Digestive System Group 7th

Yurika Nuraeni (180210103013)

Anggrilia Ratu Pradipta (180210103111)
Yayuk Fatmawati (180210103128)
Table Of Content

Digestive Tract
Digestion of Cells

Avertebrate and Peristalsis movement and

Vertebrate Segmental in The
Digestion Digestive Organs
Table Of Content

Metabolism of Ingestion and

Carbohydrates, Absorption of Food
Proteins, and Fats Substance

Mechanism Of Regulation of digestive

HCl Secretion functions
 01
Digestion of Cells
Digestion of Cells

Extracellular Intracelluler
Is digestion in extracellular body Food particles are taken into
caity, such as the lumen of the speciallized cells prior to
stomach or intestine digestion, and digestion occurs
within cells. Digestion is
principally intracellular in
sponges, coelenterates, flatworms
and some molluscs
 02
Avertebrate and
Vertebrate
Digestion
01 Digestion in Insect and Crustaccea
Avertebrata
02Digestion in Ruminant
Vertebrata
03 Digestion in Aves
Vertebrata
Digestive tract of a female
chicken.

Source: Jacquie Jacob,

University of Kentucky
 03
Digestion Tract
and The Function
 Monogastrict
Vs
Polygastrict Digestive
System
Monogastrict
Polygastrict
 04
Peristalsis movement
and Segmental in The
Digestive Organs
Peristalsis movement
Segmental in The Digestive Organs
The digestive tract in vertebrates is divided into
four segments, namely headgut, foregut,
midgut, and hindgut.
● The headgut consists of the lips, oral
cavity, tongue and pharynx. The function
of the headgut is to catch and swallow
food.
● Foregut consists of the esophagus and
stomach. The function of the esophagus is
to move food from the headgut to the
stomach. The function of the stomach is
to store digested food, break down food
with a combination of muscles, acids and
digestive enzymes.
● Midgut namely the middle or small
intestine. The function of the middle
intestine is as the main place for digestion
of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids and
as the main absorption site for digestive
products of food, vitamins, minerals, and
water.
● Hindgut, namely the back intestine or
large milk. The function of the back
intestine is to store waste between bowel
movements and complete the absorption
of water and minerals needed from the
intestine before being excreted
Segmental in The Digestive Organs
● In addition, there are additional
components to the digestive system,
namely the pancreas and bile system. The
pancreas secretes a lot of digestive
enzymes into the middle intestine. The
bile system is the part of the liver that
secretes bile which plays an important
role in emulsifying lipid digestion.
● Muscle action is the main mechanism
used to move food and other materials
as they pass through the digestive
system. The two main layers of muscle
are the longitudinal outer layer which
shortens the intestine when it contracts
and the inner layer of the circular
muscle which constricts the intestines
when it contracts.
 05
Metabolism of
Carbohydrates, Proteins,
and Fats in The Cells
Carbohydrates
Protein
Fat
Mechanism Of HCl
Secretion
 06
Ingestion and
Absorption of Food
Substance
Ingestion
Absorptio
n
Absorptio
n
 07
Regulation of digestive
functions
synergistic
and occurs both intrinsically and
extrinsically
1. Sensors and Effectors

2. Intrinsic Nerve Plexuses

3. Extrinsic Nerves

4. Gastrointestinal Hormones

5. Reflex Pathways
Sensors and Effectors
1) chemoreceptors sensitive to chemical components within the lumen

(2) mechanoreceptors (pressure receptors) sensitive to stretch or tension within the wall, and

(3) osmoreceptors sensitive to the osmolarity of the luminal contents. Stimulation of these
recept
Sherwood, et al., 2012 : 661
Intrinsic Nerve Plexuses
o In vertebrates, the intrinsic nerve plexuses (plexus, “network”) are the two
major networks of nerve fibers the myenteric plexus and the submucous
plexus—located entirely within the digestive tract wall and running its entire
length.
o In vertebrates, the two plexuses together are often termed the enteric nervous
system.
o Insects have an analogous system, the stomatogastric nervous system, a
network of peripheral ganglia along the gut.
Extrinsic Nerves
o extrinsic neural and hormonal regulation can modulate the nerve
plexuses, or, in some cases, can act directly on the smooth muscle and
glands.
o Extrinsic nerves in vertebrates are the nerve fi bers from both
branches of the autonomic system that originate outside the digestive
tract and innervate the various digestive organs.
Gastrointestinal Hormones
o Gastrointestinal hormones are carried through the blood to other areas of the digestive tract, where they
exert either excitatory or inhibitory influences on smooth muscle and exocrine gland cells.

Reflex Pathways
o Receptor activation may bring about two types of neural refl exes—short refl exes and long refl exes
o When the intrinsic plexuses respond to local stimulation and alter effectors, all elements of the refl ex
are located within the wall of the digestive tract itself; that is, a short a short reflex takes place
o Extrinsic nervous activities, which can be superimposed on the local controls to modify smooth
muscle and glandular responses for coordination and anticipation, are known as long reflexes because
they involve the long pathways between the central nervous system and digestive system
Thank You!
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