Introduction To Air Pollution

INTRODUCTION TO AIR POLLUTION
OPEN ELECTIVE-TE
A PRESENTATION BY
Dr. K G GUPTHA
PROFESSOR AND HEAD, CIVIL
ENGINEERING CONTACT: 9422061953
GOA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING EMAIL: kgg@gec.ac.in
FARMAGUDI-403401-GOA
1
03/06/2024 AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 2
3
What is the Nature of the
Atmosphere?
 Concept :The two innermost layers of the atmosphere are the

troposphere, which supports life, and the stratosphere, which
contains the protective ozone layer.
AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

4
Earth’s Atmosphere
 Troposphere
 5-11 miles above earth’s surface
 75–80% earth’s air mass
 78% N2, 21% O2
 Weather and climate
 Stratosphere
 Ozone layer

Atmospheric pressure (millibars)
0 200 400 600 800 1,000
120 75
Temperature
110
65
100 Thermosphere
90 Mesopause 55
Altitude (kilometers)
80
Altitude (miles)
70 Mesosphere 45
60 Stratopause
35
50
Stratosphere
40 25
30 Tropopause
Ozone layer 15
20
10 Pressure Troposphere
5
(Sea 0
–80 –40 0 40 80 120 Pressure =
Level) 1,000
03/06/2024 AIRTemperature
POLLUTION (°C)- OPEN 6
Millibars at
ELECTIVE-2024 ground level
7
What Are the Major Air Pollution
Problems? (1)
 Concept Three major outdoor air pollution problems are

industrial smog from burning coal, photochemical smog from
motor vehicle and industrial emissions, and acid deposition
from coal burning and motor vehicle exhaust.

8
What Are the Major Air Pollution
Problems? (2)
 Concept The most threatening indoor air pollutants are smoke

and soot from wood and coal fires (mostly in developing
countries) and chemicals used in building materials and
products.

9
Outdoor Air Pollution
 What is air pollution?

 Stationary and mobile sources
 Primary pollutants
 Secondary pollutants

10
Types of Major Air Pollutants
 Carbon oxides (CO, CO2)
 Nitrogen oxides and nitric acid
(NO, NO2, HNO3)
 Sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid
(SO2, H2SO4)
 Particulates (SPM)
 Ozone (O3)
 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

Primary Pollutants
CO CO2 Secondary Pollutants
SO2 NO NO2
Most hydrocarbons SO3
HNO3 H2SO4
Most suspended particles
H2O2 O3 PANs
Most NO3– and SO42– salts
Sources Natural Stationary
Mobile
03/06/2024 AIR POLLUTION - OPEN 12

ELECTIVE-2024
13
Industrial Smog
 Burning coal
 Sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid, suspended particles
 Developed versus developing countries
 Air pollution control in the U.S. and Europe
 China, India, Ukraine

14
Photochemical Smog
 Photochemical reactions
 Photochemical smog
 Brown-air smog
 Sources
 Health effects
 Urban areas

16
Natural Factors That Reduce Air
Pollution
 Particles heavier than air

 Rain and snow
 Salty sea spray from oceans
 Winds
 Chemical reactions

17
Natural Factors That Increase Air
Pollution
 Urban buildings
 Hills and mountains
 High temperatures
 VOC emissions from certain trees and plants
 Grasshopper effect
 Temperature inversions

18
Acid Deposition
 Sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides

 Wet and dry deposition
 Acid rain
 Regional air pollution
 Midwest coal-burning power plants
 Prevailing winds

Fig. 15-5, p. 374
Wind
Transformation
to sulfuric acid
(H2SO4) and nitric
acid (HNO3) Windborne ammonia gas
and some soil particles partially
neutralize acids and form dry Wet acid deposition
sulfate and nitrate salts (droplets of H2SO4 and
HNO3 dissolved in rain
Nitric oxide (NO) and snow)
Sulfur dioxide Dry acid deposition
(SO2) and NO (sulfur dioxide gas
and particles of
sulfate and nitrate salts)
Acid fog
Lakes in shallow
Lakes in deep soil low in
soil high in limestone
limestone become acidic
are buffered

ELECTIVE-2024 Fig. 15-5, p. 374
Fig. 15-6, p. 375
Potential problem areas because of sensitive soils
Potential problem areas because of air pollution:
emissions leading to acid deposition
Current problem areas (including lakes and rivers)

ELECTIVE-2024 Fig. 15-6, p. 375
23
Harmful Effects of Acid Deposition
 Structural damage
 Respiratory diseases in humans
 Toxic metal leaching
 Kills fish and other aquatic organisms
 Leaches plant nutrients from soil
 Acid clouds and fog at mountaintops

Fig. 15-7, p. 376
Solutions
Acid Deposition
Prevention Cleanup
Reduce coal use Add lime to
neutralize
Burn low-sulfur coal acidified lakes
Increase natural gas use Add phosphate

fertilizer to
Increase use of renewable neutralize
energy resources acidified lakes
Remove SO2 particulates

and NOx from smokestack
gases
Remove NOx from motor
vehicular exhaust
Tax emissions of SO2
Reduce air pollution by

improving energy efficiency
ELECTIVE-2024 Fig. 15-7, p. 376
26
Indoor Air Pollution
 Developing countries
 Indoor cooking and heating
 Often higher concentration in buildings and cars
 Most time is spent indoors or in cars
 EPA – top cancer risk

27
Major Indoor Air Pollutants
 Tobacco smoke
 Formaldehyde
 Radioactive radon-222 gas
 Very small particles

Fig. 15-8, p. 377
Chloroform Para-dichlorobenzene Tetrachloroethylene
Source: Chlorine-treated water in Source: Air fresheners, Source: Dry-cleaning Formaldehyde
hot showers mothball crystals fluid fumes on clothes Source: Furniture stuffing,
Possible threat: Cancer Threat: Cancer Threat: Nerve disorders, paneling, particleboard,
damage to liver and foam insulation
kidneys, possible cancer Threat: Irritation of eyes,
1,1,1-Trichloroethane throat, skin, and lungs;
Source: Aerosol sprays nausea; dizziness
Threat: Dizziness,
irregular breathing
Styrene
Nitrogen oxides Source: Carpets,
Source: Unvented gas plastic products
stoves and kerosene Threat: Kidney and
heaters, woodstoves liver damage
Threat: Irritated lungs,
children's colds, Benzo-α-pyrene
headaches Source: Tobacco smoke,
woodstoves
Threat: Lung cancer
Particulates
Source: Pollen, pet
dander, dust mites, Radon-222
cooking smoke particles Source: Radioactive soil
Threat: Irritated lungs, and rock surrounding
asthma attacks, itchy foundation, water supply
eyes, runny nose, Threat: Lung cancer
lung disease
Tobacco smoke
Source: Cigarettes
Threat: Lung cancer, respiratory
ailments, heart disease
Asbestos Carbon monoxide Methylene chloride
Source: Pipe insulation, vinyl Source: Faulty furnaces, Source: Paint strippers and thinners
ceiling and floor tiles unvented gas stoves and Threat: Nerve disorders, diabetes
Threat: Lung disease, lung cancer kerosene heaters,
woodstoves
Threat: Headaches,
03/06/2024 AIR
drowsiness, POLLUTION - OPEN
irregular 29
heartbeat, deathELECTIVE-2024
Fig. 15-8, p. 377
Chloroform Para-dichlorobenzene Tetrachloroethylene
Source: Chlorine-treated water in Source: Air fresheners, Source: Dry-cleaning Formaldehyde
hot showers mothball crystals fluid fumes on clothes Source: Furniture stuffing,
Possible threat: Cancer Threat: Cancer Threat: Nerve disorders, paneling, particleboard,
damage to liver and foam insulation
kidneys, possible cancer Threat: Irritation of eyes,
1,1,1-Trichloroethane throat, skin, and lungs;
Source: Aerosol sprays nausea; dizziness
Threat: Dizziness,
irregular breathing
Styrene
Nitrogen oxides Source: Carpets,
Source: Unvented gas plastic products
stoves and kerosene Threat: Kidney and
heaters, woodstoves liver damage
Threat: Irritated lungs,
children's colds, Benzo-α-pyrene
headaches Source: Tobacco smoke,
woodstoves
Threat: Lung cancer
Particulates
Source: Pollen, pet
dander, dust mites, Radon-222
cooking smoke particles Source: Radioactive soil
Threat: Irritated lungs, and rock surrounding
asthma attacks, itchy foundation, water supply
eyes, runny nose, Threat: Lung cancer
lung disease
Tobacco smoke
Source: Cigarettes
Threat: Lung cancer, respiratory
ailments, heart disease
Asbestos Carbon monoxide Methylene chloride
Source: Pipe insulation, vinyl Source: Faulty furnaces, Source: Paint strippers and thinners
ceiling and floor tiles unvented gas stoves and Threat: Nerve disorders, diabetes
Threat: Lung disease, lung cancer kerosene heaters,
woodstoves
Threat: Headaches,
drowsiness, irregular Stepped Art
heartbeat, death
Fig. 15-8, p. 377
31
Air Pollution and the Human
Respiratory System
 Natural protective system

 Lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma
 Premature deaths
 Air pollution kills 2.4 million people prematurely every year

Fig. 15-9, p. 378
Epithelial cell
Cilia
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Goblet cell
Pharynx (throat) (secreting
mucus)
Mucus
Trachea (windpipe)
Bronchus Bronchioles
Alveolar duct
Right lung
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Alveolar sac
(sectioned)

ELECTIVE-2024 Fig. 15-9, p. 378
Fig. 15-10, p. 378
Deaths per 100,000 adults per year
<1 1–5 5–10 10–20 20–30 30+

ELECTIVE-2024 Fig. 15-10, p. 378
36
How Should We Deal with
Air Pollution?
 Concept Legal, economic, and technological tools can help

clean up air pollution, but the best solution is to prevent it.

37
U.S. Outdoor Air Pollution Control
Laws
 Clean Air Acts

 Air-quality standards for 6 major pollutants
 Levels of these 6 pollutants have fallen dramatically between
1980 and 2008

38
Improving Air Pollution Laws (1)
 Emphasize pollution prevention

 Increase fuel economy standards
 Regulate emissions from two-cycle engines
 Regulate ultra-fine particles

39
Improving Air Pollution Laws (2)
 Increase regulations at airports

 Decrease urban ozone
 Increase regulations for indoor air pollution
 Better enforcement of Clean Air Act

40
Using the Marketplace to Reduce Air Pollution
 Emissions trading (cap and trade) program

 Proponents – cheaper and more efficient
 Critics – companies buy their way out
 Success depends on cap being gradually lowered

Fig. 15-11, p. 380
Solutions
Stationary Source Air Pollution
Prevention Dispersion or
Cleanup
Burn low-sulfur coal Disperse emissions above
thermal inversion layer with
tall smokestacks
Remove sulfur from coal
Remove pollutants after

Convert coal to a liquid combustion
or gaseous fuel
Shift to less polluting Tax each unit of pollution

energy sources produced
ELECTIVE-2024 Fig. 15-11, p. 380
Fig. 15-12, p. 381
Solutions
Motor Vehicle Air Pollution
Prevention Cleanup
Use mass transit Require
emission
Walk or bike control devices
Use less polluting

fuels
Inspect car
Improve fuel efficiency
exhaust
Get older, polluting systems
cars off the road twice a year
Give large tax

write-offs or rebates
for buying low- Set strict
polluting, energy emission
03/06/2024 efficient vehicles AIR POLLUTION - OPEN standards 44
ELECTIVE-2024 Fig. 15-12, p. 381
Fig. 15-13, p. 381
Solutions
Indoor Air Pollution
Prevention Cleanup or
Clean ceiling tiles Dilution
and line AC Use adjustable
ducts to fresh air vents
prevent release for work spaces
of mineral fibers
Ban smoking Increase intake

or limit it to of outside air
well-ventilated
areas
Change air
Set stricter more
formaldehyde frequently
emissions
standards
for carpet, Circulate a
furniture, and building’s air
building through rooftop
materials greenhouses
Prevent radon
infiltration Use efficient
venting systems
Use office for wood-
machines burning
in well- stoves
ventilated areas
Use exhaust
Use less hoods
polluting for stoves and
substitutes for appliances
harmful cleaning burning
03/06/2024 AIR POLLUTION - OPEN
agents, paints, natural gas 46
and other products
ELECTIVE-2024 Fig. 15-13, p. 381
Fig. 15-14, p. 381
Fig. 15-15, p. 382
Solutions
Air Pollution
Outdoor Indoor
Improve energy Reduce poverty
efficiency to
reduce fossil fuel
use
Distribute cheap
Rely more on and efficient
lower-polluting cookstoves or
natural gas solar cookers to
poor families in
Rely more on developing
renewable energy countries
(especially solar
cells, wind,
geothermal and
solar-produced Reduce or ban
hydrogen) indoor smoking
Transfer energy
efficiency, Develop simple
renewable energy, and cheap tests
and pollution for indoor
prevention pollutants such
technologies as particulates,
to developing radon, and
countries
03/06/2024 AIR POLLUTION - OPENformaldehyde 49
ELECTIVE-2024 Fig. 15-15, p. 382
50
How Might the Earth’s Climate
Change in the Future?
 Concept Considerable scientific evidence indicates that

emissions of greenhouse gases into the earth’s atmosphere
from human activities will lead to significant climate change
during this century.

51
Past Climate Changes
 Glacial and interglacial periods

 Global cooling and global warming
 Measurement of past temperature changes
 Rocks and fossils
 Ice cores from glaciers
 Tree rings
 Historical measurements since 1861

Fig. 15-16, p. 383
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (over past 900,000 years AVERAGE TEMPERATURE (over past 130 years
TEMPERATURE CHANGE (over past 22,000 years TEMPERATURE CHANGE (over past 1,000 years
Stepped Art
Fig. 15-16, p. 383
54
The Greenhouse Effect
 Earth’s natural greenhouse effect

 Natural greenhouse gases
 Water vapor (H2O)
 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
 Methane (CH4)
 Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

55
Evidence to Support Global Warming
(1)
 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

 2007 IPCC report
 Rise in average global surface temperature
 10 warmest years on record since 1970

56
Evidence to Support Global Warming
(2)
 Annual greenhouse gas emissions up 70% between 1970 and

2008
 Changes in glaciers, rainfall patterns, hurricanes
 Sea level rise in this century 4–8 inches

Sept. 1979 Sept. 2008
Russia Russia
* *
North North
pole Greenland pole Greenland
Alaska (U.S.) Alaska (U.S.)

Canada Canada

ELECTIVE-2024
61
CO2 Is the Major Culprit
 1850: 285 ppm

 2009: 388 ppm
 Over 450 ppm is tipping point
 350 ppm as intermediate goal

Science Focus: Scientific Consensus about
63
Future Global Temperature Changes?
 Temperature as a function of greenhouse gases

 Mathematical models
 Model data and assumptions
 Predictions and model reliability
 Recent warming due to human activities

Sun
Troposphere
Cooling
from
increase
Aerosols Greenhouse CO2 emissions from Heat and Heat and
gases Warming CO2 removal land clearing, CO2 removal CO2 emissions
from by plants and fires, and decay
decrease soil organisms
Ice and snow cover
Shallow ocean
Land and soil biota

Long-term
Natural and human emissions storage
Deep ocean

ELECTIVE-2024
67
What Role for Oceans in Climate
Change?
 Absorb CO2
 CO2 solubility decreases with increasing temperature
 Upper ocean getting warmer

68
What Are Some Possible Effects
of a Projected Climate Change?
 Concept The projected change in the earth’s climate during

this century could have severe and long-lasting consequences,
including increased drought and flooding, rising sea levels,
and shifts in locations of agriculture and wildlife habitats.

69
Potential Severe Consequences
 Rapid projected temperature increase

 2 Cº inevitable
 4 Cº possible
 Effects will last for at least 1,000 years

71
Harmful Effects of Global Warming
(1)
 Excessive heat
 Drought
 Ice and snow melt
 Rising sea levels
 Extreme weather

72
Harmful Effects of Global Warming
(2)
 Threat to biodiversity
 Food production may decline
 Change location of agricultural crops
 Threats to human health

76
What Can We Do to Slow Projected
Climate Change?
 Concept To slow the rate of projected climate change, we can

increase energy efficiency, sharply reduce greenhouse gas
emissions, rely more on renewable energy resources, and slow
population growth.

77
Options to Deal with Climate Change
 Two approaches:
1. Drastically reduce greenhouse gas emissions
2. Develop strategies to reduce its harmful effects
 Mix both approaches
 Governments beginning to act

Solutions
Slowing Climate Change
Prevention Cleanup
Cut fossil fuel Remove CO2 from
use (especially smokestack and
coal) vehicle emissions
Shift from coal Store (sequester)

to natural gas CO2 by planting
Improve energy trees
efficiency Sequester CO2 in
soil by using no-
Shift to till cultivation and
renewable taking cropland
energy resources out of production
Transfer energy Sequester CO2
efficiency and deep
renewable energy underground
technologies to (with no leaks
developing allowed)
countries
Reduce Sequester CO2 in
deforestation the deep ocean
(with no leaks
Use more sustainable allowed)
agriculture and
forestry Repair leaky
natural gas
Limit urban pipelines and
sprawl facilities
Reduce poverty Use animal feeds
that reduce CH4
Slow population emissions from
03/06/2024 growth AIR POLLUTION - OPEN
cows (belching) 79
ELECTIVE-2024
80
Reducing the Threat of Climate
Change (1)
 Improve energy efficiency to reduce fossil fuel use

 Shift from coal to natural gas
 Improve energy efficiency
 Shift to renewable energy sources

81
Change (2)
 Transfer appropriate technology to developing countries

 Reduce deforestation
 Sustainable agriculture and forestry
 Reduce poverty
 Slow population growth

82
Change (3)
 Decrease CO2 emissions

 Sequester CO2
 Plant trees
 Agriculture
 Underground
 Deep ocean
 Repair leaking natural gas lines
 Reduce methane emissions from animals

Science Focus: Is Capturing 83
and Storing CO2 the Answer?
(1)
 Global tree planting
 Restore wetlands
 Plant fast-growing perennials

Science Focus: Is Capturing 84
and Storing CO2 the Answer?
(2)
 Preserve natural forests
 Seed oceans with iron to promote growth of phytoplankton
 Sequester carbon dioxide underground and under the ocean
floor

03/06/2024 AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024
Tanker delivers
Oil rig CO2 from plant Coal power Tree plantation
to rig plant
CO2 is pumped
down from rig for Abandoned
disposal in deep oil field
ocean or under Switchgrass
Switchgrass Crop
Crop field
field
seafloor sediments
CO
CO22 is
is pumped
pumped
underground
underground
Spent
Spent oil
oil or
or
natural
natural gas
gas Spent
Spent coal
coal
reservoir
reservoir bed cavern
bed cavern
Deep,
Deep, saltwater-filled
saltwater-filled cavern
cavern
= CO2 pumping
= CO2 deposit

ELECTIVE-2024
Government Roles in 87
Reducing the Threat of
Climate Change (1)
 Regulate carbon dioxide and methane as pollutants
 Carbon taxes
 Cap total CO2 emissions
 Subsidize energy-efficient technologies
 Technology transfers

Government Roles in 88
Reducing the Threat of
Climate Change (2)
 International climate negotiations
 Kyoto Protocol
 Act locally
 Costa Rica
 U.S. states
 Large corporations
 Colleges and universities

Develop crops that
need less water
Waste less water
Connect wildlife
reserves with corridors Move people away
from low-lying
coastal areas
Move hazardous material storage Stockpile 1- to 5-year

tanks away from coast supply of key foods
Prohibit new construction
on low-lying coastal areas
or build houses on stilts
Expand existing
wildlife reserves
toward poles

ELECTIVE-2024
How Have We Depleted Ozone in the Stratosphere and
92
What Can We Do about It?
 Concept Widespread use of certain

chemicals has reduced ozone levels in the
stratosphere and allowed more harmful
ultraviolet radiation to reach the earth’s
surface.
 Concept To reverse ozone depletion, we need
to stop producing ozone-depleting chemicals
and adhere to the international treaties that
ban such chemicals.
93
Human Impact on
the Ozone Layer
 Location and purpose of the ozone layer

 Blocks UV-A and UV-B
 Seasonal and long-term depletion of ozone
 Threat to humans, animals, plants
 Causes – chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

94
Individuals Matter: Banning of

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Chemists Rowland and Molina –
 Nobel Prize in 1995
 Called for ban
 Remain in atmosphere
 Rise into stratosphere
 Break down into atoms that accelerate ozone depletion
 Stay in stratosphere for long periods
 Defended research against big industry

95
Former Uses of CFCs
 Coolants in air conditioners and refrigerators

 Propellants in aerosol cans
 Cleaning solutions for electronic parts
 Fumigants
 Bubbles in plastic packing foam

98
Reversing Ozone Depletion
 Stop producing ozone-depleting chemicals

 Slow recovery
 Montreal Protocol
 Copenhagen Protocol
 International cooperation

99
Three Big Ideas from This Chapter -
#1
All countries need to step up efforts to control and prevent outdoor

and indoor air pollution.

100
#2
Reducing the possible harmful effects of projected rapid climate

change during this century requires emergency action to cut
energy waste, sharply reduce greenhouse gas emissions, rely
more on renewable energy resources, and slow population
growth.

101
#3
We need to continue phasing out the use of chemicals that have

reduced ozone levels in the stratosphere and allowed more
harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach the earth’s surface.

102
Animation: pH Scale
PLAY
ANIMATION

103
Animation: Half-Life
PLAY
ANIMATION

104
Animation: Nitrogen Cycle
PLAY
ANIMATION

105
Animation: Sulfur Cycle
PLAY
ANIMATION

106
Animation: Thermal Invasion
and Smog
PLAY
ANIMATION

107
Animation: Formation of
Photochemical Smog
PLAY
ANIMATION

108
Animation: Acid Deposition
PLAY
ANIMATION

109
Animation: Effects of Air
Pollution in Forests
PLAY
ANIMATION

110
Animation: Climate and
Ocean Currents Map
PLAY
ANIMATION

111
Animation: Air Circulation and
Climate
PLAY
ANIMATION

112
Animation: Air Circulation
PLAY
ANIMATION

113
Animation: Greenhouse Effect
PLAY
ANIMATION

Animation: Increasing Greenhouse Gases 114
PLAY
ANIMATION

115
Animation: El Nino Southern
Oscillation
PLAY
ANIMATION

116
Animation: Coastal Breezes
PLAY
ANIMATION

117
Animation: Upwelling Along
Western Coasts
PLAY
ANIMATION

118
Animation: Humans Affect
Biodiversity
PLAY
ANIMATION

119
Animation: Habitat Loss and
Fragmentation
PLAY
ANIMATION

120
Animation: How CFCs Destroy
Ozone
PLAY
ANIMATION

121
Video: Air Pollution in China
PLAY
VIDEO
122
Video: Clean Air Act
PLAY
VIDEO
123
Video: China Computer Waste
PLAY
VIDEO
124
Video: U.S. Earth Summit
PLAY
VIDEO
125
Video: Melting Ice
PLAY
VIDEO
126
Video: Global Warming
PLAY
VIDEO
127
Video: Dinosaur Discovery
PLAY
VIDEO
128
Video: Desertification in China
PLAY
VIDEO
129
Video: Ozone Layer Depletion
PLAY
VIDEO

Introduction To Air Pollution

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction To Air Pollution

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

INTRODUCTION TO AIR POLLUTION

 Concept :The two innermost layers of the atmosphere are the

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

 Concept Three major outdoor air pollution problems are

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

 Concept The most threatening indoor air pollutants are smoke

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

 What is air pollution?

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

03/06/2024 AIR POLLUTION - OPEN 12

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

 Particles heavier than air

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

 Sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

03/06/2024 AIR POLLUTION - OPEN 20

03/06/2024 AIR POLLUTION - OPEN 22

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

Increase natural gas use Add phosphate

Remove SO2 particulates

Reduce air pollution by

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

 Natural protective system

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

03/06/2024 AIR POLLUTION - OPEN 33

<1 1–5 5–10 10–20 20–30 30+

03/06/2024 AIR POLLUTION - OPEN 35

 Concept Legal, economic, and technological tools can help

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

 Clean Air Acts

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

 Emphasize pollution prevention

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

 Increase regulations at airports

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

 Emissions trading (cap and trade) program

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

Remove sulfur from coal

Remove pollutants after

Shift to less polluting Tax each unit of pollution

Use less polluting

Give large tax

Ban smoking Increase intake

 Concept Considerable scientific evidence indicates that

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

 Glacial and interglacial periods

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

 Earth’s natural greenhouse effect

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

 Annual greenhouse gas emissions up 70% between 1970 and

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024

Alaska (U.S.) Alaska (U.S.)

03/06/2024 AIR POLLUTION - OPEN 60

 1850: 285 ppm

AIR POLLUTION - OPEN ELECTIVE-2024 03/06/2024