DISEASES TARGETED

IN FIJI’S EPI

1.08 – SG 5, Q.5
Tetanus
BASIC FACTS PATHOGEN MODES OF CLINICAL TYPE OF ROUTE OF
TRANSMISSION MANIFESTATIONS VACCINE ADMINISTRATION

• Not spread Clostridium tetani • Direct transfer of • Lock jaw • Combination Intramuscular route
from person (bacterium) C. tetani spores • Dysphagia (DTaP, DT, Td, • optimizes the
to person • Motile from soil to • Muscles spasms Tdap) immunogenicity of
• Non-capsulated wounds and cuts • Fever the vaccine
• Gram-positive • From • Opisthotonus • Toxoid • minimizes adverse
• Slender, inadequately • Respiratory (tetanus reactions at the
anaerobic rod immunized distress toxoid) injection site
• Forms mothers
endospores (neonatal tetanus)
Diphtheria
BASIC FACTS PATHOGEN MODES OF CLINICAL TYPE OF ROUTE OF
TRANSMISSION MANIFESTATIONS VACCINE ADMINISTRATION

• Most Corynebacterium Airborne droplets • Sore throat • Combination Intramuscular route

common diphtheria • Usually through • Malaise (DTaP, DT, Td, • optimizes the
where (bacterium) respiratory • Cervical Tdap) immunogenicity of
people live in • Nonmotile droplets lymphadenopat the vaccine
crowded • Gram-positive (coughing, hy • Toxoid • minimizes adverse
conditions • Club-shaped sneezing) • Low-grade (diphtheria reactions at the
bacillus • Touching infected fever toxoid) injection site
• Noncapsulated open sores or
ulcers
Pertussis
BASIC FACTS PATHOGEN MODES OF CLINICAL TYPE OF ROUTE OF
TRANSMISSION MANIFESTATIONS VACCINE ADMINISTRATION
• Known as Bordetella Droplets • Runny nose • Combination Intramuscular route
“whooping pertussis • Usually through • Low-grade (DTaP, Tdap) • optimizes the
cough” (bacterium) respiratory fever immunogenicity of
• Known as • Gram-negative droplets • Vomiting the vaccine
“100-day • Coccobacillus (coughing, • Difficulty • minimizes adverse
cough” • Aerobic sneezing) breathing reactions at the
• Most • Encapsulated • Droplets don’t injection site
infectious travel very far,
during early only infects
stages nearby persons
Poliomyelitis
BASIC FACTS PATHOGEN MODES OF CLINICAL TYPE OF ROUTE OF
TRANSMISSION MANIFESTATIONS VACCINE ADMINISTRATION
• Enters body Poliovirus • Contact with the 1 out of 4 people • Inactivated IPV
through the (virus) feces of an infected will have flu-like polio • Intramuscular route
mouth. • 25-30mm person symptoms vaccine OPV
• Most people who (diameter) • Fecal contaminated • Sore throat (IPV) • Oral route
get infected will • Enteroviru food and water • Fever
not have any s • (Rarely) sneeze or • Oral polio
it provides excellent
visible symptoms • Three cough droplets from More serious vaccine
immunity (better than the
• Humans are only serotypes an infected person. symptoms (OPV) inactivated) since it uses the
reservoir for polio – P1, P2, • Meningitis natural infection route (oral-
virus. P3 • Paralysis fecal) in the body where it
enters through cells in the
intestine
Measles
BASIC FACTS PATHOGEN MODES OF CLINICAL TYPE OF ROUTE OF
TRANSMISSION MANIFESTATIONS VACCINE ADMINISTRATION
• Most infectious Measles virus • Respiratory • Fever • Attenuated Intramuscular route
– yet vaccine (virus) droplets (breathe, • Malaise Live vaccine • optimizes the
preventable – cough, sneeze) Cough (MR, MMR, immunogenicity of the
• vaccine
disease Measles is a • Coryza MMRV) • minimizes adverse reactions
paramyxovirus • Measles can • Conjunctivitis at the injection site
• Kills approx. remain infectious • Koplik spots Subcutaneous route
350 people a in air for up to 2-4 • Contains fewer blood
day (mostly hours. 3-5 days after vessels than muscle
children) symptoms begin, a • Vaccine is absorbed
rash breaks out. more slowly
Mumps
BASIC FACTS PATHOGEN MODES OF CLINICAL TYPE OF ROUTE OF
TRANSMISSION MANIFESTATION VACCINE ADMINISTRATION
S
• Primarily affects Mumps virus (virus) • Respiratory • Fever • Attenuated Intramuscular route
the saliva glands droplets (breathe, Live vaccine • optimizes the immunogenicity
located between • Mumps is a cough, sneeze) • Pain with chewing (MMR, MMRV) of the vaccine
the ear and the paramyxovirus or swallowing • minimizes adverse reactions at
jaw. • Direct contact the injection site
• Unlike measles, with the saliva of • Parotitis
• Humans are the mumps belongs an infected person • Puffy cheeks Subcutaneous route
only known host to the • Tender, • Contains fewer blood vessels
of the mumps Rubulavirus swollen jaw than muscle
virus. genus. • Vaccine is absorbed more
slowly
Tuberculosis
BASIC FACTS PATHOGEN MODES OF CLINICAL TYPE OF ROUTE OF
TRANSMISSION MANIFESTATIONS VACCINE ADMINISTRATION
• Usually affects Mycobacterium Tuberculosis spreads • Malaise • Attenuated Intradermal route
the lungs, but tuberculosis through the air, from person • Fever Live vaccine • Epidermal and dermal
it can also to person. (BCG layers contain various
(bacterium) • Germs spread through • Weight loss
affect other the air when an infected • Sweats vaccine) cells, including antigen-
parts of the • Rod-shaped person coughs, speaks, presenting cells (APCs).
body, such as laughs, sings, or sneezes.
the brain, the • Strictly
aerobic • Anyone near the sick • APCs are believed to be
kidneys, or person with TB disease crucial in facilitating an
the spine. can breathe TB germs efficient and protective
into their lungs. immune response to
specific vaccines.
Hepatitis B
BASIC FACTS PATHOGEN MODES OF CLINICAL TYPE OF ROUTE OF
TRANSMISSION MANIFESTATIONS VACCINE ADMINISTRATION
• Virus contains a Hepatitis virus • Blood, semen, or • Fever • Inactivated Intramuscular route
partially double (virus) other body fluids • Loss of appetite • Optimizes the
stranded DNA • spherical, (sexual contact; • Nausea and • Combination immunogenicity
• double- sharing needles, vomiting (DTaPHibHepB) of the vaccine
• Outer surface of shelled syringes, or other • Abdominal pain • Minimizes
virus contains • 42 nm in drug-injection • Joint pain adverse reactions
the hepatitis B diameter equipment; or during • Jaundice at the injection
surface antigen pregnancy or • Bloated/swollen site
(HBsAg). delivery) stomach
Haemophilus Influenzae Type B
BASIC FACTS PATHOGEN MODES OF CLINICAL TYPE OF VACCINE ROUTE OF
TRANSMISSION MANIFESTATIONS ADMINISTRATION
• Babies and Hemophilus • person-to-person • Headache • Polysaccharide Intramuscular route
children are influenza contact with • stiff neck conjugate • Optimizes the
most at risk of (bacterium) infected droplets • difficulty with vaccine immunogenicity of
getting • Gram- (coughing, breathing the vaccine
seriously ill negative sneezing) • Meningitis • Minimizes adverse
• Coccobacillus • secretions from reactions at the
• Facultatively an infected injection site
anaerobic person's nose and
throat
Rotavirus
BASIC FACTS PATHOGEN MODES OF CLINICAL TYPE OF ROUTE OF
TRANSMISSION MANIFESTATIONS VACCINE ADMINISTRATION
• Rotaviruses are Rotavirus • Primarily by fecal- • Vomiting • Attenuated Oral route
the most (virus) oral route • Watery diarrhea Live • The rotavirus vaccine is
common cause • Distinctive • Virus may live on • Fever vaccine given orally because it
of diarrheal wheel-like surfaces such as • Abdominal pain is designed to mimic
disease among shape doorknobs, toys, the natural route of
infants and • 70nm and other hard infection of the
young children. (diameter) objects for a long rotavirus, which
time primarily affects the
gastrointestinal tract.
Pneumococcal
BASIC FACTS PATHOGEN MODES OF CLINICAL TYPE OF ROUTE OF
TRANSMISSION MANIFESTATIONS VACCINE ADMINISTRATION
• Pneumococcal Streptococcus • Respiratory • Pneumonia • Conjugate Intramuscular route
infections can pneumoniae droplets • Meningitis vaccine • Optimizes the
range from ear (bacterium) (breathe, cough, • Bacteremia immunogenicity of the
and sinus • Gram-positive sneeze) vaccine
infections to • Streptococci • Minimizes adverse
pneumonia • Over 90 reactions at the
and capsular injection site
bloodstream antigenic types
infections
Rubella
BASIC PATHOGEN MODES OF CLINICAL TYPE OF ROUTE OF
FACTS TRANSMISSION MANIFESTATIONS VACCINE ADMINISTRATION
• Humans Rubivirus • Direct contact with • A low-grade • Attenuated Intramuscular route
are the rubellae (virus) nasal or throat fever Live vaccine • Optimizes the
only immunogenicity of the
• Spherical secretions of infected • Sore throat vaccine
known • 40- to 80- nm individuals • Rash that • Combination • Minimizes adverse reactions
host. • Single- • Breathing in droplets starts on the (MR, MMR, at the injection site
stranded that are sprayed into face and MMRV) Subcutaneous route
RNA virus the air when an • Contains fewer blood
spreads to the vessels than muscle
infected person rest of the
sneezes, coughs or talks • Vaccine is absorbed
body more slowly