Hydrology - C E 302

Prof. Dr. Oral YAĞCI

WEEK 1: Introduction to Hydrology
Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, İnşaat Mühendisiliği Bölümü
Definition of Hydrology:
Hydrology is the science that treats the waters of the Earth, their
occurrence, circulation and distribution, their chemical and physical
properties, and their reaction with the environment, including their
relation to living things. (U.S. Panel on Hydrology of the Federal Council
for Science and Technology)

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(Haberlandt et al., 2011)
4thei
 Distribution of Earth’s Water

REFERENCE: United States Geological Survey

( USGS )
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Specific water availability (local availability – withdrawal + ½ inflow)/ population)
for the year 2015 (Mancosu et al., 2015))
Today à 35% of world population suffer from water shortage
Prognosis for 2025 à 50% of the world population will suffer from water shortage

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 Photograph: Ferdinando Scianna,Village of
We live in a Kami, Bolivia, 1986
world
1.1 billion people lack safe
drinking water,

2.6 billion people lack

sufficient sanitation,

Between 2 and 5 million

people die annually from
water-related diseases.
( Gleick, 2004)

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Why do we need
1) Use of
hydrology?
water

Water Supply System Dams

Spilway Hydrpower 8
 Run off river plant
without pondage

Irrigation System

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Why do we need
2) Control of Water
hydrology?
Quantitiy

Flood Control Drainage and Sewerage

Navigation Groundwater Extraction

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Why do we need
3) Control of Water
hydrology?
Quality

Flow Regulation
Water Treatment Plants

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Role and Significance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering

Use of water : Control of Water Quality:

• Water supply, • Prevention of water pollution,
• Irrigation,
• Hydropower,
• River navigation

Control of Water Quantity:

• Flood Control,
• Drainage,
• Sewerage.

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Methods of
Hydrology

1) Measurements:
• Precipitation,
• Evaporation,
• Streamflow.

Measurements should be
performed with dense
resolution and continuously
in time since hydrological
variables change rapidly both
in space and time.
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2) Data Processing: Databases are processed in computer environment.

(Haberlandt et al. 2010)

3) Mathematical Model Development: These models are used in
cases where measurments are not avaliable or sufficient.

Also mathematical models can be used in

prediction of the changes of human
induced hydrological varaibles.

(www.dhigroup.com, 2001) 14
4) Probabilistic and statistical methods: Hydrological phenomena are
affected by large number of variables. In other words, they have a random
character hence they can not be treated deterministically.

Because of the large number of

variables and their complex
interaction, theoretical analysis
is NOT generally possible.

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What is Hydrological Cycle?

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Scheme of the global water cycle (www.dkrz.de, 2002)
The Main Components of Hydrological Cycle

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 SYSTEM CONCEPT

INPUT x(t) SYSTEM OUTPUT y(t)

y(t)=f[x(t)]

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 What is a Reservoir (Basin or Watershed)?

(Larry W. Mays, 2011)

A basin is the region that transmits its surface

runoff to the same outlet. 21
 How urbanization influence
the hydrologic cycle?

URBANIZATION CHANGES

• Hydrological cycle,
• Radiation flux,
• Amount of precipitation,
• Amount of infiltration,
• Groundwater storage,
• Increases stromwater
flows (surface runoff), 22
WHAT HAPPENS IF ASPHALT PAVEMENT RATIO HIGH ON A
BASIN ↗
infiltration rate↘ , dry weather flows ↘,
groundwater recharge ↘, aquatic life ↘
volume of runoff ↗
storage in basin↘
flooding risk ↗,
stream velocity increases↗
suspended solids ↗
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FUNDEMENTAL EQUATIONS of HYDROLOGY

1. CONSERVATION of MASS
(Continuity Eq., Water balance, water budget):
Water in any part of the hydrological cycle neither apeears nor
dissapears.

x-y=dS/dt

x: mass of water that enters the hydrologic system in unit time

y: mass of water that exits the hydrologic system in unit time
S: mass of stored water

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2. CONSERVATION of ENERGY:
Water in any part of the hydrological cycle neither apeears
nor dissapears.

HX-HY=ΔH

HX: Amount of heat that enters the system in the time interval
Δt,
HY: Amount of heat that exits the system in the time interval Δt
ΔH:The change of amount of heat in the system in the time
interval Δt

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ARAL SEA EXAMPLE (WATER SUPPLY WITHOUT
CONSIDERING WATER BUDGET)
Located in central Asia- between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan- in 1960
Area =
68.000 km2

In 1960s the two rivers that fed the Aral Sea, were
diverted to irrigate the desert, in order to attempt to
grow rice, melons, cereals, and cotton.

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 Aral Sea Shrinking

• In 1960, the Aral Sea had been the world's fourth-largest lake, with an area of
approximately 68,000 square kilometers

• From 1960 to 1998, the sea's surface area shrank by approximately 60%, and
its volume by 80%.

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From 1960 to
1998, the sea's
surface area
shrank by
approximately
60 %, and its
volume by 80 %.

ARAL SEA (Photos from

Space) 28
 Results of unsustainable water management in Aral Sea

• Over the same time period its salinity increased from about 10 g/L to about
45 g/L.

• The local climate reportedly shifted, with hotter, drier summers, and colder
longer winters.

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• Dust storms have blown up 75.000 tons of this exposed soil has annually
dispersing its salt particles and pesticide residues.

• This air pollution has caused widespread nutritional and respiratory

ailments.

• With decline in sea level, salty soil has remained on the exposed lake
bed.

• Crop yields have been diminished by added salinity, even in some of the
same
field irrigated with the diverted water.

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Due to excessive salinity fishing industry has been devastated, and
former fishing towns along the original shores have become ship
graveyard.

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