matchstick gets burnt
when its is rubbed on the walls of a mat
Oxidation of food :
• Cell is the structural and functional unit of
life.
• Inside the cells, food reacts with oxygen
and produces energy.
• This energy is used to run the biological
activities and maintain body temperature.
• The oxidation of food in our body produces
heat.
• Oxidation of food takes place in
mitochondria.
Effects of heat:
• Heat energy can give different effect on
the body.
• It can change the volume and produce
physical changes on the bodies.
a) Heat changes the Physical state of the
matter.
• Matter can have three different forms, as a
solid, a liquid and a gas.
• For example, the solid form is ice, liquid
form is water and the gaseous form is
vapour.
How does ice change into water and then to
steam?
• The solid ice when heated changes into
water.
• Water when heated turns into steam or
vapour.
• Thus heat is the prime agent which converts
the matter into different forms.
Activity 1
• Put few pieces of ice in a plate and put it in
the sun for some time.
• We see that the ice is turning into water.
• If we put the plate in the sun for some more
time, we find that the quantity of water is
gradually decreasing in the plate.
• This is due to the evaporation of water.
Heat changes the volume of matter (Thermal
expansion)
• Matters expand on heating and contact on
cooling.
• This is called thermal expansion.
• Due to expansion, volume increases but mass
remains same.
• A gas expands more than liquid and liquid
expands more than solid.
• Thus, volume of solid , liquid and gas
increases on heating.
• For example, when a train runs on railway
leak, metal gets heated and expands.
• So, to avoid bending of railway track due to
expansion, a small gap is left in between two
rails. It avoids accident.
Effects of heat
b) Heat changes the volume of matter Thermal expansion:
i) Expansion of solids.
• Solids expand on heating and contract on
cooling.
• The expansion and contraction in solids in
much less, so it is difficult to observe
clearly.
• The length , breadth, height area and
volume are increased when solids are
heated.
• On continuous heating, most of the solids
change into liquid. For example, ice , butter,
wax, metals, etc.
• But, there are some solids which change into
gas directly on heating. They are called
sublimates. For example camphor,
ammonium chloride etc.
Activity 2.
Objective : To demonstrate that heat
changes volume of the solid substances.
Requirements:
• Iron ball, a ring just to insert iron sphere,
sprit lamp
Procedure:
• Take a iron ball and ring.
• Keep the ball over the ring at cold state and
Observe it.
• Now heat the ball with the help of sprit
lamp and try to insert through the ring.
Observation :
• Iron ball gets inserted through the ring
before heating but it doesn't insert after
heating.
• Again, if we cool down the iron ball, it can
insert through the same ring.
Conclusion:
• In the above experiment, the volume of iron
ball increases on heating and contracts
after cooling.
• Thus , it proves that the volume of solid
substance increases on heating.
 Why is small gap kept between two rails in a
railway track
 Electric wires between two poles sag in
summer , why?
ii) Expansion of liquids:
• Liquids expand on heating and contract on
cooling.
• The expansion and contraction in liquids is
more than solids but less than gas.
• Thus, volume of liquids increase on heating.
• On continuous heating, the liquids changes
into gases. For example, water, alcohol,
petrol, kerosene etc.
Activity 3
• To demonstrate that the volume of liquids
Requirements:
• Round bottom flask, glass tube, cork, stand,
clamp, coloured water, burner, tripod stand,
wire gauze etc.
Procedure:
• Take a round bottomed glass flask (R.B.
flask).
• Fit the mouth of the flask with a one holed
cork.
• A long glass tube is fitted on it.
• Fill the flask with coloured water.
• The cork should fit air tight with the mouth
of the flask and the glass tube should touch
the liquid surface.
Observation:
• When the flask is heated gently in the
flame, we see the rise of water level in the
glass tube.
• Note the rise in water level in the glass
tube at certain intervals of time as 2
minutes.
Conclusion :
• The experiment shows that liquid expands
when it is heated.
iii) Expansion of gases:
• Gases expand on heating and contract on
cooling.
• The expansion and contraction in gas is more
than solid and liquid.
• Thus, the volume of a gas increases on
heating.
• On heating, a gas expands more and occupies
more volume.
• In gases the molecules are free to move
and the intermolecular force of attraction is
very weak, so the gases expand on heating.
• For example
• Water vapour, nitrogen, oxygen,
carbondioxide etc.
Activity
Objective:
To demonstrate that the volume of gas
• Take an empty round bottom flask.
• A Cork is fitted in its mouth.
• A long glass tube passes through the cork.
• The cork and the glass tube should fit air
tight.
• The glass tube is inserted into a beaker with
water.
• Heat the flask gently by a spirit lamp or any
other source of heat.
• We see the air bubbles coming out in the
water glass.
• The experiment shows that gas expands
when heated.
Activity
Objective:
To demonstrate that the volume of gas
Requirement:
Glass bottle, balloon, water trough, hot
water, thread etc.
Procedure:
• Stretch out the mouth of a balloon and slop
it over the top of a bottle to insert its neck
inside.
• Keep this arrangement in a hot water
trough.
• Then observe the shape of the balloon.
• Observation:
• The balloon gets inflated with hot air.
• This is because the bottle is not empty. It
contains air. This air receives heat from the
hot water and expands. This explained air
goes to the balloon to inflate it.
Conclusion:
• The above experiment proves that the
volume of air increases on heating.
Homework:
1) Define heat.
2) Write any three sources of heat.
3) What are fossils?
4) Write any two effects of heat.
5) Why is small gap kept between two rails in a
railway track
6) Electric wires between two poles sag in
summer , why?
7) Write an activity to demonstrate that heat
changes volume of the solid substances.
8) Write an activity to demonstrate that
volume of gas expands on heating.
Heat changes chemical composition of
matter
• Different types of matter are made up of
different elements and compounds.
• The composition of matter changes if we
heat the matter.
• Heat brings chemical reaction and changes
reactants into products.
• As a result chemical composition of
substances gets changed.
• Heat is the factor which change the
chemical composition of matter.
For eg.
• Bio fuel has methane gas, when it is burnt in
oxygen, it changes into carbondioxide and
water.
• Chemical composition of food gets changed
after cooking.
Heat changes temperature of the
body
• When we supply heat to a body, the
body becomes hot and its
temperature gets increased.
• Similarly, if we cool a hot body, it
loses heat and temperature becomes
low.
Activity 5:
Objective:
To show that heat causes a change in
temperature.
Requirement:
• Beaker, stand, burner, tripod stand, water
thermometer.
Procedure:
• Take a beaker filled with some amount of
water.
• Measure the temperature of water with the
help of a thermometer.
• Note the reading of the thermometer in
your exercise book.
• Now, supply heat with the help of bunsen
burner and measure the temperature of the
water again.
Observation:
• We find that the temperature of water
after supplying heat is more than that
before supplying heat.
Conclusion:
• The above experiment proves that the
temperature of a body increases on
supplying heat.
Measurement of temperature:
• Sense organs of the body can feel the
hotness and coldness of the body but cant
find actual temperature of the body.
• The degree of hotness or coldness of the
body is called temperature.
• The SI unit of temperature is kelvin.
• Temperature is measured by the instrument
called thermometer.
• Thermometer works based on the principal
that matter expands on heating and
contracts on cooling. Heat changes
temperature of the body
When we supply heat to a
body, the body becomes
hot and its temperature
gets increased.
Similarly, if we cool a hot
body, it loses heat and
temperature becomes low.
Thermometer:
• It is the device which is used to measure
the temperature of the body.
• Is consists of long narrow and uniform glass
tube. It has bulb at one end.
• This bulb contains thermometric liquid like
mercury or alcohol.
• The liquid which is used in a thermometer is
called thermometric liquid.
• In the glass tube a small shiny thread of
mercury can be seen.
• On the basis of use, thermometer are of
two types.
Laboratory thermometer (A simple
thermometer)
• Laboratory thermometer is used to measure
temperature in an laboratory for scientific
work.
• It is longer than clinical thermometer.
• The scale of temperature is graduated
form -10°C to 110°C. over the glass.
• It is used to measure the temperature of
objects, chemicals, solutions water, air etc.
Clinical thermometer:
• It is used to measure the temperature of
human body.
• It is smaller than laboratory thermometer.
• It has range of scale 35°C to 42°C.
• The normal temperature of human body is
37°C.
• There is narrow constriction near the bulb
of clinical thermometer. This is called kink.
• Kink prevents the sudden fall of a raised
mercury in the capillary tube.
• The clinical thermometer is jerked before
measuring the temperature of the body.
Differences between laboratory

thermometer and clinical thermometer
Clinical thermometer Laboratory thermometer
It is used to measure the It is used to measure the
temperature of human temperature in the
body. laboratory.
It has kink. It has no kink.
It measures the It measures the
temperature ranges temperature ranges
between 35°C to 42°C. between 10°C to 110°C.
Absorption of heat
• Most objects absorb the incident heat
energy.
• The transfer of heat into a body is called
absorption of heat.
• The absorbed heat by the object increases
its temperature.
• Thus the addition of heat energy on the
object increases its temperature, It is the
effect of heat on the object.
• In the same way loss of heat drops the
temperature. When we stand in the sun, our
body absorbs the incoming heat energy.
• Different objects absorb the heat energy in
different amounts.
• Some are quick to absorb where as some are
slow.
• It depends on the nature and colour of the
substance.
• For example, substances having black colour
absorb heat faster than the substances
having white colour.
• Heat always flow from the hot body to cold
body.
If you boil water and keeps it for while on a
cup, it slowly cools down, why?
 Heat always flow from the hot body to clod
body. If we boil water and keep if for a
while on a cup , it slowly cools down because
the boiled water is hotter than the air
around it.
 So, heat energy flows from the boiled water
to air unless water becomes as hot as the
air around it.
ONLINE CLASS
Subject : Science
Unit :4
Chapter : Heat
Date : 2077/05/18 Class : Six
PRESENTED BY
ARJUN POKHREL (SCIENCE TEACHER)
SAGARMATHA SECONDARY SCHOOL, MIRCHAIYA, SIRAHA
Uses of heat energy
• As discussed in the preceding sections, we
find that heat energy is essential for the
survival of all living beings.
• Human beings use heat energy to achieve
various aspects.
a) It keeps our body warm.
• In the winter season, the cool air takes
away heat energy from our body and we feel
chilly.
• To keep our body warm we do different
activities.
• To get the necessary heat energy, we burn
fire, or use electric heaters, gas heaters or
stand on the sun.
• Thus heat energy help us to keep our body
warm.
b) Use for cooking our food
• Under cooked or uncooked food may be
harmful for our health.
• Except the fruits, the food we take has to
be cooked properly.
• A well cooked food is tasty and helpful for
the health.
• In cities areas people mostly use LP gas,
kerosene and electricity to cook food.
c) Use for drying wet cloths, pulses, grains,
fish, meat and other foods:
• We need to use neat and clean cloth to be
healthy for which we have to wash them
routinely to clean them.
• The wet cloths are better dried in the sun.
The solar heat energy evaporates water
from the wet cloth.
• In the cloudy day the drying process takes
longer time.
• Similarly, food grains, fish, meat and other
foods are dried before storing them.
• To, dry these food items we use heat of the
sun.
d) Use for industrial production:
• Heat energy is very essential to achieve the
different aspects in our life.
• Without the necessary amount of heat
energy plants cannot give grains, vegetables,
and fruits.
• We also like to have biscuits, chocolates,
noodles, etc. to eat.
• We need heat energy to make them.
• Similarly to bake bricks in the kiln, to
produce iron rods, cement, plastic and
plastic goods, electric cables, toys and
domestic utensils, heat is extremely
essential.
• The needful heat energy, we generally get
from coal, wood, natural gas, electricity, etc.
e) To sterilize water
• Water we get from different sources as
river, pond, lake, etc. is generally
contaminated.
• Even though it looks clear, it might contain
different types of invisible bacteria.
• When water is heated to its boiling point,
the different bacteria in it dies and the
water becomes drinkable.
f) To preserve grain, meat, fish and other
food stuff.
• We need necessary heat energy to remove
moisture from the food grains, meat, fish
etc. so that they can be stored for a longer
period of time.
• The moisture content in these food spoils
them when stored.
g) Heat is used to produce electricity.
• Electricity can also be produced by using
heat.
• The electricity produced by using heat is
called thermal electricity.
• Thermal electricity plants use fossils fuel
like coal, kerosene, diesel , petrol etc. and
other bio fuels.
g) Heat is used to purify water.
• Water may contains different kinds of
germs, like bacteria, fungi, protozoans etc.
• To make water drinking water from germs it
needs to be boiled.
• We need heat to boil water.
Why does fire put off when we pour enough

water in it?
• Fire put off when we pour enough water in it
because water absorbs all the heat from the
burning substance as well as blocks the
oxygen supply which prevents ignition.
Summary grains, to keep our body warm,
 Sun, biomass-fuels, current electricity,
fossil fuels, are the prime sources of heat
energy.
 Solar heat warms the environment, helps to
heat water and produce current electricity.
 Fire wood, hay, straw, and bio mass-gas, etc
belong to bio mass fuel.
 Coal, petrol, diesel, kerosene, are the fossil
fuels, as they are extracted from the mine.
 Heat energy can change the volume and
shape of the object.
 Black and deep dark coloured objects
absorb heat quicker than the light coloured
or shiny objects.
 Heat is used for different purposes as
purification of water, to run factories, to
cook food, to dry wet clothes and food
Answer the following questions:
1. Why is the sun considered as the prime
source of heat energy?
2. What do you mean by the bio mass-fuel?
3. What is the name of that electric appliance
which produces heat energy?
4. What changes do you see when water is
heated?
5. In general, people use black cloths in winter
and white cloths in the summer seasons,
why?
6. What do you suggest to get pure drinkable
water?
7. Why do wet cloths take longer time to dry
in the shade than in the sun.
8. Most foods are generally cooked properly
before they are consumed. Give two reasons
for this.
Answer the following questions:
1. Why is the sun considered as the prime
source of heat energy?
2. What do you mean by the bio mass-fuel?
3. What is the name of that electric appliance
which produces heat energy?
4. What changes do you see when water is
heated?
5. In general, people use black cloths in winter
and white cloths in the summer seasons,
why?
6. What do you suggest to get pure drinkable
water?
7. Why do wet cloths take longer time to dry
in the shade than in the sun.
8. Most foods are generally cooked properly
before they are consumed. Give two reasons
for this.

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Class: VI Chapter: Heat Arjun Science Classes

Bio fuel Mineral oil

Differences between laboratory

Why does fire put off when we pour enough

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