Darwin Evolution Revised

Evolution
Diversity of Life
copyright cmassengale 1
Evolution
“Nothing in
biology makes
sense EXCEPT
in the light of
evolution.”
Theodosius
Dobzhansky
Charles Darwin in later years

History of
Evolutionary
Thought
The Theory of Evolution is a
scientific theory that essentially
states species change over time
►Evolutionary theory explains the

patterns of life observable in the
natural world and the processes by
which that life has evolved.
Evolutionary Timeline
Early Ideas On Earth’s
Organisms
 Aristotle
believed species
were fixed
creations
arranged by
their complexity
 Idea lasted
2000 years
Early Ideas On Earth’s Organisms
 Carolus Linnaeus – 1st to
group similar organisms(and
implied there was an
evolutionary connection
bet. Species within the
same group) and assign
them Latin names
 Two word name (Genus
species)
 Known as Binomial
nomenclature copyright cmassengale 7
Early Ideas On Earth’s Organisms
 the late 1700s saw the first theories
that species changed over time.
 Comte de Buffon and Eramus Darwin
both proposed that species changed
over time, but neither man could
explain how or why they changed.
 They also kept their ideas under wraps
due to how controversial the thoughts
were compared to accepted religious
views at the time.
Contributor’s to Darwin’s thinking
:
included:
• Charles Lyell –uniformintarianism
(geologic processes still changing
Earth)
• Changes happen slowly and
accumulate over time.
• James Hutton - Gradualism
Contributor’s to Darwin’s thinking
:
included:
• Georges Cuvier – species
extinction (Catastrophism)
• Changes and extinctions in nature happened
suddenly and violently.
• Thomas Malthus – struggle for

existence (resources)
Contributor’s to Darwin’s
thinking included:
:
• John Baptiste Lamarck –
Inheritance of acquired
Characteristics and Law of Use
and Disuse
• Alfred Russel Wallace –
organisms evolved from common
ancestors
Catastrophism
 Idea proposed by George Cuvier
 Studied fossil in sedimentary
rock strata of Paris
 Found some species completely
disappeared in more recent
layers
Catastrophism
 Stated that
species disappear
due to a
catastrophic
event of the
earth’s crust
(volcano,
earthquake…)
 Georges Cuvier
Hutton’s Theory of
Geological Change
James Hutton, 1795, Scottish
geologist
Studied invertebrate fossils in
Paris Museum
Described The Geological Forces
That Have Changed Life on Earth
Over Millions of Years (erosion,
earthquakes, volcanoes…)
Hutton’s Theory of
Geological Change
 Changes in
Earth’s crust due
to slow
continuous
processes
 Idea Known as
Gradualism
copyright cmassengale James Hutton
Charles Lyell
 Proposed theory of
Uniformintarianism
 Geological processes
at uniform rates
building & wearing
down Earth’s crust
 Proposed that the
Earth was millions of
years instead of a
few thousand years
old
Principles of Geology
 Published by Lyell Just Before The
Beagle Set Sail & read by Darwin
 Explained Geological Processes
That Shaped The Earth
 Helped Darwin Understand Sea
Shells In The Andes Mountains At
12,000+ Feet
– Expanded Earth’s Age
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution
 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck,
1809
 One Of First Scientists To
Understand That Change
Occurs Over Time
 Lamarckism
 - He proposed that the
characteristics that an
animal acquired during its
lifetime in response to life’s
struggles or felt needs could
be passed on to its offspring.
 1809- Published
his ideas about
“Inheritance of
Acquired
Characteristics”
 Idea called Law
of Use and
Disuse
 If a body part
were used, it
got stronger
 If body part
NOT used, it
deteriorated
Inheritance of Acquired
Characteristics
 Characteristics
developed by use could
be passed on to
offspring.
 Lamarck said this was
how giraffes got their
long necks: by using
them to stretch for
food their necks
became longer and that
trait was passed on to 22
Lamarck’s Theory of
Evolution
 Inheritance Of Acquired Traits
– Traits Acquired During Ones Lifetime
Would Be Passed To Offspring
Clipped ears of dogs could be passed to offspring!
Lamarck’s Theory of
Evolution
 Tendency Toward Perfection
 Organisms Are Continually Changing
and Acquiring Features That Help
Them Live More Successfully In
Their Environment
 Example: Bird Ancestors Desired To
Fly So They Tried Until Wings
Developed
Lamarck’s Mistakes
 Lamarck Did NOT Know how
traits were inherited (Traits
are passed through genes)
 Genes Are NOT Changed By
Activities In Life
 Change Through Mutation
Occurs Before An Organism Is
Born
Weismann disproves Lamarck
 Weismann cut the
tails off mice and
bred them for
over 20
generations. Each
time the mice
were born with
tails.
 We now know that
traits are passed
on by genes which27
Charles Darwin the
Naturalist
Voyage of the Beagle
Charles Darwin
 Born Feb. 12, 1809
 Joined Crew of HMS
Beagle, 1831
 Naturalist
 5 Year Voyage around
world
 Avid Collector of Flora
& Fauna
 Astounded By Variety
of Life copyright cmassengale 29
Charles Darwin
• His voyage and his observations
led him to write ‘The Origin of
Species
 • In 1831, 22-year old Charles
Darwin left England as naturalist
aboard the HMS Beagle for 5 year
voyage around the world. His
mission is to chart the South
American coastline
Charles Darwin
•He noticed plants and
animals were different from
those he knew in Europe
• He wrote thousands of
pages of observations and
collected vast number
ofSpecimens.
Charles Darwin
 • He spent a month observing life on the
Galapagos Islands and realized that each
island has different rainfall and vegetation
and its own unique assortment of plant and
animal species.
 • He collected 14 species of finches and
hypothesized that the Galapagos had be
colonized by organisms from the mainland
that had then diversified on the various.
Charles Darwin
• In 1859 , his book On the Origin
of Species by Means of Natural
Selection was published.
 It presented evidence and
proposed a mechanism for
evolution that he called NATURAL
SELECTION.
Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery
A reconstruction of the HMS Beagle sailing off Patagonia.

Darwin Left England in 1831
Darwin returned 5 years later in 1836

HMS Beagle’s Voyage
The Galapagos Islands
 Small Group of Islands 1000 km
West of South America
 Very Different Climates
 Animals On Islands Unique
»Tortoises
»Iguanas
»Finches
 Volcanic islands off
the coast of South
America
 Island species
varied from
mainland species &
from island-to-
island species
 Each island had long
or short neck
tortoises copyright cmassengale 38
 Finches on the islands resembled a
mainland finch
 More types of finches appeared on
the islands where the available food
was different (seeds, nuts, berries,
insects…)
 Finches had different types of beaks
adapted to their type of food
gathering
Darwin’s Finches
Each evolved
to be
different
due to
different
environmenta
l conditions
on each 42
Darwin’s Observations
& Conclusions
The Struggle for
Existence
Forming his theory
•It took Darwin years to

form his theory of
evolution by natural
selection.
His reasoning went like
this:
Forming his theory
1.Like Lamarck, Darwin

assumed that species can
change over time.
– The fossils he found helped
convince him of that.
Forming his theory
 2. From Lyell, Darwin saw that
Earth and its life were very
old.
 Thus, there had been enough
time for evolution to produce
the great diversity of life
Darwin had observed.
Forming his theory
 3. From Malthus, Darwin
knew that populations could
grow faster than their
resources.
 This “overproduction of
offspring” led to a “struggle
for existence,” in Darwin’s
words. 47
Forming his theory
 4. From artificial selection, Darwin
knew that some offspring have
variations that occur by chance, and
that can be inherited.
 In nature, offspring with certain
variations might be more likely to
survive the “struggle for existence”
and reproduce.
 If so, they would pass their favorable
variations to their offspring.
Forming his theory
 .5.Darwin coined the term fitness
to refer to an organism’s relative
ability to survive and produce
fertile offspring.
 Nature selects the variations that
are most useful. (Survival of the
Fittest
 Therefore, he called this type of
selection natural selection. 49
Forming his theory
 6. Darwin knew artificial selection
could change domestic species
over time.
 He inferred that natural selection
could also change species over
time.
 In fact, he thought that if a
species changed enough, it might
evolve into a new species. 50
 Patterns of
Diversity were
shown
 Unique Adaptations
in organisms
 Species Not Evenly
Distributed
» Australia,
Kangaroos, but
No Rabbits
» S. America,
Llamas copyright cmassengale 51
 Both Living
Organisms &
Fossils collected
 Fossils included:
»Trilobites
»Giant Ground
Sloth of South
America
This species NO longer existed.

What had happened
copyright cmassengale to them? 52
Evidence for Evolution – The Fossil Record
Darwin’s
Theory
of
Evolution
• The unequal ability of individuals to
survive and reproduce leads to a
gradual change in a population, with
favorable characteristics accumulating
over generations (natural selection)
• New species evolve
DARWIN’S FOUR “THEORIES” OF EVOLUTION
1. Evolution has occurred. Species are not unchanging

entities, but evolve over time. All species derive from
very different species living in the past. This theory was
not entirely new, but Darwin provided convincing
evidence for it.
2. The primary cause of evolutionary change is

natural selection. Species change over time because
bearers of different traits have different probabilities of
contributing offspring to the next generation.
DARWIN’S FOUR “THEORIES” OF EVOLUTION
3. Splitting of single species into two or more species
has occurred. Darwin postulated that all life originated
with one or a few species. Because many species exist
today, there must have been a process whereby one
species can split into at least two species.
The necessary conclusion from this view is:
All species share common ancestors.
4. Evolutionary change is gradual. Evolution occurs by

the gradual transformation of populations over long
periods of time (hundreds to millions of years) rather
than by a species changing nearly instantaneously into
something different.
WHAT ARE THE ELEMENTS OF
EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION?
 1.Overproduction – produce more

offspring than needed because
only a few will survive.
57
The Main Points of The Darwin-
Wallace Theory of Evolution:
 2.Competition – offspring must

compete for food, water, shelter
so only a few survive.
58
 3.Variation – differences in
individuals. Some may affect the
ability to compete.
59
 3.Variation – differences in
individuals. Some may affect the
ability to compete.
60
4.ADAPTATIONS – because of variations
some individuals will be better adapted to
survive and reproduce than others. These
individuals are the most fit. An adaptation
is any kind of inherited trait that improves
an organism’s chances of survival.
These beaks are

adaptations for
eating different
types of food.
61
Origin of Species
Darwin Presents His Case
Publication of “On The Origin
of Species”
 Upon His Return To England, Darwin
Developed His Observations Into
The Theory of Evolution
 But He Did Not Publish For 25
Years –
Why?
of Species”
 Darwin Knew That His Theory
Would Be Extremely Controversial
And Would Be Attacked
 His Theory Challenged Established
Religious & Scientific Beliefs,
Particularly About The Creation Of
Man
of Species”
 He Refused To Publish Until
He Received An Essay From
Alfred Wallace
– Fellow Naturalist
– Independently Developed
The Same Theory
– After 25 Years, Someone
Else Had Come To The
Same Conclusions From
Their Observations Of
Nature
Wallace’s Contribution
• Alfred Russel Wallace
Independently came to
same Conclusion as
Darwin that species
changed over time
because of their struggle
for existence
• When Darwin read
Wallace’s essay, he knew
he had to publish his
findings
“Then it suddenly
flashed upon me that
this self-acting process
would necessarily
improve the race,
because in every
generation the inferior
would inevitably be
killed off and the
superior would remain
– that is, the fittest
would survive.” Alfred Russell Wallace
(1823-1913)
of Species”
 Darwin Presented Wallace’s Essay &
Some Of His Work At A Scientific
Conference of the Linnaean Society
in July of 1858
 Then He Started On his book
“Origin of Species”
 It Took Darwin 18 Months To
Complete The Book
Thank you!!!!
Natural Variation and
Artificial Selection
 Abandoned The Idea That Species
Were Perfect & Unchanging
 Observed Significant Variation in
All Species Observed
 Observed Farmers Use Variation To
Improve Crops & Livestock
 Called Selective Breeding
 Natural Variation
– Differences Among Individuals Of
A Species
 Artificial Selection
– Selective Breeding To Enhance
Desired Traits Among Stock or
Crops
Key Concept:
In Artificial Selection, Nature
Provided The Variation Among
Different Organisms, And
Humans Selected Those
Variations That They Found
Useful
Origin of Species
Concepts and Controversy
Evolution By Natural Selection
Concepts
 The Struggle for Existence
(compete for food, mates, space,
water, etc.)
 Survival of the Fittest (strongest
able to survive and reproduce)
 Descent with Modification (new
species arise from common ancestor
replacing less fit species)
Survival of the Fittest
 Fitness
– Ability of an Individual To
Survive & Reproduce
 Adaptation
– Inherited Characteristic That
Increases an Organisms Chance
for Survival
 Adaptations Can Be:
– Physical
»Speed, Camouflage, Claws,
Quills, etc.
– Behavioral
»Solitary, Herds, Packs,
Activity, etc.
 Fitness Is Central To The
Process Of Evolution
 Individuals With Low Fitness
– Die
– Produce Few Offspring
AKA Natural Selection
Key Concept
Over Time, Natural Selection
Results In Changes In The
Inherited Characteristics Of
A Population. These Changes
Increase A Species Fitness In
Its Environment
Natural Selection
 Cannot Be Seen Directly
 It Can Only Be Observed As
Changes In A Population Over
Many Successive Generations
– Radiation
– Fossil Record
Descent With Modification
 Takes Place Over Long Periods
of Time
 Natural Selection Can Be
Observed As Changes In
– Body Structures
– Ecological Niches
– Habitats
 Species Today Look Different
From Their Ancestors
 Each Living Species Has
– Descended
– With Changes
– From Other Species
– Over Time
 Implies
– All Living Organisms Are Related
– Single Tree of Life
»DNA, Body Structures, Energy
Sources
 Common Descent
– All Species, Living & Extinct,
Were Derived From Common
Ancestors
Major Problem in Darwin’s
Theory
• No mechanism to explain
natural selection
• How could favorable
variations be transmitted to
later generations?
• With the rediscovery of
Mendel’s work in the first
half of the 20th century,
the missing link in
evolutionary theory was
.
found
Opposition to Evolution
• The upheaval
surrounding evolution
began with Darwin’s
publication of On the
Origin of Species By
Means of Natural
Selection
• The debate continues
nearly 150 years later
Theory of Evolution
Today
Supporting Evidence
Homologous Structures
Evidence for Evolution - Comparative Embryology
Similarities In Embryonic Development

Similarities in DNA Sequence
Evolution
of
pesticide
resistance
in response
to
selection
Evidence for Evolution – Evolution Observed
Evolution of drug-resistance in HIV

Evidence for Evolution – Evolution Observed
Selection against small guppies results in an increase in

average size
Evolutionary
Time Scales
Macroevolution:
Long time scale
events that
create and
destroy species.
Evolutionary
Time Scales
Microevolution:
Short time scale
events
(generation-to-
generation) that
change the
genotypes and
phenotypes of
populations
Evidence of Evolution
Key Concept
Darwin Argued That Living Things
Have Been Evolving On Earth For
Millions of Years. Evidence For This
Process Could Be Found In:
– The Fossil Record
– The Geographical Distribution of
Living Species
– Homologous Structures of Living
Organisms
– Similarities In Early
copyright Development 96
cmassengale
Fossil Record
 Earth is Billions of Years Old
 Fossils In Different Layers of Rock
(sedimentary Rock Strata) Showed
Evidence Of Gradual Change Over
Time
Geographic Distribution of
Living Species
 Different Animals
On Different
Continents But
Similar Adaptations
To Shared
Environments
Homologous Body
Structures
 Scientists Noticed Animals With
Backbones (Vertebrates) Had
Similar Bone Structure
 May Differ In Form or Function
 Limb Bones Develop In Similar
Patterns
»Arms, Wings, Legs, Flippers
Homologous Body
Structures
 Structures That Have Different
Mature Forms But Develop From
The Same Embryonic Tissues
 Strong Evidence That All Four-
Limbed Animals With Backbones
Descended, With Modification,
From A Common Ancestor
 Help Scientist Group Animals

Homologous Body
Structures

Homologous Body
Structures
 Not All Serve Important Functions
– Vestigial Organs
» Appendix In Man
» Legs On Skinks

Similarities In Early
Development
 Embryonic Structures Of Different
Species Show Significant
Similarities
 Embryo – early stages of
vertebrate development

Human Fetus – 5 weeks

Chicken Turtle
Rat

Review

Darwin's Theory
1. Individual Organisms In Nature
Differ From One Another. Some
Of This Variation Is Inherited
2. Organisms In Nature Produce
More Offspring Than Can Survive,
And Many Of These Offspring Do
No Reproduce

Darwin's Theory
3. Because More Organisms Are
Produced Than Can Survive,
Members Of Each Species Must
Compete For Limited Resources
4. Because Each Organism Is Unique,
Each Has Different Advantages &
Disadvantages In The Struggle For
Existence

Darwin's Theory
5. Individuals Best Suited To Their
Environment Survive & Reproduce
Successfully – Passing Their Traits To
Their Offspring.
6. Species Change Over Time. Over Long
Periods, Natural Selection Causes
Changes That May Eventually Lead To
New Species

Darwin's Theory
7. Species Alive Today Have
Descended With Modifications
From Species That Lived In The
Past
8. All Organisms On Earth Are
United Into A Single Tree Of Life
By Common Descent


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Evolution

Charles Darwin in later years

►Evolutionary theory explains the

• Thomas Malthus – struggle for

A reconstruction of the HMS Beagle sailing off Patagonia.

Darwin returned 5 years later in 1836

•It took Darwin years to

1.Like Lamarck, Darwin

This species NO longer existed.

1. Evolution has occurred. Species are not unchanging

2. The primary cause of evolutionary change is

The necessary conclusion from this view is:

All species share common ancestors.

4. Evolutionary change is gradual. Evolution occurs by

 1.Overproduction – produce more

 2.Competition – offspring must

These beaks are

Concepts and Controversy

Similarities In Embryonic Development

Evolution of drug-resistance in HIV

Selection against small guppies results in an increase in

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