A4 Periodic Table

Periodic Table
Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A Wolrd of Choices 1999, page 74

Guiding Questions
Why is the periodic table so important?
Why is the periodic table shaped the way it's shaped?
Why do elements combine? Why do elements react?
What other patterns are there in the world and how do

they help us?
Table of Contents
‘Periodic Table’
How to Organize Elements Electron Filling Order

Mendeleev’s Periodic Table Diatomic Molecules
Modern Periodic Table Size of Atoms – Trends
Groups of Elements Ionization Energy
Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids Summary of Periodic Trends
Discovering Elements Essential Elements
Origin of Names of Elements Element Project
Selected Elements
Atomic Structure and Periodicity
You should be able to
 Identify characteristics of and perform calculations with frequency and

wavelength.
 Know the relationship between types of electromagnetic radiation and
Energy; for example, gamma rays are the most damaging.
 Know what exhibits continuous and line spectra.
 Know what each of the four quantum numbers n, l, m, and ms represents.
 Identify the four quantum numbers for an electron in an atom.
 Write complete and shorthand electron configurations as well as orbital
diagrams for an atom or ion of an element.
 Identify the number and location of the valence electrons in an atom.
 Apply the trends in atomic properties such as atomic radii, ionization
energy, electronegativity, electron affinity, and ionic size.
Potassium atom = [Ar]4s1 Calcium atom = [Ar]4s2
p = 19 p = 20
n = 20 n = 20
e = 19 e = 20
K  e- + K1+ Ca  2 e- + Ca2+
Potassium ion = K1+ ≡ [Ar] Calcium ion = Ca2+ ≡ [Ar] or

1s22s22p63s23p6 1s22s22p63s23p6
18e
19e- 18e
20e-
19+
> 20+
Oxygen atom = [He]2s22p4 Fluorine atom = [He] 2s22p5
p= 8 p= 9
n= 8 n = 10
e= 8 e= 9
O + 2 e-  O2- F + e-  F1-
Oxide ion = O2- ≡ [Ne]

Oxygen Fluoride
Fluorine ion = F1- ≡ [Ne]
1s22s22p6 1s22s22p6
8
6 e- 8
7 e-
8+
< 9+
Energy Level Diagram of a Many-Electron Atom
6s 6p 5d 4f
32
5s 5p 4d
18
4s 4p 3d
18
Arbitrary
Energy Scale
3s 3p
2s 2p
1s
NUCLEUS
O’Connor, Davis, MacNab, McClellan, CHEMISTRY Experiments and Principles 1982, page 177
How to Organize Elements…
Periodic Table Designs
How to Organize…
Baseball Cards:
year, team, player, card number, value ($).
Elements:
when they weremass,
alphabetically, discovered, family, reactivity,
value, density,
state or
solid of liquid
matter,ormetal
gas vs. non-metal, atomic mass,
atomic number.
Which way is CORRECT to organize the elements?
Is it possible to organize the elements correctly in more than one way?
Interactive Periodic Table
e
N C H S Ir O N Mn
<
7 6 1 16 77 8 7 25
H He
H The Human Element 1 2
1
1
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
3
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
4
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
5
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
6 *
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
7 W
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Aliens Activity
Nautilus shell has a repeating pattern.
Look carefully at the drawings of the ‘aliens’.
Organize all the aliens into a meaningful pattern.
Aliens Lab Cards

Periodic Table
1A
Alkali metals
8A
Alkali earth metals
H He
Transition metals
1 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
1 2A Boron group
2
Li Be Nonmetals
B C N O F Ne
2
Noble gases 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 4
3 8B
11 12 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1B 2B 13
14 15 16 17 18
4
33 34 35 36
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
5
52 53 54
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
6
85 86
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
7
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109
Lanthanoid Series
6 La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
C Solid
Actinoid Series
Br Liquid
7 Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
H Gas
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Dutch Periodic Table
117 118
116
115
114
113
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
Strong, Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989, page 743

Stowe’s Periodic Table
Benfey’s Periodic Table
Döbereiner’s Triads
Johann Döbereiner
~1817
Atomic Atomic Atomic

Name Name Name
Mass Mass Mass
Calcium 40 Chlorine 35.5 Sulfur 32

Barium 137 Iodine 127 Tellurium 127.5
Average 88.5 Average 81.3 Average 79.8
Strontium 87.6 Bromine 79.9 Selenium 79.2
Döbereiner discovered groups of three related elements which he termed a triad.

Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course 1987, page 161
Newlands Law of Octaves
John Newlands
~1863
Newlands Law of Octaves
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Li Be B C N O F
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
K

Development of Periodic Table
J.W. Döbereiner (1829)
Law of Triads
Elements could be classified into groups of three, or triads.
Trends in physical properties such as density, melting point,
and atomic mass were observed.
J.A.R. Newlands (1864)

Law of Octaves
Arranged the 62 known elements into groups of seven
according to increasing atomic mass.
He proposed that an eighth element would then repeat the
properties of the first element in the previous group.
Lothar Meyer (1830 – 1895)

Invented periodic table independently of Mendeleev
his work was not published until 1870 - one year after Mendeleev's
Dmitri Mendeleev
• Russian
• Invented periodic table
• Organized elements by
properties
• Arranged elements by atomic
mass
• Predicted existence of several
unknown elements
• Element 101
Dmitri Mendeleev
Dmitri Mendeléev
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table
Group I II III IV V VI VII VIII

Period
1
H=1
2 Li = 7 Be= 9.4 B = 11 C = 12 N = 14 O = 16 F = 19 F = 19
3 Na = 23 Mg = 24 Al = 27.3 Si = 28 P = 31 S = 32 C = 35.5
4 K = 39 Ca = 40 ? = 44 Ti = 48 V = 51 Cr = 52 Mn = 55
Fe =56, Co = 59,
Ni = 59
5 Cu = 63 Zn = 65 ? = 68 ? = 72 As = 75 Se = 78 Br = 80
6 Rb = 85 Sr = 87 ? Yt = 88 Zr = 90 Nb = 94 Mo = 96 ? = 100
Ru= 104, Rh = 104,
Pd = 106
7 Ag = 108 Cd = 112 In = 113 Sn = 118 Sb = 122 Te = 125 J = 127
8 Cs = 133 Ba = 137 ?Di = 138 ?Ce = 140
9
10 ?Er = 178 ?La = 180 Ta = 182 W = 184
Os = 195, Ir = 197,
Mendeleev’s Early Periodic Table
TABELLE II
GRUPPE I GRUPPE II GRUPPE III GRUPPE IV GRUPPE V GRUPPE VI GRUPPE VII GRUPPE VIII
REIHEN
___ ___ ___ ___

RH4 RH3 RH2 RH
RO2
RO RO2 3
RO2 R2O5 RO3 R2O7 RO4
1 H=1
2 Li = 7 Be = 9.4 B = 11 C = 12 N = 14 O = 16 F = 19
3 Na = 23 Mg = 24 Al = 27.3 Si = 28 P = 31 S = 32 Cl = 35.5
4 K = 39 Ca = 40 ? = 44
__ Ti = 48 V = 51 Cr = 52 Mn = 55 Fe = 56, Co = 59,
? = 68 ? = 72 Ni = 59, Cu = 63
5 (Cu = 63) Zn = 65 __ __ As = 75 Se = 78 Br = 80
6 Rb = 85 Sr = 87 ? Yt = 88 Zr = 90 Nb = 94 Mo = 96 __ = 100 Ru = 104, Rh = 104,

Pd = 106, Ag = 108
7 (Ag = 108) Cd = 112 In = 113 Sn = 118 Sb = 122 Te = 125 J = 127
8 Cs = 133 Ba = 137 ? Di = 138 ? Ce = 140 __ __ __ __ __ __ __
9 ( __ ) __ __ __ __ __ __
10 __ __ ? Er = 178 ? La = 180 Ta = 182 W = 184 __ Os = 195, Ir = 197,

Pt = 198, Au = 199
11 (Au = 199) Hg = 200 Tl= 204 Pb = 207 Bi = 208 __ __
12 __ __ __ Th = 231 __ U = 240 __ __ __ __ __
From Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, VIII, Supplementary Volume for 1872, p. 151.
Elements Properties are Predicted
Property Mendeleev’s Predictions in 1871 Observed Properties
Scandium (Discovered in 1877)

Molar Mass 44 g 43.7 g
Oxide formula M2O3 Sc2O3
Density of oxide 3.5 g / ml 3.86 g / ml
Solubility of oxide Dissolves in acids Dissolves in acids
Gallium (Discovered in 1875)

Molar mass 68 g 69.4 g
Density of metal 6.0 g / ml 5.96 g / ml
Melting temperature Low 30 0C
Oxide formula M2O3 Ga2O3
Solubility of oxide Dissolves in ammonia solution Dissolves in ammonia
Germanium (Discovered in 1886)

Molar mass 72 g 71.9 g
Density of metal 5.5 g / ml 5.47 g / ml
Color of metal Dark gray Grayish, white
Melting temperature High 900 0C
Oxide formula MO2 GeO2
Density of oxide 4.7 g / ml 4.70 g / ml
Chloride formula MCl4 GeCl4
Density of chloride 1.89 g / ml
1.9 g / ml
Boiling temperature 86 0C
Below 100 oC
of chloride
O’Connor Davis, MacNab, McClellan, CHEMISTRY Experiments and Principles 1982, page 119,
Periodic Table of the Elements
H He
1
1 2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
4
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
5
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
6 *
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
7 W
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Modern Periodic Table
• Henry G.J. Moseley
• Determined the atomic
numbers of elements
from their X-ray spectra
(1914)
• Arranged elements by
increasing atomic number
• Killed in WW I at age 28
(Battle of Gallipoli in Turkey)
1887 - 1915
Introduction to the Periodic Table
• Elements are arranged in seven horizontal rows, in order

of increasing atomic number from left to right and from
top to bottom.
• Rows are called periods and are numbered from 1 to 7.
• Elements with similar chemical properties form vertical
columns, called groups, which are numbered from 1 to
18.
• Groups 1, 2, and 13 through 18 are the main group
elements.
• Groups 3 through 12 are in the middle of the periodic
table and are the transition elements.
• The two rows of 14 elements at the bottom of the
periodic are the lanthanides and actinides.
Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.
Groups of Elements
1A 1A Alkali metals 5A Nitrogen group 8A
H 2A Alkali earth metals 6A Oxygen group He
1 7A
1 2A Transition metals Halogens
3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 2
3A Boron group 8A Noble gases
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2 4A Carbon group Hydrogen
3 4 Inner transition metals 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 8B
11 12 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1B 2B 13 14 15 16 17 18
4
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
5
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
6 *
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
7 W
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109
*
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
W
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Groups of Elements
1 18
He
2 13 14 15 16 17 2
Li Be N O F Ne
3 4 7 8 9 10
Na Mg P S Cl Ar
11 12 15 16 17 18
K Ca As Se Br Kr
19 20 33 34 35 36
Rb Sr Sb Te I Xe
37 38 51 52 53 54
Cs Ba Bi Po At Rn
55 56 83 84 85 86
Fr Ra
1 Alkali metals 16 Oxygen family
87 88
2 Alkaline earth metals 17 Halogens
15 Nitrogen family 18 Noble gases
Dorin, Demmin, Gabel, Chemistry The Study of Matter , 3rd Edition, 1990, page 367
Diatomic Elements
H2 He
Li Be B C N2 O2 F2 Ne
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl2 Ar
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br2 Kr
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I2 Xe
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Fr Ra Ac
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Alkali Metals, Group 1
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Fr Ra Ac
Alkaline Earth Metals, Group 2
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Fr Ra Ac
Halogens, Group 17
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Fr Ra Ac
Noble Gases, Group 18
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Fr Ra Ac
Chalcogens, Group 16
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Fr Ra Ac
Chemistry of the Groups
Group 16, the Chalcogens

– The chalcogens are oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and
polonium.
All of the chalcogens have ns2np4 valence-electron configurations.

16
O Their chemistry is dominated by three oxidation states:

8 1. –2, in which two electrons are added to achieve the
S closed-shell electron of the next noble gas.
16
Se
2. +6, in which all six valence electrons are lost to give
the closed-shell electron configuration of the preceding
34
noble gas.
Te
52 3. +4, in which only the four np electrons are lost to give
Po a filled ns2 subshell.
84
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Pnicogens, Group 15
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Fr Ra Ac
Group 15, the Pnicogens
– The pnicogens are nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and
bismuth.
– All the pnicogens have ns2np3 valence-electron configurations,
15 leading to three common oxidation states:
N 1. –3, in which three electrons are added to give the

7 closed-shell electron configuration of the next noble gas
P
2. +5, in which all five valence electrons are lost to give the
15
closed-shell electron configuration of the preceding noble
As gas
33
Sb
3. +3, in which only the three np electrons are lost to give a
filled ns2 subshell
51
Bi
83

Group 14
– Group 14 elements straddle the diagonal line that divides nonmetals from
metals.
– Carbon is a nonmetal, silicon and germanium are semimetals, and tin and
lead are metals.
– Group-14 elements have the ns2np2 valence-electron configuration.
– Group-14 elements have three oxidation states:
1. –4, in which four electrons are added to achieve the closed-shell
electron configuration of the next noble gas
2. +4, in which all four valence electrons are lost to give the closed-
shell electron configuration of the preceding noble gas
3. +2, in which the loss of two np2 electrons gives a filled ns2
subshell

Group 13
– Of the Group-13 elements, only the lightest, boron, lies on the
diagonal line that separates nonmetals and metals, it is a
semimetal and possesses an unusual structure.
– The rest of Group 13 are metals (aluminum, gallium, indium, and

thallium) and are typical metallic solids.
– Elements of Group 13 are highly reactive and form stable

compounds with oxygen.
– Elements of Group 13 have ns2np1 valence-electron

configurations.

Lanthanide Series
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Fr Ra Ac
Actinide Series
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Fr Ra Ac
La Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
1A 8A
H He
1
1 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2 Transition Metals
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 8B
11 12 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1B 2B 13 14 15 16 17 18
4
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
5
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
6 *
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
7 W
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109
Lanthanides *
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Actinides W
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Metals and Nonmetals
H He
1
1 2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2 Nonmetals
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
4
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
METALS
5
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
6 *
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
7 W
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 Metalloids
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Metals, Nonmetals, & Metalloids
1
2 Nonmetals
3
5 Metals
6
Metalloids
Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 349

Properties of Metals, Nonmetals,
and Metalloids
METALS
malleable, lustrous, ductile, good conductors of heat
and electricity
NONMETALS
gases or brittle solids at room temperature, poor
conductors of heat and electricity (insulators)
METALLOIDS (Semi-metals)
dull, brittle, semi-conductors (used in computer chips)
Discovering the Periodic Table
Ancient Times 1894-1918
H Midd. -1700 1923-1961 He

1735-1843 1965-
1843-1886
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
Timeline of Elements Discovery
Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989
H Midd. -1700 1923-1961 He

1735-1843 1965-
1843-1886
Li Be B C N O F Ne
H Midd. -1700 1923-1961 He

1735-1843 1965-
1843-1886
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Symbols are Useful
The use of symbols is not unique to chemistry.
Symbols can be quite helpful - when you know what they mean.
Arithmetic Money Music
+ - x ..
$ c
A Swedish chemist who invented modern chemical symbols.
Discovered the elements:

silicon, selenium, cerium, and thorium.
Jons Jakob Berzelius
(1799 - 1848)
Discovering the Elements
Metal gold silver iron mercury tin copper lead
Symbol
Celestial body Sun Moon Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus Saturn
Day
Latin (dies) Solie Lunae Martis Mercurii Jovis Veneris Saturni
French dimanche lundi mardi mercredi jeudi vendredi samedi
English Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
Ringnes, Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989, page 731

Chemical Symbols
Gold
Sun Silver
Moon Iron
Mars Copper
Venus Lead
Saturn Tin
Jupiter Mercury
Mercury
Symbols
Ancient
used
Astronomical
in the 16th and
Symbols
17th Century
Fire Air Earth Water

Alchemical Symbols used in the 15th Century
Brownlee, Fuller, Hancock, Sohon, Whitsit, First Principles of Chemistry, 1931, page 74
Chemical Symbols
Antimony Water Copper Sulfur Sulfuric acid
Symbols used in the 18th Century
Oxygen Nitrogen Copper C Soda
Hydrogen Sulfur Mercury Potassa
Carbon Silver S Lead L Gold G
Water Carbon dioxide Alcohol
Symbols used by John Dalton
Brownlee, Fuller, Hancock, Sohon, Whitsit, First Principles of Chemistry, 1931, page 74
Origin of the Names of Elements
Title Number of Elements
Pre-chemical Names 10
Names from celestial bodies 8
Names from mythology / superstition 10
Names from minerals / ores,
other than geographical names 13
Names from colors 9
Names from properties other than color 8
Geographical names from the domicile or
workplace of the discoverer(s) 13
Geographical names from minerals / ores 10
Constructed names 16
Names from persons 10
Map of Elements Discovered

Several Synthetic Elements
Synthetic
• Man-made
• Bk = Berkelium
–
• Cf = Californium All made by nuclear bombardment
at Berkeley, California, U.S.A.
• Am = Americium
Einsteinium (Es)
Albert Einstein
– Relativity
– E = mc2
– Offered Presidency of Israel
– Element 99
– Photoelectric effect
• Solar calculator
Curium (Cm)
• Madame Curie
– Pioneer in radioactivity
• (Ra = radium)
– 25 pounds of pitchblende ore
yields 1/1000 of a gram of radium
– Emits 2 millions times as much
radiation as uranium
• (Rn = radon gas)
– Discovered 5 elements
– Nobel Prize (5 in Curie family)
– Born in Poland
• (Po = polonium)
Marie Curie (1876–1934)

Radium (Ra)
Radium was used as a fluorescent paint on watch dials. It was

applied with thin brushes that workers would lick to keep a fine tip.
Many people died from the exposure to radium.
Radon Gas
Zone 1 counties have a predicted average indoor radon screening
level greater than 4 pCi/L (pico curies per liter) (red zones)
level between 2 and 4 pCi/L (orange zones)
level less than 2 pCi/L (yellow zones)
Radon gas occurs naturally

from the radioactive decay
of radium. Radium is found
in small amounts in rock.
Ra  Rn + radiation
Predicted fraction of homes over 4 picocuries/liter radon

http://www.epa.gov/radon/zonemap.html
Nobelium (No)
Element 102
Inventor: Nobel Prize

dynamite (TNT)
blasting gelatin
NO2
O2N NO2
CH3
Trinitrotoluene
Alfred Nobel
“Merchant of Death”
Seaborgium (Sg)
Glenn Seaborg
– Separated f-block from rest of periodic table
– Worked on Manhattan Project
(Atomic bomb)
– Classified until after WW II
– Element 106
• Only living person to have an element named for
them
Silicon vs. Silicone
• Silicon (Si) element
• Silicone (…Si – O – Si…) polymer
– Sealant (caulk) prevents leaks
– Breast augmentation
No cause-and-effect relationship exists between

breast enlargement and breast cancer. Only one
researcher found a causal link.
12
Mg
Magnesium
24.305
Atomic Mass 24 amu

melting point = 650oC (1202oF)
silver gray metal
used in flash bulbs, bombs,and flares

8th most abundant element (2.2% of Earth’s crust)
lack of Mg produces same biological effect
as alcoholism (delirium tremens)
Potassium Metal in Water
Newmark, CHEMISTRY, 1993, page 25

The Periodic Table
Noble
gases
Alkaline Halogens
earth metals
1 18
H He
1
2 13 14 15 16 17 2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Al Si P S Cl Ar
Transition metals
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Alkali metals
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
55 56
* 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub Uuq Uuh Uuo
Y
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 116 118
* Lanthanides La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Y Actinides
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Orbitals Being Filled
1 Groups 8
1 1s 2 3 4 5 6 7 1s
2 2s 2p
3 3s 3p
Periods
4 4s 3d 4p
5 5s 4d 5p
6 6s La 5d 6p
7 7s Ac 6d
4f Lanthanide series
5f Actinide series

Electron Filling in Periodic Table s
s
1 p
3 d
6 *
7 W
W
Electron Filling in Periodic Table
metallic character increases
nonmetallic character increases


Periodic Table
s
s
H He
H p 1 2
1
1
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Na Mg d Al Si P S Cl Ar
3
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
4
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
5
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
6 *
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
7 W
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109
f
*
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
W
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Melting Points He
H Mg He
0.126
1 Symbol
-259.2 -269.7
650 Melting point oC
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2
180.5
1283 2027 4100 -210.1 -218.8 -219.6 -248.6
Na Mg > 3000 C o
2000 - 3000 Co
Al Si P S Cl Ar
3
98 650 660 1423 44.2 119 -101 -189.6
4
63.2 850 1423 1677 1917 1900 1244 1539 1495 1455 1083 420 29.78 960 817 217.4 -7.2 -157.2
5
38.8 770 1500 1852 2487 2610 2127 2427 1966 1550 961 321 156.2 231.9 630.5 450 113.6 -111.9
6
28.6 710 920 2222 2997 3380 3180 2727 2454 1769 1063 -38.9 303.6 327.4 271.3 254 -71
Ralph A. Burns, Fundamentals of Chemistry , 1999, page 1999

Elements with Highest Densities
Year Density
Element Discovered (g/cm3)
Osmium 1804 22.59
Iridium 1804 22.56
Platinum 1784 21.45
Rhenium 1925 21.01
Neptunium 1940 20.47
Plutonium 1940 20.26
Gold prehistoric 19.32
Tungsten 1783 19.26
Uranium 1789 19.05
Tantalum 1802 16.67
Densities of
H
Elements He
1
0.071 0.126
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2
0.53 1.8 2.5 2.26 0.81 1.14 1.11 1.204
3
0.97 1.74 2.70 2.4 1.82w 2.07 1.557 1.402
4
0.86 1.55 (2.5) 4.5 5.96 7.1 7.4 7.86 8.9 8.90 8.92 7.14 5.91 5.36 5,7 4.7 3.119 2.6
5
1.53 2.6 5.51 6.4 8.4 10.2 11.5 12.5 12.5 12.0 10.5 8.6 7.3 7.3 6.7 6.1 4.93 3.06
6
1.90 3.5 6.7 13.1 16.6 19.3 21.4 22.48 22.4 21.45 19.3 13.55 11.85 11.34 9.8 9.4 --- 4.4
8.0 – 11.9 g/cm3 12.0 – 17.9 g/cm3 > 18.0 g/cm3
Mg
Symbol
1.74 Density in g/cm3C, for gases, in g/L
W
4f
Sublevels
4d
n=4
4p
3d
4s
Energy n=3 3p
3s
2p
n=2
2s
n=1 1s
H He
H 1 2
1
1
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
4
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
5
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
6 *
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
7 W
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Electron Filling in Periodic Table s
s
H He
H p 1s1 1s2
1
1s1
Li Be B C N O F Ne
2
2s1 2s2 2p1 2p2 2p3 2p4 2p5 2p6
Na Mg d Al Si P S Cl Ar
3
3s1 3s2 3p1 3p2 3p3 3p4 3p5 3p6
4
4s1 4s2 3d1 3d2 3d3 3d5 3d5 3d6 3d7 3d8 3d10 3d10 4p1 4p2 4p3 4p4 4p5 4p6
5
5s1 5s2 4d1 4d2 4d4 4d5 4d6 4d7 4d8 4d10 4d10 4p1 5p1 5p2 5p3 5p4 5p5 5p6
6 *
6s1 6s2 5d2 5d3 5d4 5d5 5d6 5d7 5d9 5d10 5d10 6p1 6p2 6p3 6p4 6p5 6p6
7 W
7s1 7s2 6d2 6d3 6d4 6d5 6d6 6d7
f
*
5d1 4f2 4f3 4f4 4f5 4f6 4f7 4f7 4f9 4f10 4f11 4f12 4f13 4f14 4f114
W
6d1 6d2 5f2 5f3 5f4 5f6 5f7 5f7 5f8 5f10 5f11 5f14 5f13 5f14 5f14
Names and Symbols of
Selected Elements
Name* Symbol Name* Symbol
Aluminum Al Lead (plumbum) Pb
Argon Ar Lithium Li
Barium Ba Magnesium Mg
Boron B Mercury (hydrargyrum) Hg
Bromine Br Neon Ne
Cadmium Cd Nickel Ni
Calcium Ca Nitrogen N
Carbon C Oxygen O
Chlorine Cl Phosphorus P
Cobalt Co Potassium (kalium) K
Copper (cuprum) Cu Silicon Si
Fluorine F Silver (argentum) Ag
Gold (aurum) Au Sodium (natrum) Na
Helium He Strontium Sr
Hydrogen H Sulfur S
Iodine I Tin (stannum) Sn
Iron (ferrum) Fe Zinc Zn
*Names given in parentheses are ancient Latin or Greek words from which the symbols are derived.
Electronegativity
The ability of an
atom in a molecule
to attract shared
electrons to itself.
Linus Pauling
1901 - 1994
Electronegativities
1A 8A
H
1
2.1
2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
Li Be B C N O F
2
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
3
Period
0.9 1.2
3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.5 3.0
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
4
0.8 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.7 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.4 2.8
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I
5
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.5
Cs Ba La * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At
6
0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2
y
Fr Ra Ac * Lanthanides: 1.1 - 1.3
7 yActinides: 1.3 - 1.5
0.7 0.9 1.1
Below 1.0 2.0 - 2.4

1.0 - 1.4 2.5 - 2.9
1.5 - 1.9 3.0 - 4.0
Hill, Petrucci, General Chemistry An Integrated Approach 2nd Edition, page 373
Covalent Bonds
Polar-Covalent bonds
Electrons are unequally shared
Electronegativity difference between 0.3 and 1.7
Example: H2O (water)
O = 3.5
difference is 1.4
H = 2.1
Nonpolar-Covalent bonds
Electrons are equally shared
Electronegativity difference of 0 to 0.3
Nitrogen gas molecules
A Collection of Argon Atoms
Oxygen gas molecules
Diatomic Molecules
Distance Hydrogen (H2) Chlorine (Cl2)

between atomic radius = 37 pm atomic radius = 99 pm
nuclei
Nucleus
Fluorine (F2)
atomic radius = 64 pm
Bromine (Br2)
atomic radius = 114 pm
Oxygen (O2)
Atomic atomic radius = 66 pm
radius
Nitrogen (N2) Iodine (I2)

atomic radius = 71 pm atomic radius = 138 pm
HOBrFINCl twins H2 O2 Br2 F2 I2 N2 Cl2

Diatomic Molecules
Elements That Exist as Diatomic Molecules in Their Elemental Forms
Element Present Elemental State at 25 oC Molecule
hydrogen colorless gas H2

nitrogen colorless gas N2
oxygen pale blue gas O2
fluorine pale yellow gas F2
chlorine pale green gas Cl2
bromine reddish-brown liquid Br2
iodine lustrous, dark purple solid I2
Atomic Radii
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
Li Be B C N O F
1.52 1.11 0.88 0.77 0.70 0.66 0.64
Na Mg Si
Al P S Cl
1.86 1.60 1.43 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99
K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br
2.31 1.97 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.17 1.14
Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I
2.44 2.15 1.62 1.40 1.41 1.37 1.33
Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi
2.62 2.17 1.71 1.75 1.46

= 1 Angstrom
0.3
Cs
Rb
0.25
K
atomic radius
0.2
Na 4d
3d
transition transition La
Li series series
0.15
Zn
Xe
Kr
0.1
Cl
F
0.05
He
H
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
atomic number
Periodic Trends in Atomic Radii
LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 175
Relative Size of Atoms

Attraction and Repulsion of
Electrical Charges
+ - + + - -
Particles with opposite Particles with like charges
charges attract repel one another.
one another.
Coulombic Attraction
A 1+ 1-
D 4- 3-
B 2+ 2-
Coulombic Attraction
1) Charge
C 2+ 2- opposites attract
like repels
2) Distance
Shielding Effect
Valence
+
nucleus - -
- Electrons
-
Kernel electrons block Electron

the attractive force of Shield
the nucleus from the
“kernel”
valence electrons
electrons
12
Shielding Effect and Mg
Effective Nuclear Charge
24.305
attractions
repulsions
+
_
_ _
Mg = [Ne]3s2
Hill, Petrucci, General Chemistry An Integrated Approach 2nd Edition, page 336
Decreasing Atomic Size
Across a Period
• As the attraction between the (+) nucleus and the (–) valence electrons ,
the atomic size . Greater coulombic attraction.
• From left to right, size decreases because there is an increase in nuclear
charge and Effective Nuclear Charge (# protons – # core electrons).
• Each valence electron is pulled by the full ENC
Li Be B
1s22s1 1s22s2 1s22s22p1
(ENC = 1) (ENC = 2) (ENC = 3)
Li Be B
++ +++ +++
+ + ++
Sizes of ions: electron repulsion
• Valence electrons repel each other.
• When an atom becomes a
anion (adds an electron to its
valence shell) the repulsion
between valence electrons
increases without changing ENC
• Thus, F– is larger than F
- -
-
-
- -
- -
9+
-
9+ - +1e -
9+ -
- - - -
- - -
-
Fluorine atom Fluorine ion
Fluoride
F F1-
1s 2s22p5
2
1s22s22p6
Atomic Radius of Atoms
Be B C N O F
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br
Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I
Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi
Atomic Radii
Ionic Radii
Li1+ Be2+
Li C NN3- OO2- F1-
Be B F
1.52
0.60 1.11
0.31 0.88 0.77 0.70
1.71 0.66
1.40 0.64
1.36
Na
Na
1+
Mg2+ Al3+
Mg Al Si P SS2- Cl
Cl1-
1.86
0.95 1.60
0.65 1.43
0.50 1.17 1.10 1.04
1.84 0.99
1.81
K Ca Ga3+ Ge As Se2- Br1-

K1+ Se Br
Ca2+
2.31
1.33 1.97
0.99 1.22
0.62 1.22 1.21 1.17
1.98 1.14
1.85
Rb In3+
Sr In Sn Sb TeTe
2- I1-
Rb1+ Sr2+
2.44
1.48 2.15
1.13 1.62
0.81 1.40 1.41 1.37
2.21 1.33
2.16
Cs Tl3+
Ba Tl Pb Bi
Cs1+ Ba2+
2.62 2.17 1.71 1.75 1.46

1.69 1.35 0.95 = 1 Angstrom
= 1 Angstrom
Atomic Radii VIIIA
He
0.93
Li Be B C N O F Ne
1.52 1.11 0.88 0.77 0.70 0.66 0.64 1.12
Na Mg Si
Al P S Cl Ar
1.86 1.60 1.43 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99 1.54
K Ca Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
2.31 1.97 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.17 1.14 1.69
Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I Xe
2.44 2.15 1.62 1.40 1.41 1.37 1.33 1.90
Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi Rn
2.62 2.17 1.71 1.75 1.46 2.20
Ionic Radii
Li1+ Be2+
N3- O2- F1-
0.60 0.31 1.71 1.40 1.36
Na1+ Mg2+ Al3+

S2- Cl1-
0.95 0.65 0.50 1.84 1.81
Ga3+ Se2- Br1-

K1+ Ca2+
1.33 0.99 0.62 1.98 1.85
In3+
Te2- I1-
Rb1+ Sr2+
1.48 1.13 0.81 2.21 2.16
Tl3+
Cs 1+
Ba2+
1.69 1.35 0.95 = 1 Angstrom

Trends in Atomic and Ionic Size
Metals Nonmetals
Group 1 Group 13 Group 17
e
e
Li Li+
F F-
152 60 64
e 136
e e e
e
Na+ Al3+
Na Al Cl Cl-
95 143 50 99
186 181
e e
K+
K Br Br-
133 114
227 195
Cations are smaller than parent atoms Anions are larger than parent atoms
e
Li Li+
152 60
En
er
gy
e
e Li+
Li Li +
e
60
Lithium ion
152 152
Lithium atom Lithium atom
Be B C N O F
Li
1.52 1.11 0.88 0.77 0.70 0.66 0.64
Atomic
Radii Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
1.86 1.60 1.43 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99
K Ga Ge As Se Br
Ca
2.31 1.97 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.17 1.14
Rb Sr In Sn Sb Te I
2.44 2.15 1.62 1.40 1.41 1.37 1.33
Cs Ba Tl Pb Bi
2.62 2.17 1.71 1.75 1.46
Li1+ Be2+
N3- O2- F1-
0.60 0.31 1.71 1.40 1.36
Ionic Na1+ Mg2+ Al3+ S2- Cl1-
Radii
0.95 0.65 0.50 1.84 1.81
K1+ Ca2+ Ga3+
Cations: smaller Se2- Br1- Anions: LARGER
than parent atoms 1.33 0.99 0.62 1.98 1.85 than parent atoms
Rb1+ Sr2+ In3+
Te2- I1-
1.48 1.13 0.81 2.21 2.16
Cs1+ Ba2+ Tl3+
= 1 Angstrom
1.69 1.35 0.95
The Octet Rule and Common Ions
- -
- - - - -
- - - - - - - - - -
- - - - -
- 10+ - 11+ - 12+
8+ - 9+ - - - -
- - - - - - - - -
- -
- - - - - - - -
-
Oxygen atom Fluorine atom Neon atom Sodium atom Magnesium atom
O F Ne Na Mg
1s 2s22p4
2
1s 2s22p5
2
1s 2s22p6
2 1s 2s22p63s1
2
1s 2s22p63s2
2
+2e- +1e- -1e- -2e-
- - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - -
- - - 11+ - 12+
8+ - 9+ - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - -
-
Oxygen ion Fluorine ion Sodium ion Magnesium ion
O2- F1- Na1+ Mg2+
1s22s22p6 1s22s22p6 1s22s22p6 1s22s22p6
Isoelectronic Species
Isoelectronic - all species have the same number of electrons.
p=8 p=9 p = 10 p = 11 p = 12
n=8 n=9 n = 10 n = 11 n = 12
e = 10 e = 10 e = 10 e = 10 e = 10
- - - - -
- - - - - - - - - -
- - - - -
- - - 10+ - 11+ - 12+
8+ - 9+ - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - -
- - - -
Oxygen ion Fluorine ion Neon atom Sodium ion Magnesium ion
O2- F1- Ne Na1+ Mg2+
1s22s22p6 1s22s22p6 1s 2s22p6
2
1s22s22p6 1s22s22p6
Can you come up with another isoelectronic series of five elements?

Lewis Structure
“Lewis Dot Notation”
o o
Na Cl HC N
X D
o o o D
o X D
X X D Gilbert Lewis
X D
o o
Na Cl H C N
Na Cl H C N
Atomic Radius vs. Atomic Number
0.3
Cs
Rb
0.25
K
atomic radius
0.2
Na 4d
3d
transition transition La
Li series series
0.15
Zn
Xe
Kr
0.1
Cl
F
0.05
He
H
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
atomic number
Hungry for Tater Tots? Mr. C at 7 years old.
OUCH!!
Ionization Energies
Group 1 18
H Mg Symbol He
1
1312
2 13 14 15 16 17 2372
738 First Ionization Energy
Li Be (kJ/mol)
B C N O F Ne
2
520 900 801 1086 1402 1314 1681 2081
3
Period
496 738
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 578 787 1012 1000 1251 1521
4
419 590 633 659 651 653 717 762 760 737 746 906 579 762 947 941 1140 1351
5
403 550 600 640 652 684 702 710 720 804 731 868 558 709 834 869 1008 1170
Cs Ba La * Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
6
376 503 538 659 761 770 760 839 878 868 890 1007 589 716 703 812 -- 1038
y
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Uuu Uub Uut Uuq Uup
7
-- 509 490 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
* Lanthanide series Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
534 527 533 536 545 547 592 566 573 581 589 597 603 523
y
Actinide series Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
587 570 598 600 585 578 581 601 608 619 627 635 642 --
First Ionization Energies
(in kilojoules per mole)
H He
1312.1 2372.5
Li Be B C N O F Ne
520.3 899.5 800.7 1086.5 1402.4 1314.0 1681.1 2080.8
495.9 737.8 577.6 786.5 1011.8 999.7 1251.2 1520.6
418.9 589.9 578.6 761.2 946.5 940.7 1142.7 1350.8
402.9 549.2 558.2 708.4 833.8 869.0 1008.7 1170.3

First Ionization Energies
(kJ/mol)
s p
H He
1312.1 2372.5
Li Be B C N O F Ne
520.3 899.5 800.7 1086.5 1402.4 1314.0 1681.1 2080.8
495.9 737.8 577.6 786.5 1011.8 999.7 1251.2 1520.6
418.9 589.9 578.6 761.2 946.5 940.7 1142.7 1350.8
402.9 549.2 558.2 708.4 833.8 869.0 1008.7 1170.3

First Ionization Energies Metal
Metalloid
(kJ/mol) Nonmetal
s p
H He
1312.1 2372.5
Li Be B C N O F Ne
520.3 899.5 800.7 1086.5 1402.4 1314.0 1681.1 2080.8
495.9 737.8 577.6 786.5 1011.8 999.7 1251.2 1520.6
418.9 589.9 578.6 761.2 946.5 940.7 1142.7 1350.8
402.9 549.2 558.2 708.4 833.8 869.0 1008.7 1170.3

First Ionization energy He • Helium (He) has…
n • a greater IE than H
• same shielding
• greater nuclear charge
H
1e- 2e-
1+ 2+
H He
Atomic number
He
•
First Ionization energy
n
Li has…
• lower IE than H
• more shielding
H • Further away outweighs

greater nuclear charge
Li
Atomic number
He

n
Be has higher IE than Li
 same shielding
 greater nuclear charge
H 2e-
1e- -
2e-
2e-
Be 3+
3+ 2e
-
1e 4+4+2e- 2e-
Li Be
Li
Atomic number
He
 B has lower IE than Be
n  same shielding
2e- 2e-
2e-- 3e-
4+ 2e-
4+ 2e 5+
5+ 2e
-
3e-
H
Be
Be B
 p-orbitals available
B
Li 2p
2s
1s
Atomic number
First Ionization energy He
n
H C
Be
B
Li 2p
2s
1s
Atomic number
He
n
H C
Be
B
Li 2p
2s
1s
Atomic number
He
n
N
• Breaks the pattern because
H C O removing an electron
Be gets to ½ filled p-orbital
B
Li 2p
2s
1s
Atomic number
He
n
F
N
H C O
Be
B
Li 2p
2s
1s
Atomic number
He Ne
n
F
N
• Ne has a lower IE than He
H • Both are full energy levels,
C O
Be • Ne has more shielding
• Greater distance
B
Li 2p
2s
1s
Atomic number
He Ne
n
F
N
• Na has a lower IE than Li
H • Both are s1
C O
Be • Na has more shielding
• Greater distance
B 3s
Li 2p
2s
Na 1s
Atomic number
He

n
Be has higher IE than Li
 same shielding
H 2e-
1e-
2e-
2e-
Be 3+ 4+
Li Be
Li
Atomic number
He
 B has lower IE than Be
n  same shielding
2e- 2e-
2e- 3e-
4+ 5+
H
Be
Be B
 p-orbitals available
B
Li 2p
2s
1s
Atomic number
He Ne
 Na has a lower IE than
F Li
N  Both are s1
 Na has more shielding
 Greater distance
H C O
Be
B
Li
Na
Atomic number
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Li
Na
K
Rb
Atomic number
He 5s 5p 4d
Ne 18
4s 4p 3d
Ar 18
3s 3p
8
Kr
2s 2p
H 1s
NUCLEUS
Li
Na
K
Rb
Atomic number
First Ionization
Energy Plot
5s 5p 4d
18
4s 4p 3d
18
3s 3p
2500 He
8
2s 2p
Ne 8
First ionization energy (kJ/mol)
2000
1s
F 2
Ar
1500 N NUCLEUS
Kr
Cl
H O Br
C P Zn As
1000 Be
Mg S Fe Ni Se
B Si Ca Ti Cr Co Cu Ge
Mn Sr
500 Al Sc V Ga
Li Na
K Rb
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Atomic number
5
B
10.811
5+
Boron Isoelectronic
2e- 2e-
3e- -
2e-
5+
5+ 2e
-
3e 5+
5+ 2e
-
2e- n 5+ 2e- 2e- 4+ 2e- 2e-
B = 1s 2s 2p
2 2 1
B > B1+ B = Be = 1s 2s
1+ 2 2
< Be
B1+ vs.
2e- 2e-
2e-- 1e-
5+
5+ 2e
-
2e 5+
5+ 2e
-
1e- n
5+ 2e- 1e- 3+ 2e- 1e-
B1+ > B2+ B2+ = Li =1s22s1 < Li

B2+ vs.
2e- 2e-
2e- -
0e-
5+
5+ 2e
-
1e 5+
5+ 2e
-
0e- n
5+ 2e- 0e- 2+ 2e- 0e-
B2+ > B3+ B3+ = He = 1s2 < He

B3+ vs.
5
B
10.811
5+
Boron Isoelectronic
5+ 2e- 3e- 5+ 2e- 2e- n 5+ 2e- 2e- 4+ 2e- 2e-

B = 1s 2s 2p
2 2 1
B > B1+ B = Be = 1s 2s
1+ 2 2
< Be
B1+ vs.
5+ 2e- 2e- 5+ 2e- 1e- n

5+ 2e- 1e- 3+ 2e- 1e-
B1+ > B2+ B2+ = Li =1s22s1 < Li

B2+ vs.
5+ 2e- 1e- 5+ 2e- 0e- n

5+ 2e- 0e- 2+ 2e- 0e-
B2+ > B3+ B3+ = He = 1s2 < He

B3+ vs.
16
S
32.066
16+ Sulfur
S = 1s22s22p63s23p4 Isoelectronic
16+ 2e- 8e- 6e- 16+ 2e- 8e- 7e- n 16+ 2e- 8e- 7e- 17+ 2e- 8e- 7e-
S < S1- S1- = Cl S1- >

vs. Cl
1s22s22p63s23p5
16+ 2e- 8e- 7e- 16+ 2e- 8e- 8e-

n
16+ 2e- 8e- 8e- 18+ 2e- 8e- 8e-
S1- < S2- S2- = Ar S2- >

vs. Ar
1s22s22p63s23p6
Ionization Energies
• Energy is required to remove an electron from an atom to form a
cation.
• Ionization energy () is the amount of energy needed to remove an
electron from the gaseous atom E in its ground state:
E (g) +   E+(g) + e-- energy required for reaction = .
• Ionization energy is always positive ( > 0).
• Larger values of  mean that the electron is more tightly bound to the
atom and is harder to remove.
• Units for ionization energies are kilojoules/mole (kJ/mol) or electron
volts (eV) - 1 eV = 96.49 kJ/mol.

Ionization Energies (in kilojoules per mole)
Element 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th
H 1312.1
He 2372.5 5250.7
Li 520.3 7298.5 11815.6
Be 899.5 1752.2 14849.5 21007.6
B 800.7 2427.2 3660.0 25027.0 32828.3
C 1086.5 2352.8 4620.7 6223.0 37832.4 47279.4
Al 577.6 1816.7 2744.8 11577.5 14831.0 18377.9

Ionization Energies (kJ/mol)
H 1312.1
He 2372.5 5250.7
Li 520.3 7298.5 11815.6
Be 899.5 1752.2 14849.5 21007.6
B 800.7 2427.2 3660.0 25027.0 32828.3
C 1086.5 2352.8 4620.7 6223.0 37832.4 47279.4
Al 577.6 1816.7 2744.8 11577.5 14831.0 18377.9

Na 498 4560 6910 9540 13,400 16,600
Mg 736 1445 7730 10,600 13,600 18,000
Al 577 1815 2740 11,600 15,000 18,310
Si 787 1575 3220 4350 16,100 19,800
P 1063 1890 2905 4950 6270 21,200
S 1000 2260 3375 4565 6950 8490
Cl 1255 2295 3850 5160 6560 9360
Ar 1519 2665 3945 5770 7320 8780

Herron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Cchrader, Kulka, Chemistry 1996, Heath, page Shaded area on table denotes core electrons.
Na 498 4560 6910 9540 13,400 16,600
Mg 736 1445 7730 10,600 13,600 18,000
Al 577 1815 2740 11,600 15,000 18,310
Si 787 1575 3220 4350 16,100 19,800
P 1063 1890 2905 4950 6270 21,200
S 1000 2260 3375 4565 6950 8490
Cl 1255 2295 3850 5160 6560 9360
Ar 1519 2665 3945 5770 7320 8780

Herron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Cchrader, Kulka, Chemistry 1996, Heath, page Shaded area on table denotes core electrons.
ionization energy: the energy required to remove
an e– from an atom
M + 1st I.E. M1+ + e–

removes 1st e–
M + 2nd I.E. M2+ + e–
M + 3rd I.E. M3+ + e–
Each successive ionization requires
more energy than the previous one.
As we go , 1st I.E…. decreases.
(due to the shielding effect)
As we go , 1st I.E…. increases.
Multiple Ionization Energies
e - mol
l
ol
mo
J/m
J/
kJ /
5k
7k
e-
e -
578
274
181
Al Al+ Al2+ Al3+
1st Ionization 2nd Ionization 3rd Ionization

energy energy energy
The second, third, and fourth ionization energies of aluminum are higher
than the first because the inner electrons are more tightly held by the nucleus.

Ionization Energies
• It takes more energy to remove the second electron from an atom
than the first, and so on.
• There are two reasons for this trend:
1. The second electron is being removed from a positively
charged species rather than a neutral one, so more energy
is required.
2. Removing the first electron reduces the repulsive forces
among the remaining electrons, so the attraction of the
remaining electrons to the nucleus is stronger.
• Energy required to remove electrons from a filled core is prohibitively
large and simply cannot be achieved in normal chemical reactions.

Factors Affecting Ionization Energy
Nuclear Charge
The larger the nuclear charge, the greater the ionization energy.
Shielding effect
The greater the shielding effect, the less the ionization energy.
Radius
The greater the distance between the nucleus and the outer
electrons of an atom, the less the ionization energy.
Sublevel
An electron from a full or half-full sublevel requires additional
energy to be removed.

Formation of Cation
sodium atom
Na
sodium ion
Na+
e- e-
e- e- e-
e- e-
e-
e- e-
e -
11p+ loss of 11p+
e- one valence e- e-
e- electron
e-
e-
e -
e- e- e-
Formation of Anion
chlorine atom chloride ion
Cl e-
Cl1-
e- gain of
e-
e- one valence e-
electron e-
e-
e- e-
e- e-
e- e-
e- e-
e- e-
e- 17p+ 17p+
e- e-
e -
e -
e- e- e-
e- e- e-
e -
e- e- e-
e- e-
e -
e-
Formation of Ionic Bond
chloride ion
sodium ion Cl1-
Na+ e-
e-
e- e-
e- e- e- e-
e-
e-
e- e- e- e-
11p+ 17p+
e- e- e- e-
e-
e- e- e-
e -
e -
e- e-
e-
e-
Metallic Characteristic


Summary of Periodic Trends
Shielding is constant
Atomic radius decreases
Ionization energy increases
Electronegativity increases
Nuclear charge increases
Ionization energy decreases
Electronegativity decreases
Nuclear charge increases
Atomic radius increases
1A 0
2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
Ionic size increases
Shielding increases
Ionic size (cations) Ionic size (anions)

decreases decreases
Modern Periodic Table
Essential Elements
H Elements in organic matter He
1 Major minerals 2
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Trace elements
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
19
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
55 56 57 72 72 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Davis, Metcalfe, Williams, Castka, Modern Chemistry, 1999, page 748

Trace Elements in Biological Systems
• Of the 100 known elements, 28 are known to be essential for the
growth of at least one biological species, and only 19 are essential
to humans.
• The following makes some elements essential:
1. The element must have some unique chemical property
that an organism can use to its advantage and without which it
cannot survive.
2. Adequate amounts of the element must be available in
the environment in an easily accessible form.
• Many of the elements essential to life are necessary in only small

amounts (trace elements).
Copyright 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Oxidation States of Elements
1 Groups 8
2 3 4 5 6 7
Li1+ Be2+ F1-

O2-
Na1+ Te2- Al3+ S2- Cl1-
K1+ Te2- Zn2+ Ga3+ Se2- Br1-
Rb1+ Te2- Ag1+ In3+ Te2- I1-
Transition metals form cations

Cs1+ Te2- with various charges.
Chemical Bonding
• Ionic
– Metal (cation) with non-metal (anion)
– Transfer of electron(s)
– Strong bond…high melting point
• Covalent
– Non-metal with non-metal
– Sharing of electron(s)
• Non-polar (equal distribution of electrons)
• Polar (uneven electron distribution)
– Weak bonds…low melting points
• Single, double and triple bonds
• Metallic (nuclei in a “sea” of shared electrons)
First Four Energy Levels

Modern Atomic Structure
Sublevel designation
n=4
4s
n=3 4p 4d 4f
n=2 3s 3p 3d
2s 2p
An orbital for a hydrogen
atom. The intensity of the
dots shows that the electron 1s
spends more time closer to
the nucleus.
n=1
The first four principal energy The types of orbitals on each
levels in the hydrogen atom. of the first four principal
Each level is assigned a energy levels.
principal quantum number n.
Hein, Arena, Foundations of College Chemistry, 2000, page 202

Autobiography of an Element
I am Promethium, Pm for short. I was named after Prometheus, who
according to Greek mythology, brought fire to man. I'm a member of the
Lanthanide (rare earth) elements. My family name is derived from the Greek
lanthum, meaning “to escape notice”.
You may not have noticed me around before, as I have no naturally

occurring isotopes. True to family tradition, I managed to avoid positive
identification until 1965. O. Ermetsa first isolated 350 mg 147Pm from 6000
tons apatite. Once discovered, I was immediately put to work. Large quantities
of 147Pm salts (luminesce pale blue or green) are used in luminescent paint
for watch dials. Another job I've held is as a part in a beta-voltaic battery.
You may think there is not enough of me to go around. However, everyday,

my cousin 147Sm transforms into Promethium by radioactive decay (at a rate of
0.07%/day). Also, I'm a rare earth fission product of uranium. Please get to
know me. I'll be around for awhile with 147Pm half-life of 2.5 years and 145Pm
half-life of 30 years.
Neon Advertisement
Oxygen Fluorine Chlorine
O F Cl
15.999 18.998 35.453
Hydrogen Neon Argon
H Ar
1.0079 $10,895 39.948
Helium Xenon Krypton
He Xe Kr
4.0026 131.30 83.800
*Neon Highline Sedan, shown: $13,770 nicely equipped. MSRPs include destination, exclude tax. *Achieved with premium unleaded fuel.
When utilizing the Ideal Gas Equation, PV = nRT, remember that temperature is measured in Kelvins.
Exception!
Two exceptions to the simple –ide ending are the diatomic oxide ions,
O22- and O21-.
O22- is called peroxide

Note the differences.
O21- is called superoxide.
barium oxide BaO

__________
BaO2 Ba2+
barium peroxide __________
sodium oxide Na2O

__________ Na1+
sodium peroxide Na2O2
__________ Do Not Reduce to lowest terms!
potassium oxide K2O

__________
K1+
potassium superoxide KO2
__________
Resources - Periodic Table
Objectives Episode 7 – The Periodic Table
Worksheet - vocabulary General Chemistry PP

Activity - aliens cards: A B key
Activity - coloring periodic table
Worksheet - periodic table paragraph
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Worksheet - textbook questions (general)
Outline (general)

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Periodic Table

Kelter, Carr, Scott, Chemistry A Wolrd of Choices 1999, page 74

Why is the periodic table so important?

Why is the periodic table shaped the way it's shaped?

Why do elements combine? Why do elements react?

What other patterns are there in the world and how do

How to Organize Elements Electron Filling Order

 Identify characteristics of and perform calculations with frequency and

Potassium ion = K1+ ≡ [Ar] Calcium ion = Ca2+ ≡ [Ar] or

Oxide ion = O2- ≡ [Ne]

Look carefully at the drawings of the ‘aliens’.

Organize all the aliens into a meaningful pattern.

Aliens Lab Cards

Strong, Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989, page 743

Atomic Atomic Atomic

Calcium 40 Chlorine 35.5 Sulfur 32

Average 88.5 Average 81.3 Average 79.8

Strontium 87.6 Bromine 79.9 Selenium 79.2

Döbereiner discovered groups of three related elements which he termed a triad.

Newlands Law of Octaves

Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course 1987, page 161

J.A.R. Newlands (1864)

Lothar Meyer (1830 – 1895)

Group I II III IV V VI VII VIII

7 Ag = 108 Cd = 112 In = 113 Sn = 118 Sb = 122 Te = 125 J = 127

8 Cs = 133 Ba = 137 ?Di = 138 ?Ce = 140

___ ___ ___ ___

6 Rb = 85 Sr = 87 ? Yt = 88 Zr = 90 Nb = 94 Mo = 96 __ = 100 Ru = 104, Rh = 104,

8 Cs = 133 Ba = 137 ? Di = 138 ? Ce = 140 __ __ __ __ __ __ __

10 __ __ ? Er = 178 ? La = 180 Ta = 182 W = 184 __ Os = 195, Ir = 197,

Scandium (Discovered in 1877)

Gallium (Discovered in 1875)

Germanium (Discovered in 1886)

• Elements are arranged in seven horizontal rows, in order

15 Nitrogen family 18 Noble gases

Group 16, the Chalcogens

All of the chalcogens have ns2np4 valence-electron configurations.

O Their chemistry is dominated by three oxidation states:

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

N 1. –3, in which three electrons are added to give the

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

– The rest of Group 13 are metals (aluminum, gallium, indium, and

– Elements of Group 13 are highly reactive and form stable

– Elements of Group 13 have ns2np1 valence-electron

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 349

H Midd. -1700 1923-1961 He

H Midd. -1700 1923-1961 He

H Midd. -1700 1923-1961 He

Arithmetic Money Music

A Swedish chemist who invented modern chemical symbols.

Discovered the elements:

Metal gold silver iron mercury tin copper lead

Celestial body Sun Moon Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus Saturn

French dimanche lundi mardi mercredi jeudi vendredi samedi

English Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

Ringnes, Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989, page 731

_ _ _ _

8 Cs = 133 Ba = 137 ? Di = 138 ? Ce = 140 __

10 ? Er = 178 ? La = 180 Ta = 182 W = 184 __ Os = 195, Ir = 197,