WATER RESOURCE

Dr. Prasenjit Adak

 Water Resources
 Water availability

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Properties of water and its effects
 It has the highest specific heat, due to which it warms up and cools down very
slowly without causing shocks of temperature jerks to the aquatic life.
 It has a high latent heat of vaporization Hence, it takes a huge amount of energy
for getting vaporized. That’s why it produces a cooling effect as it evaporates.
 It is an excellent solvent for several nutrients. Thus, it can serve as a very good
carrier of nutrients, including oxygen, which are essential for life. But, it can also
easily dissolve various pollutants and become a carrier of pathogenic
microorganisms.
 Due to high surface tension and cohesion it can easily rise through great heights
through the trunk.
 It has an anamolous expansion behaviour. It is because of this property that even
in extreme cold, the lakes freeze only on the surface. Being lighter the ice keeps
floating, whereas the bottom waters remain at a higher temperature and therefore,
can sustain aquatic organisms even in extreme cold.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Importance of water
 Water is the basic component of every living cell.
 Water is one of the input required for agriculture.
 Industries consume water for cooling, heating and other
processes.
 Electricity generation
 Waterways are used for inland transport.
 Water may be used for obtaining common salt.
 Water provides habitat to aquatic flora and fauna.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Water usage
 Agriculture – 70%, Municipal – 11%, Industrial – 19%
 Average requirement is 20 – 40 liter per head per day (Twice
of the usage 50 years ago)
 About 30% of fresh water is used by US (4% of world
population) where, middle east (5% of world population use
1% of fresh water).
 More than 1 billion people don’t have fresh water supply.
 Presently 31 countries facing water scarcity.
 By 2025, 48 countries will face water shortage (including
India).
 By 2050, 4 billion people will suffer water shortage.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Conflict over water
 Tigris and Euphrates conflict (Turkey – Syria – Iraq)
 Nile conflict (Egypt – Ethiopia – Sudan)
 Jordon river conflict (Israel - Lebanon – Jordon – Palestine)
 Aral sea conflict (Kazakhstan – Uzbekistan – Tajikistan – Turkmenistan)
 Indus water treaty (Jhelum - Chenab: Pakistan, Satluj, Ravi, Beas: India)
 Kaveri dispute
 Origins in brahmagiri hill (Karnataka)
 Then enters Tamil Nadu
 First agreement in 1892
 Mettur dam was built in 1970 – Tamil Nadu raised objection
 1991 a tribunal is formed – Karnatake opposed
 Satluj-Yamuna Link (SYL) canal dispute (Punjab – Haryana)
 It is an under-construction 214-kilometer (133 mi) long canal in India to
connect the Sutlej and Yamuna rivers.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 The riparian system of the Tigris and Euphrates dominates the water politics of the
Mashreq (the eastern part of the Arab world). With a combined area of a little
under 880,000 square kilometers spanning across six countries, they are the two
largest rivers in Western Asia. Originating in Turkey, they chart a course across
eastern Anatolia, Syria, and Iraq, before finally emptying into the Arabian Gulf in
southeastern Iraq. Their combined river basins are home to unique ecosystems,
most notably the Iraqi Marshes, a complex patchwork of waterways, rivers,
marshes, reedbeds, and islands that forms the largest wetland ecosystem in the
Middle East. The rivers are central to the region’s economies and the livelihoods of
its inhabitants. It is estimated that some 60 million people rely on the Euphrates
alone, making the river central to regional stability

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 However, the Tigris and Euphrates have been subject to the negative effects of a
lack of transnational water cooperation and management.
Dams, irrigation systems, and water management plans have largely been
conducted unilaterally, resulting in a zero-sum game that makes the rivers’
resources the object of rivalries and competition.
For example, for decades Turkey, which imports some
three-quarters of its energy, has looked to hydropower on the Tigris and
Euphrates as a domestic solution to its energy needs. Most recently, the country’s
hydroelectric Ilisu Dam on the Tigris has sparked geopolitical tensions with Iraq
and Syria, with the latter two countries currently exploring
international legal mechanisms and diplomatic channels to block the
construction of thedam
Turkey’s various damand hydropower construction projects have reduced Iraq’s
water supply along the two rivers by 80% since 1975

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 The Indus basin is the part of Asia drained by the Indus river and its
tributaries. The basin covers an area of
1,120,000 km2 (430,000 sq mi) traversing four countries: Afghanistan, China,
India and Pakistan, with most of the area lying predominantly in the latter two
countries

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 The Treaty gives control over the waters of the three "eastern rivers" —
the Beas, Ravi and Sutlej with a mean annual flow of 41 billion m3
(33 million acre⋅ft) — to India, while control over the waters of the three
"western rivers" — the Indus, Chenab and Jhelum located in India with a
mean annual flow of 99 billion m3 — to Pakistan. India has about 30% of
the total water carried by the Indus system located in India while Pakistan
has 70%. The treaty allows India to use the western river waters for
limited irrigation use and unlimited non-consumptive use such as power
generation, navigation, floating of property, fish culture, etc. [It lays down
detailed regulations for India in building projects over the western rivers.
The preamble of the treaty recognises the rights and obligations of each
country in the optimum use of water from the Indus system in a spirit of
goodwill, friendship and cooperation. This has not reduced the Pakistani
fears that India could potentially create floods or droughts in Pakistan,
especially in times of war.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 In 1948 during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948, the water rights
of the river system were the focus of an Indo-Pakistani water dispute
. Since the ratification of the treaty in 1960, India and Pakistan have
not engaged in any water wars, despite engaging in several
military conflicts.

Most disagreements and disputes have been settled via legal

procedures, provided for within the framework of the treaty.

The Indus Waters Treaty is considered one of the most successful

water sharing endeavours in the world today, even though analysts
acknowledge the need to update certain technical specifications and
expand the scope of the agreement to address climate change.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Water cycle

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Source of water
 Surface water
 Rainfall, snow
 Ground water
 Confined aquifer
 Unconfined aquifer

 Aquifer
 An aquifer is a body of porous rock or sediment saturated with
groundwater. Groundwater enters an aquifer as precipitation seeps through
the soil. It can move through the aquifer and resurface through springs and
wells.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned
in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Over exploitation of ground water
 Ground subsidence
 Lowering water table
 Reduced surface water flow
 Increased power consumption
 Water logging
 Ground water pollution

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Water calamities (Flood)
 Types
 Flash flood: Heavy rainfall, dam
failure, river obstruction
 River flood: Precipitation over large
catchment area, melting of snow
 Coastal flood: Hurricanes, tropical
cyclone, tsunami
 Causes
 Upslope factors
 Melting of snow
 Intense rainfall
 Time of concentration
 Downslope factors
 Dams and reservoirs
 Tides
 Natural events: Tsunami, Storm

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Water calamities (Flood)
 Effects
 Negative effects: Loss of life and property, damage
to crops, damage to power transmission, water-
borne diseases, difficulty in health facilities,
decline in tourism
 Positive effects: Distribution of nutrients,
relocation of fishes

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Water calamities (Drought)

 Types
 Meteorological drought: Less rainfall
 Hydrological drought: Low stream
flow
 Agricultural drought: Low soil
moisture
 Causes
 Dry season
 Climate change
 Erosion and human activity

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Water calamities (Drought)
 Effects
 Decrease in crop growth
 Dust storm
 Famine and mal nutrition
 Habitat change
 Mass migration
 Reduced electricity
 Wild fire

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Dams
 Benefits
 Electricity generation
 Employment
 Irrigation water supply
 Drinking water supply
 Reduction in famine
 Flood control

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Dams
 Problems
 Displacement of tribal people
 Loss of forest
 Changes in aquatic environment
 Waterlogging near reservoir
 Microclimatic changes
 Reduced water flow
 Flash flood
 Salt water intrusion
 Sediment carrying nutrients get deposited in reservoir.
 Outbreak of vector-borne diseases like malaria.

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.
 Thank You

This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned

in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.