Scope of Civil Engineering

Civil Engineering
• Definition:- “Civil Engineering is the art of directing the
great sources of power in nature for the use and
convenience of man”.- Royal Charter of Institute of Civil
Engineers London.
• “ Civil Engineering is that field of engineering concerned
with planning, design and construction for environmental
Control, development of natural resources, buildings,
transportation facilities and other structures required for
health, welfare, safety, employment and pleasure of
mankind”. Fredrick .S. Merit Hand book for Civil
Engineers.
Civil Engineering
 Civil Engineering
• The main scope of civil engineering or the task of civil
engineering is planning, designing, estimating, supervising
construction, managing construction, execution, and
maintenance of structures like building, roads, bridges, dams,
etc.
• One who designs and maintains works of public utility is known
as civil engineer. Civil engineer should have qualities like
scientific attitude, imaginative and intuitive approach, He should
have good analysis and decision power. He should be able to
solve engineering problems, by using mathematical modeling,
scientific principles and laboratory techniques using computer
and information technology. He should be able to use operation
research techniques for solution of management problems.
Civil Engineering
 Branches of Civil Engineering
• Civil Engineering is a wide field and includes many
types of structures such as residential buildings,
public buildings, industrial buildings, roads,
bridges, tunnels, railways, dams, canal and canal
structures, airports, harbours, and ports, water
treatment plants, waste water treatment plant, water
supply networks, and drainage networks.
• According to the type of structures and activities
carried out, main branches of civil engineering are
classified as follows:
Branches of Civil Engineering
 Branches of Civil Engineering
• Surveying & leveling
• Building, Planning and construction
• Advanced Construction
• Structural Engineering
• Geotechnical Engineering
• Water Resources Engineering
• Transportation Engineering
• Environmental Engineering
• Town Planning
 Surveying & leveling
• Surveying includes measurements of distances and angles in
horizontal and vertical planes, while leveling is the measurement of
heights in vertical plane.
• Chain, compass, level and theodolite are the instruments used for
surveying. Surveying fixes the relative positions of different points
on the basis of surface of earth.
• It also includes measurements of areas and volumes. Basic aim of
surveying is to prepare a map of the area to some scale.
• Surveying is carried out to fix the alignment of road, railway canal.
It is also useful in selecting the site for the construction of
structures. Modern surveying instruments like Electronic total
station and Geographical Positioning System(GPS) are the modern
electronic digital instruments for survey works. Remote sensing and
Geographical Information system(GIS) are adopted for surveying and
planning of many civil engineering projects.
Surveying & leveling
 Building Planning & Construction
• Civil engineers are concerned with many
types of structures of which buildings
are of prime importance.
• Buildings are planned according to the
fundamental principles of planning &
bylaws of local municipal bodies.
• Building planning requires basic
knowledge of principles of architecture.
Buildings may be residential or public
building like school, colleges,
government office, hospitals, etc. they are
designed according to need of specific
occupants and purposes.
Building Planning & Construction
 Advanced Construction
• Construction of dams, bridges, tunnels, ports, requires
several advanced techniques of construction. Under
water construction requires specific type of equipment.
Pile foundations or well foundations are generally
provided for foundation of bridges across rivers in
alluvial soil.
• Large scale earthworks in excavation requires
equipment's like power shovel, dragline, bulldozers, etc.
For massive concrete work in dam concrete mixing plant
is required to be erected at the dam site. Construction of
power station, off shore oil rigs, ports, tunnels etc., come
under category of advanced construction
Advanced Construction
 Structural Engineering
• This Branch of civil engineering deals with structural
analysis and design of structures. Structural analysis is
done to calculate stresses in structural components, on
the basis of loads, acting on structures.
• Sections of structural elements like beams, columns,
slabs, etc. are designed. Structural analysis requires
much calculation, hence advanced computing software's
are used to carry out structural analysis and design.
• It includes design of reinforced cement concrete ( RCC)
and steel structures. Design of Multistoried buildings,
towers, retaining walls, water tanks, bridges requires
skills and knowledge of structural engineering.
Structural Engineering
 Geotechnical Engineering
• Geotechnical engineering is that field of civil engineering which
deals with soil investigation and design of proper foundations
of structures.
• Soil investigation includes collection and testing of soil samples.
• Geotechnical engineering includes measurement of soil
parameters and safe bearing capacity. It also includes
construction and design of simple foundations, pile foundations,
well foundations, caissons, coffer dams, construction of foundation
of dams, construction of tunnels, sub base of road, earthen dams,
earth related constructions. Sound knowledge of geology and
geotechnical engineering is necessary for construction of earth
related structures.
Geotechnical Engineering
 Water Resource Engineering
• Water resource engineering means measurements,
utilization and development of water resources for
agriculture, municipal and power generation purpose.
• It mainly includes irrigation engineering, design of hydraulic
structures like dams, canals, etc. Water resource engineering
deals with planning designing and developing water resources
by constructing several hydraulic structures like dams,
barrages, hydropower stations, canal and pipe networks etc.
• It also includes watershed planning, water harvesting
techniques, soil conservation and soil reclamation.
Hydrology is also a part of water resource engineering.
Hydrology includes study of sources of water, measurement
of rainfall, study of rainfall, runoff, flood control.
Water Resource Engineering
 Transportation Engineering
• Transportation means movement of passengers and
goods by means of vehicles on land, ship on water and
aircrafts in air.
• Transportation Engineering is that branch of Civil
engineering which deals with planning, designing and
construction of roads, bridges, railways, tunnels,
harbours, ports, docks, runways, and airports.
• As for development of any nation good transportation
network is of prime importance. Study of various
construction materials used in construction of roads, traffic
engineering are also considered under transportation
Engineering.
Transportation Engineering
 Environmental Engineering
• Environmental Engineering deals with pollution control and
public health engineering. Different types of pollutions are
water, air, noise and other pollution.
• Due to large scale industrialization, population growth, rapid
urbanization and several other human activities like construction,
mining, transportation, environment gets polluted.
• Environmental engineering deals with technologies &
facilities which are engaged in reducing pollution.
Environmental engineering includes design, construction and
maintenance of water treatment plant, waste water treatment
plant, water distribution network and sewerage system, it
also deals with solid waste management in towns and cities.
Public health engineering includes water treatment, water
distribution network, & solid waste management.
Environmental Engineering
Environmental Engineering
 Town planning
• Town planning means planned & controlled growth of town by
dividing town in to different land use zones and regulating
building construction to provide better environment for the
people of the town.
• In the town planning areas of town are divided into residential,
commercial, recreational and industrial zones, which is called
zoning.
• Floor space index, and other byelaws are fixed to guide and
regulate the building construction.
• For towns and cities master plan for town planning schemes are
prepared to accommodate future growth of town in better way.
Planning of very large area covering several towns and villages is
known as regional planning.
Town Planning
 Functions of Civil Engineering
• Civil engineering functions performed can
broadly be classified in three categories.
• Before construction
• During construction
• After Construction
 Before Construction
• Feasibility study
• Surveying
• Site investigation
• Planning
• Design and drawing
• Estimating
• Planning & Scheduling
 Before Construction
• In the beginning technical feasibility, environmental impact
assessment and economical viability of the project are
studied. Surveying includes preparing site plan, contour
map and measurement of field dimensions and levels.
• Soil investigation includes collecting data regarding soil
and bearing capacity of soil. Soil investigations is done for
the purpose of foundation design.
• On the basis of the data collected planning, designing, are
carried out and drawings are prepared. Estimates are prepared
to know the probable cost of completion of work and detailed
planning and scheduling are prepared to carry out different
activities in time without any delay.
 During Construction
• Dealing with clients, Consulting engineer
and contractors
• Execution and supervision
• Quality control
• Costing
 During Construction
• Owner, engineer and contractor are the three
constituents of a construction team in engineering
profession, hence continuous liaison among themselves is
a very essential for the speedy progress of the work.
• Execution of work is actual construction carried out on
the site with materials and equipment's, by the skilled
and unskilled work force, under the technical guidance
and supervision of engineer in charge. During the
construction engineer has to supervise the work carried out
as per the specifications for quality control. Costing is the
accounts procedure of arriving at the actual cost of
construction.
 After Construction
• Maintenance and repairs
• Valuation
• After the construction regular maintenance of
structures is to be carried out. Valuation is
carried out for the purpose of sale, purchase
and many others purposes.
 Role of Civil Engineers
Civil engineer is the one who designs and maintains the work of public
utilities. Following are the main roles or duties of civil engineers.
• Civil engineers main role is in surveying, planning, designing,
estimation and execution of structures like buildings, roads, bridges,
railways, ports, airports, dams, canals, water and waste water
treatment plants, water distribution network and sewerage system.
• To use scientific and engineering principles for solutions of different
engineering problems
• To solve different engineering problems with the help of field
experience, laboratory techniques, mathematical models, using
computer and information technology.
• To implement management techniques for better management of
man, material, machines and money.
Role of Civil Engineers
 Role of Civil Engineers
• To carry out planning of building as per its functional needs, as suggested
by clients or user, the building may be residential building, public
building, or industrial building. He has to plan the building as per the
byelaws.
• To carry out soil investigations for the design of foundation of structures.
• To carry out design of structures as per the principles of structural
analysis and design. He should also ensure that the design is safe,
durable, and economical.
• To prepare the estimates to know the probable cost of completion of work.
• To invite tenders & to select contractors for the works.
• To carry out valuation of land or building for the purpose of finding its
sale or purchase price or taxation.
• Civil engineers has to work for the general welfare of people.
Role of Civil Engineers
 Impact of Infrastructure Development on
the Economic Development of a country
• The infrastructural facilities mainly transportation, power, communication, water
resources, banking, science and technology create environment in which
Industries and business can grow. Due to the basic facilities which any industry
needs are provided by infrastructural sector, country has progressed well. Per
capita income and Gross domestic product are the economic measures for
assessment of development.
• Per Capita Income:
• Per Capita income is the average income of normal resident of a country in a
particular year. It is obtained by dividing national income of a country by its
population
• Gross domestic Product:
• Gross domestic product at market price is the value of all fixed goods and
services at prices prevailing in the market produced in the domestic territory of a
country during a given year.
• Due to the acceleration of progress of infrastructural projects overall
development and upliftment of common man can be done. Thus the infracture
development is key to economic development of any country.
Infrastructure Development
Importance of Planning, Scheduling, and
Construction Management.
Management
• Management is a social and scientific process of defining the
objectives, planning, organizing, coordinating, motivating,
controlling and harnessing the resources of an organization
at the optimum level to achieve predetermined goal.
• Management is concerned with When? Who? Why? Where ?
And How?
• Five M of management Man, Money, Material, Machine, and
Methods.
• The functions of management are planning, organizing,
staffing, directing, coordinating, controlling and
communicating.
 Importance of Construction
Management
• It gives guidelines regarding the execution of construction
work to be carried out.
• It helps in preparing construction schedule. Schedule is a
systematic path of different activities carried out one after
another. It helps in defining goals and planning procedure.
• It helps in proper management of material, labour and
equipments.
• It helps in arranging for finance and due to proper
construction management there is financial and overall
control on the work.
• Due to proper construction management project can be
completed in estimated completion cost and completion time.
Construction Management
 Functions of the construction
Management
• Project is divided into different phases.
• Planning and preparing construction schedule.
• Estimating requirements of material & labour.
• Procurement of material plant, machinery and
employing labours.
• Arranging for finance and payment of material and
salaries of labours.
• To establish communication between various sections.
• To have overall control which includes financial control
of the project and to maintain quality and workmanship.
 Importance of Planning
• Planning is the management process which transforms goals or policies
into a method of reaching the objectives. Planning is setting up of order
to complete the project.
• The following aspects are to be considered in planning of a construction
project.
• Selection of proper site, topography, soil and cost of land.
• Surveying, designing, drafting and estimation are basic planning exercise for
civil works.
• To estimate cost of completion and time of completion of work.
• Planning source of finance for the project.
• Planning of resources includes calculating man power needs, requirements of
skilled and unskilled labours. To plan the purchase of materials by finding out
when and what quality of material are to be purchased. To arrange for the
equipment's either to be purchased or hired.
• Establish stores for material and workshop for machinery.
Construction Planning
 Scheduling
• For the planning of future course of action of the project, entire
project is divided into different activities of work. Say for
example, in building work excavation, laying base concrete in
foundation, masonry work in substructures etc. are different
activities.
• Now each activity has some time required for its completion that
is known as its duration. For civil engineering planning, most
common period for duration considered is in the days or weeks.
• Scheduling is carried out to arrange the proper sequence of different
activities to be carried out for the project considering dependence
and duration of different activities.
• Scheduling gives direction regarding order in which different
activities can be started, it also gives details of completion time
required for the project. Scheduling gives us detail regarding the
Scheduling
 Importance of scheduling
• Scheduling is very important looking to its following
advantages:
• Well defined order of the execution of different activities
can be known. Thus empowering decision making process
and gives clear guide line for progress of work.
• Labour requirement at different time period is known, hence
phased purchase of material can be made, which reduces the
problem of storing the material on the site and hence reduces
problem of material handling on site.
• Material requirement at different time period is known,
hence phased purchase of material can be made.
• Proper time of hiring or purchasing of the equipment and
machinery can be known.
 Importance of scheduling
• Proper control over finance can be made. Well before the
need, arrangement for the funds can be made.
• It also helps in controlling the expenditure.
 Scheduling Techniques

• The common techniques for scheduling any project

are mentioned as below:
• Bar Chart
• Critical Path Method (CPM)
• Project Evaluation & Review Technique.(PERT)
 Bar Chart
• Bar char is a graphical representation of different
activities. Each activity is represented by a thick
line known as bar. Time is mentioned on X-axis
and activities on Y-axis.
• Bar spreads horizontally across the duration.
Beginning and end of activity is clearly represented
by beginning and end of a bar. The part of activity
which is completed is shown by a dark shade on the
bar.
Bar Chart
 Advantages of Bar Chart
• It is very simple method and easy to understand
• Change in the bar char is easy to understand
• Progress can be known at any stage.
• Modification in the chart is easy.
 Limitation of Bar Chart
• It is useful for small and simple jobs
• Interdependency of activities is not well defined.
• It does not suggest priorities of work.
• Uncertainties are not considered.
 Network Techniques
• In this method entire project planning is done with
the help of network drawing
• Critical Path Method ( CPM)
• Project Evaluation and review Technique ( PERT)
 Critical Path Method ( CPM)

• Critical path method is widely used method for

planning big projects involving many
interdependent activities and having complicated
interrelationship. It ha become very useful tool for
engineers working in construction management.
• In Critical path method work is divided into
activities. The beginning and end of the activity is
known as event.
• In critical path method, network diagram is drawn
showing an arrow for activity and circle for event.
Critical Path Method ( CPM)
 Advantages of Critical Path Method

• It is useful for big projects having more

interrelated activities.
• As critical activities are known, it provides
guidance regarding where more attention is
required.
• It improves overall control and monitoring.
• It helps in proper labour and material
management.
• As delay is reduced, it results in saving the cost.
 Limitations of Critical Path

• It does not consider uncertainties in planning.

• CPM is not useful for research and development
type of project.
Critical Path Method ( CPM)
Project Evaluation and review Technique
( PERT)
• PERT Technique considers the uncertainties of the
project.
• Optimistic time, most likely time, and pessimistic time
are the three time estimates used in the PERT.
Optimistic time ( to) is the time when all situations are
favorable. Most likely time (tm) is the time normally
taken for the completion of the activity.
• The pessimistic time (tp) is the time when maximum
time is taken for the activity to complete due to most
unfavorable situation. The expected time is the weighted
average of all the above mentioned three time.
Project Evaluation and review Technique
( PERT)
 References
• “Building Construction:” By: Dr. B.C.Punamia
• Civil Engineering Portal
• http://www.engineeringcivil.com/
• Civil Engineering
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering
Thanks !