Fuel consumption

measurement in LDVs

WLTP 2nd act Working Group

Brussels, 17 July 2017

Cosmin Codrea
European Commission
Disclaimer CLIMA C.4 Road Transport
The views expressed in this presentation are
those of the author and do not reflect the official 1
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A number of sources show an increasing “gap“ between TA
CO2 and average real-world under NEDC in the EU of up to
around 40% (from an historical gap of around 10-20%).

JRC estimate

Source: ICCT (2016)

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Introduction of the WLTP as of September 2017

Key Parameters of the Driving Cycles NEDC and WLTC

Parameters NEDC WLTP

duration (s) 1180 1800

distance (km) 11.03 23.27

av. speed (km/h) 33.6 46.5

maximum speed (km/h) 120 131.3

stop duration (%) 23.7 12.6

constant driving (%) 40.3 3.7

acceleration (%) 20.9 43.8

deceleration (%) 15.1 39.9

av. positive acc. (m/s2) 0.59 0.41

max positive acc. (m/s2) 1.04 1.67

av. positive “speed*acc.” (m2/s3) 1.04 1.99

max positive “speed*acc.” (m2/s3) 9.22 21.01

av. deceleration (m/s2) −0.82 −0.45

minimum deceleration (m/s2) −1.39 −1.50

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The WLTP is expected to have a significant effect on certified CO 2
emissions and their representativeness vs. real-world average

The effect is anticipated to be very vehicle-specific depending

on the mix of technologies applied 4
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At the same time: strong concerns about the reliability and representativeness of laboratory test procedures over time

Commission and Member States are asked to establish:

"remote fleet monitoring schemes – making use of ... on-board sensors" EP EMIS Recommendations

"targeted ex-post real driving emissions (RDE) methodology for CO2 ... to complement the WLTP ... based on measuring devices already present in vehicles, for example fuel consumption meters (FCM)"
EP ENVI Committee

"ex-post on-board fuel consumption monitoring"

EC Scientific Advice Mechanism (SAM)

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At the same time: strong concerns about the reliability and representativeness of laboratory test procedures over time

Commission and Member States are asked to establish:

"remote fleet monitoring schemes – making use of ... on-board sensors" EP EMIS Recommendations

"targeted ex-post real driving emissions (RDE) methodology for CO2 ... to complement the WLTP ... based on measuring devices already present in vehicles, for example fuel consumption meters (FCM)"
EP ENVI Committee

"ex-post on-board fuel consumption monitoring"

EC Scientific Advice Mechanism (SAM)

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Enabling technology needed for robust real-world CO2
monitoring:

On-board fuel consumption measurement device

State of play:

•Quantity of injected fuel: key parameter for combustion control

•Information exists but not standardised to date in terms of

 OBD access
 accuracy requirements

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Legal Basis:

Article 5(3)(e) and (f) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007,

"establishing requirements relating to: (e) measurement of
greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption; (f) hybrid
vehicles and alternative fuel vehicles"

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Legal Basis

Article 5(3)(e) and (f) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007,

"establishing requirements relating to: (e) measurement of
greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption; (f) hybrid
vehicles and alternative fuel vehicles"

Delineation from
EU 2014/0012 (COD)

•No requirements
for dashboard display

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Source: wikipedia
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Legal Structure

•to allow swift implementation (in response to EMIS)

and avoid excessive TA burden

A. On-board fuel consumption measurement device

1. Step: self-declaration at TA for all

new
LDVs as of 2021

2. Step: verification procedure in

subsequent act

•to use within a framework for robust real-world CO2 monitoring

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Legal Structure

•to allow swift implementation (in response to EMIS)

and avoid excessive TA burden

A. On-board fuel consumption measurement device

1. Step: self-declaration at TA for all

new
WLTP
2nd act
LDVs as of 2021

2. Step: verification procedure in

subsequent act

•to use within a framework for robust real-world CO2 monitoring

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Reference Standards

•CARB OBD II regulation, section 1968.2 of title 13, California

Code of Regulations from July 25, 2016.
OBD FCM: phased in as of 2019, fully applicable as of 2021.

 ISO 15765-4 CAN - OBD communication protocol

 SAE J1979 < = > ISO 15031-5

SAE J1979-DA (2017 update)

message and parameter definitions (digital
annex) 12
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Parameters to be determined and stored on-board

For Petrol, Diesel, HEVs, PHEVs and BEVs. [Gaseous fuels and FCEVs to be discussed.
For BEVs parameters a, c, e, and f would not apply].
a. Total Fuel Consumed (Lifetime)
b. Total Distance Travelled (Lifetime)
c. Total Fuel Consumed (Recent)
d. Total Distance Travelled (Recent)
e. Engine fuel rate (instantaneous)
f. Vehicle fuel rate (instantaneous)
Additional parameters for PHEVs and BEVs
g. Total grid energy into the battery (Lifetime)
h. Total grid energy into the battery (Recent)
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Accuracy requirements (work in progress)

•Several references:

 CARB OBD II regulation of 2016

 TNO 2013 - "Fuel consumption meter

requirements for light-duty vehicles – Final
report"

 JRC measurements (on-going)

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Estimates for component cost

•TNO 2013 estimate: up to €10

(including the dashboard information display)

 Cost for storing and releasing the few proposed fuel

consumption parameters expected to be much lower
(mainly software update)

•CARB 2015 cost estimate for additional ECU memory for all new
OBD II requirements: $5.51 (required for 10% of US fleet)

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Indicative timing of the regulatory process

•Draft amendment presented to TCMV: 7 September

•Discussion at WLTP 2nd act WG: 20-21 September

•Informal agreement of TCMV: 5 October

•Vote as part of the WLTP 2nd act: March 2018

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References

•EP EMIS Committee 2017

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/emis/home.html

•EP ENVI Committee 2017

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=COMPARL&reference=PE-601.214&format=PDF

•Scientific Advice Mechanism (SAM) HLG Opinion 2016 "Closing the gap" https://
ec.europa.eu/research/sam/pdf/sam_co2_emissions_report.pdf#view=fit&pagemode=none

•TNO 2010 – "Effects of a gear-shift indicator and a fuel economy meter on fuel consumption"
https
://circabc.europa.eu/webdav/CircaBC/GROW/wltp/Library/WLTP/consumption_meter/121018_legislation/FCM
%20-%20GSI%20efficiency%20(TNO).
pdf

•TNO 2013 - "Fuel consumption meter requirements for light-duty vehicles – Final report"
https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/ffa5ab82-0bc2-472f-af0c-
9d0d82a6b91f

•CARB OBD II regulation, section 1968.2 of title 13, California Code of Regulations, as approved by
OAL on July 25, 2016. https://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/obdprog/section1968_2_clean2016.pdf

•CARB 2015 STAFF REPORT: Technical Status and Proposed Revisions to On-Board Diagnostic
System Requirements and Associated Enforcement Provisions for Passenger Cars, Light-Duty
Trucks, and Medium-Duty Vehicles and Engines (OBD II)
https://www.arb.ca.gov/regact/2015/obdii2015/obdii2015isor.pdf
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