BASIC FIRE SAFETY &

PROCEDURE
THE BFP MISSION
We commit to (1) prevent and
(2) suppress destructive fires; (3)

investigate its causes; (4) enforce

Fire Code and (5) other related
laws, (6) respond to man-made
and natural disasters, and (7)
other emergencies.
 THIS MANDATES OF THE
BUREAU OF FIRE
PROTECTION (BFP)
IS LAID UPON PURSUANT TO
RA 6975 AS AMENDED BY RA
9263
Payo Iwas Sunog
• It is a condition
of being safe
from risk or
danger against
fire.
• The quality or
state of not
presenting or
involving risk or
danger of fire.
HOW CAN BE A FIRE
SAFE?
To be a fire safe, you / we
must remove or abate all
considered and possible fire
hazard.
 WHAT IS FIRE HAZARD?
 – is any act or condition which increases
or may cause an increase in the
probability of the occurrence of fire, or
which may obstruct, delay, hinder, or
interfere with the firefighting operations
and the safeguarding of life and property
(Sec.3 RA 9514).
 FACTORS AFFECTING THE
DEGREE OF
FIRE HAZARD:
 Construction Materials Used
 Combustibility of the Contents
 Types of Occupancy
 Occupant Load
 Height of the Building from the Ground
 Longest Travel distance towards the Exit
 Availability of Fire Safety Devices /
Appliances Installed
 FIRE
BEHAVIOR
REMEMBER:

“Fire makes for a good

servant … but a bad
master”.
Roger L ‘Estrange
 Fire has been known as both a helpful and
a harmful (hindrance) to mankind throughout
history. Fire has heated our homes, cooked our
food, and helped us to become technologically
advanced. Fire, in its hostile mode, has also
endangered us for as long as we have used it.
 FIRE Is a rapid, self-sustaining
oxidation process accompanied by
the evolution of heat and light of
varying intensity.

 Is a rapid chemical reaction and oxidation of

a fuel producing heat and light.

 It is an oxidation taking place with a rate

rapid enough to produce heat and light.
TRIANGLE OF FIRE
(ELEMENTS OF FIRE)
For many years, the
fire triangle (fuel, heat
and oxygen) was used
OXYGEN
to teach the HEAT

components of fire.
While this simple
example is useful, it is
NOT technically
FUEL
correct.
 FIRE
TETRAHEDRON
For combustion to occur,
four (4) components are
necessary:
 Fuel
 Heat
 Oxygen (oxidizing agent)
 Self-sustained (uninhibited)

chemical reaction
 FIRE
TETRAHEDRON
Each component of the tetrahedron
must be in place for combustion to occur.
Remove one from among of the three
elements; from the four components,
combustion will not occur. If ignition has
already occurred, the fire is extinguished
when one of the components is removed
from the reaction.
 FUEL
Fuel is the material or substance being
oxidized or burned in the combustion
process.
 HEAT
Heat is the energy component
of the fire tetrahedron. When heat
comes into contact with a fuel, the
energy supports the combustion
reaction.
OXYGEN (OXIDIZING AGENT)
Oxidizing agents are
those materials that yield
oxygen or other oxidizing
gases during the course of a
chemical reaction. Oxidizers
are not themselves
combustible, but they support
combustion when combined
with a fuel.
 CHEMICAL CHAIN
REACTION
Combustion is a complex
reaction that requires a fuel (in the
gaseous or vapor state), an
oxidizer, and a heat energy to come
together in a very specific way.
Once flaming combustion or fire
occurs, it can only continue when
enough heat energy is produced to
cause the continued development
of fuel vapors or gases. Scientists
call this type of reaction a “chain
reaction”. A chain reaction is a
series of reactions that occur in
sequence with the result of each
individual reaction being added to
the rest.
FIRE DEVELOPMENT
When the three components
come together, ignition occurs its
subsequent is known as fire
tetrahedron. For a fire to grow
beyond the first material ignited,
heat must be transmitted beyond the
first material to additional fuel
packages.
 STAGES OF FIRE

 Ignition
 Growth
 Flashover
 Fully developed
 Decay
 STAGES OF FIRE DEVELOPMENT
TEMPERATURE RISE

FLASHOVER
POST FLASHOVER
GROWTH

IGNITION

FULLY DECAY
DEVELOPED FIRE

TIME
 IGNITION
Ignition describes the period
when the four elements of the
fire tetrahedron come together
and combustion begins.
 GROWTH
Shortly after ignition, a fire
plume begins to form above the
burning fuel. As the plume
develops, it begins to draw or
entrain air from the surrounding
space into the column.
 FLASHOVER
Flashover is the transition between the
growth and the fully developed fire stages
and is not a specific event such as ignition.
During flashover, conditions in the
compartment change very rapidly as the fire
changes from one that is dominated by the
burning of the materials first ignited to one
that involves all of the exposed combustible
surfaces within the compartment.
 FULLY
DEVELOPED
The fully developed fire stage
occurs when all combustible
materials in the compartment are
involved in the fire.
 DECAY
As the fire consumes the available fuel in
the compartment, the rate of heat released
begins to decline.
 Heat is a by-product of combustion that is of
significant importance to the firefighter. It is heat
that causes fire to sustain its combustion, and more
important, to extend. When heat given off as a
product of combustion is exposed to an unheated
substance, certain changes occur that can make the
new substance a contributing factor in extending a
fire.
 CONDUCTION
When a hot object transfers
its heat, conduction has taken place.
The transfer could be to another
object or to another portion of the
same object. As we have discovered
and will be constantly reinforced
about, combustion occurs on the
molecular level. When an object
heats up, the atoms become agitated
and begin to collide with one
another. A chain reaction of
molecules and atoms, like a wave
energy, occurs and causes the
agitated molecules to pass the heat
energy to areas of non-heat.
 CONVECTIO
NAir that is hotter than its
surroundings rises. Air that is cooler
than its surroundings sinks. Air is made
up of many molecules floating about
freely. Even so, it still has weight.
Some molecules are made up of the
same element. For example, oxygen in
its natural state will combine with
another oxygen atom to form a stable
oxygen molecule. In a given volume,
air at a given temperature will have the
same density.
 When heated, as in conduction
theory, the molecules become agitated and
begin to collide with one another. In the
process, the molecules are demanding
more space to accommodate the
vibrations and they push into one another
as they seek that space. When that
happens, the density of a given volume is
reduced and it weighs less. Because it
weighs less, it rises until it reaches
equilibrium-the level at which the weight
is the same as the surrounding
atmosphere.
RADIATION
The last form of
heat transfer occurs by
radiation. As we have
already seen, heat energy
can be transmitted
directly when molecules
collide with one another
and cause the waves of
heat energy to travel.
 SPECIAL
CONSIDERATIONS
FLAMEOVER/ROLLOVER
The terms flameover and rollover
describe a condition where flames move
through or across the unburned gases during a
fires’ progression. Flameover is distinguished
from flashover by its involvement of only the
fire gases and not the surfaces of other fuel
packages within a compartment. This
condition may occur during the growth stage
as the hot-gas layer forms at the ceiling of the
compartment.
THERMAL LAYERING OF GASES
The thermal layering of gases is the
tendency of gases to form into layers
according to temperature. Other terms
sometimes used to describe this tendency
are heat stratification and thermal
balance. The hot gases tend to be in the top
layer, while the cooler gases form the lower
layers.
 BACKDRAFT
Firefighters operating at fires in the
building must use care when opening a building
to gain entry or to provide horizontal ventilation
(opening doors or windows). As the fire grows
in a compartment, large volumes of hot,
unburned fire gases can collect in unventilated
spaces.
These gases may be at or above their
ignition temperature but have insufficient
oxygen available to actually ignite. Any action
during the firefighting operations that allows air
to mix these hot gases can result in an explosive
ignition called backdraft.
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
1. Heat
2. Light
3. Smoke
4. Toxic gases
5. Other fire particles
PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
 FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT
THEORY
Fire is extinguished by limiting or interrupting
one or more of the essential elements in the
combustion process (fire tetrahedron). A fire may be
extinguished by:
a.) Removal of available Fuel
(Starvation Process)
b.) Reducing its Temperature
(Cooling/Quenching Process)
c.) Exclusion of Oxygen
(Deprivation/Smothering Process)
d.) Breaking the Chemical Chain Reaction
(Inhibition Process)
 FIRE
EXTINGUISHME
NT
THEORY
 FIRE CLASSIFICATION AND
RISK
Importance of Fire Classifications:

 The type or nature of the burning material

that is, its fuel, defines the fire.

 The classes of fire are used to identify the

extinguishers and extinguishing agents
used to put them out.
 CLASSES OF FIRE
CLASS
 Fires involving ordinary combustibles such as:
wood, paper, cloth, plastics and rubber.
 It can be extinguished with water, water-based
agents or foam, and multi-purpose dry
chemicals.
 Water is usually used by the fire department.
CLASS
 Fires involving flammable and
combustible liquids, gases and greases
such as: gasoline, oils, alcohol, propane
and cooking oils.
 Common extinguishing agents are
carbon dioxide (CO2), regular and
multi-purpose dry chemical and foam.
CLASS
 Fires involving energized electrical equipment,
which eliminates the use of water-based agents
to put them out.
 The recommended method of fighting these fires
is to turn-off or disconnect electrical power and
then use an appropriate extinguisher depending
on the remaining fuel source.
 Extinguishing agents includes carbon dioxide
(CO2), regular and multi-purpose dry
chemical.
CLASS
 Fires involving combustible metals and alloys
such as: magnesium, sodium, lithium, and
potassium.
 Great case must be used when attempting to
extinguish in these types of fuels.
 Extinguishing agents for this class of fire are
called dry powders and should not be
confused with dry chemical.
CLASS
 Is a new classification of fire as of 1998 and
involves fires in combustible cooking fuels
such as vegetable or animal oils and fats.
 Its fuels are similar to Class B fuels but
involves high temperature cooking oils and
therefore have special characteristics.
 Class K agents are usually wet chemicals.
 OTHER CLASS OF FIRE
CLASS “E & F”
 Fires involving gases, high
voltage electrical installation and
LPG bulk.
 This class of fire needs special
fire fighting operation by trained
personnel.
 ---END---
Be a PRO SAFE
(Safety Against Fire &
Emergencies)
always.
THANK YOU