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ENS 162 Work and Energy

Kinetics of Particles
LECTURE 4

Engr. Edilvin Walter P. Maghanoy

TODAY
 Why do we need to study work and energy?
 Work of a Force
 Principle of Work and Energy
 Power and Efficiency
 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
 Conservation of Energy
Why do we need to study?
By understanding work and energy principles, we can
predict how much work is required to move an object
a certain distance, or how much energy is required to
achieve a certain speed.
Work of a Force
A force F will do work on a particle only when the
particle undergoes a displacement in the direction of
the force.
Work of a Variable Force
When a force acting on an object varies with distance
or displacement, the work done by the force is said to
be the work of a variable force.
Work of a Constant Force
When a force acts on an object and moves it in a
straight line, the work done by the force is said to be
the work of a force moving a straight line.
Work of a Weight
The work done by the weight of an object is the
product of the force of gravity and the displacement of
the object in the direction of the force.
Work of a Spring Force
The work done by a spring is the product of the force
exerted by the spring and the displacement of the
spring from its equilibrium position.
Example 1
Find the work done by the forces acting on the cart.
Example 2
Principle of Work and Energy
The principle of work and energy in kinematics is a
fundamental concept in physics that describes the
relationship between the work done on an object and
its change in kinetic energy.
Example 3
The 3500-lb automobile shown in the figure travels down the 10⁰
inclined road at a speed of 20 ft/s. If the driver jams on the
brakes, causing his wheels to lock, determine how far s the tires
skid on the road. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the
wheels and the road is
Example 4
For a short-time the crane in the figure lifts the 2.50 Mg beam
with a force of F = (28 + 3 Determine the speed of the beam when
it has risen s = 3m. Also, how much time does it take to attain this
height starting from rest?
Example 5
The platform P has a negligible mass and is tied down so that the
0.4m long cords keep a 1m long spring compressed 0.6m when
nothing is on the platform. If a 2 kg block is placed on the
platform and released from rest after the platform is pushed
down 0.1m, determine the maximum height h the block rises in
the air, measured from the ground.
Example 6
The 40 kg boy in the figure slides down the smooth water slide. If
he starts from rest a A, determine his speed when he reaches B
and the normal reaction the slide exerts on the boy at this
position.
Example 7
Blocks A and B shown in the figure have a mass of 10 kg and 100
kg, respectively. Determine the distance B travels when it is
released from rest to the point where its speed becomes 2 m/s.
Power and Efficiency
Power refers to the rate at which work is done or
energy is transferred. Mathematically, power is
expressed as:

Efficiency is a measure of how well a system converts

input energy into useful output energy. It is defined as
the ratio of the output work or energy to the input
work or energy. Mathematically, efficiency is expressed
as:
Example 8
The man in the figure pushes on the 50 kg crate with a force of F
= 150 N. Determine the power supplied by the man when t = 4s.
The coefficient of kinetic friction between the floor and the crate
is 0.2. Initially the crate is at rest.
Example 9
The motor M of the hoist shown in the figure lifts the 75 lb crate C
so that the acceleration of point P is 4 ft/. Determine the power
that must be supplied to the motor at the instant P has a velocity
of 2 ft/s. Neglect the mass of the pulley and cable and take
Conservative and Non-conservative
Conservative Force
If the work of a force is independent of the path and
depends only on the force’s initial and final positions
on the path.
• Gravity
• Spring force
• Electrostatic forces

Non-Conservative Force
If the work of the force depends on the path – the
longer the path, the greater the work.
• Friction
• Tension
• Applied Forces
Potential Energy
Is a type of energy that an object possesses by virtue
of its position.

Elastic Potential Energy

Is a formed of potential energy. It is the
energy stored in an object when it is
deformed or compressed due to an
applied force.

Work done
Conservation of Energy
In dynamics, the conservation of energy (mechanical)
states that during the motion the sum of the particle’s
kinetic and potential energies remains constant.
Example 11
If a ball of weight W is dropped from a height h above the ground,
find the mechanical energy of the ball at a) initial position b)
midway position c) final position.
Example 12
The gantry structure in the photo is used to test the response of
an airplane during a crash. As shown in the figure the plane,
having a mass of 8 Mg, is hoisted back until θ = 60⁰, and then the
pull-back cable AC is released when the plane is at rest.
Determine the speed of the plane just before it crashes into the
ground, θ = 15⁰. Also, what is the maximum tension developed in
the supporting cable during the motion? Neglect the size of the
airplane and the effect of lift caused by the wings during the
motion.
Example 13
The ram R shown in the figure has a mass of
100 kg and is released from rest 0.75 m
from the top of a spring, A, that has a
stiffness If a second spring B, having a
stiffness is nested in A, determine the
maximum displacement of A needed to
stop the downward motion of the ram. The
unstretched length of each spring is
indicated in the figure. Neglect the mass of
the springs.