LESSON 5:

THE PROCESS OF
REPRODUCTION
Presented by:
Group 1
Abilong, Ressa Mae
Diabordo, Hannah Mae
 Lesson Objectives:
When we finish this lesson, we should be
able to:
1. Define fertilization, conception and pregnancy;
2. Explain how pregnancy occurs and its
prevention; and
3. Identify the complications of early pregnancy
in the growing adolescent.
INTRODUCTION
During puberty:
reproductive system matures
secondary sexual characteristics develop
the bodies of males and females appear
more distinctive.
Female puberty usually begins at about 8-13
years of age
While boys lag about two(2) years behind
that of girls.
Physical changes of Female:
 Breast development
 Rounding of the hips and buttocks
 Growth of the hair in the pubic region
and the underarm
 Start of menstruation
HOW DOES
ONE
OVULATE?
 HOW DOES ONE OVULATE?
Ovulation
 The process when a mature ovum (egg cell)
is released from the ovary and travels to the
fallopian tube for possible fertilization.
 HOW DOES ONE OVULATE?
Menstrual Cycle
 The monthly ovulation cycle that leads to
menstruation in the absence of pregnancy.
 From the first day of a period until the day
before the next period starts.
 Normal: around 28 days (average)
 Ovulation will happen about 10-16 days
before the start of the next period.
 HOW DOES
PREGNANCY
OCCUR?
HOW DOES PREGNANCY OCCUR?
Conception
 The process that begins with fertilization of
an egg by the sperm and ends with
implantation.

Fertilization
 Union of the sperm and the ovum (egg cell).
HOW DOES PREGNANCY OCCUR?
Conception
1. Sexual intercourse
2. Ejaculation
3. Sperm Journey
 Cervix to womb to fallopian tubes
4. Meeting the Egg
5. Fertilization
6. Implantation
7. Development
HOW DOES PREGNANCY OCCUR?

Pregnancy
 Officially starts when a fertilized egg
implants in the lining of the uterus.

 Happens 2-3 weeks after sexual intercourse.

 Discussed in terms of trimesters (three-

month periods).
HOW DOES PREGNANCY OCCUR?

Pregnancy
 After eight(8) weeks, the embryo is officially
referred to as a fetus.
 Normal: 37-42 weeks (nine months)
 WHAT CAN BE
DONE TO PREVENT
TEENAGE
PREGNANCY?
 WHAT CAN BE DONE TO PREVENT
TEENAGE PREGNANCY?
Contraception
 The act of preventing pregnancy.
 Can be any device, a medication, a
procedure or a behavior.
 Type of Contraceptive Methods
1. Male Condom
 Rubber sheath that fits over the penis
 Effectiveness: 80-85%
 Benefits: low cost, easily accessible, and
reduces risk of STDs/STIs
 Type of Contraceptive Methods
2. Implantable Hormone Device
 Continuous release of hormone
 Benefits: continuous birth control for five(5)
years.
 Type of Contraceptive Methods
3. Calendar Method
 Allows the women to keep track of “safe”
days for sex
 Effectiveness: 85% (theoretically); 60%
(reality)
 Benefits: No cost and under the control of
the woman.
 Type of Contraceptive Methods
4. Sterilization
 Passageway for the sperm or the egg is surgically
tied.
 Male: Vasectomy ; Female: tubal ligation
 Effectiveness: 100% (theoretically); exceptions
(known)
 Benefits: Highly effective, permanent, and one time
expense.
 Type of Contraceptive Methods
5. Birth Control Pill
 Contains synthetic estrogen
 Effectiveness: 99-100% (theoretically);
exceptions (known)
 Benefits: low cost, easily available, and
controlled by the woman.
 Type of Contraceptive Methods
6. Birth Control Injection
 Given in the first days of the menstruation and
then every 2-3 months.
 Type of Contraceptive Methods
7. Withdrawal
 Removal of the penis from the vagina before
ejaculation
 Effectiveness: 85% (theoretically); 70% (reality)
 Benefits: no cost under the control of the man
and woman involved.
 Type of Contraceptive Methods
8. Intrauterine Device (IUD)
 Inserted inside the uterus by a doctor.
 Effectiveness: 95-98% (theoretically)
 Benefits: long-lasting and relatively inexpensive
 WHAT ARE THE
HEALTH EFFECTS OF
EARLY PREGNANCY
IN THE GROWING
ADOLESCENT?
 HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH
EARLY PREGNANCY
Obstructed Labor
 Results from pelvic area not large enough for the
baby to pass through
 Often require a cesarean section to safely deliver
the baby

Maternal Mortality
 Physically immature girls may experience uterine
tearing, leading to severe blood loss and potential
death.
 HEALTH RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH
EARLY PREGNANCY
Fistula
 A tear between the vagina and bladder or rectum,
causing lifelong incontinence and social stigma
Complications
 Excessive vomiting;
 Severe anemia;  Premature and low birth weight
 Hypertension babies;
 Convulsions;  Infection;
  Prolonged labor; and
Difficulty in breastfeeding;
 High maternal mortality or death
SUMMARY
 Reproduction involves the ova and sperm to
fuse.
 Reproduction starts from conception to
pregnancy and then childbirth.
 Contraceptive methods help prevent and lessen
early pregnancies.
 Early pregnancies has health risks and can lead
to various life-threatening complications.
 “
◦ Access to contraception and reproductive
health education empower young people to
make informed choices about their well-
being.
Thank you for Listening!!!