Title: How Palestine- Israel

conflict can be resolved?

Group members:
1.M.MOHSIN
2.ALI HAIDER
3.MAHNOOR
4.SANA QADIR
 Introduction:
 The Palestine-Israel conflict is a complex and longstanding dispute over land and
sovereignty. It involves competing national aspirations, historical grievances, and deep-
rooted religious and cultural ties to the land. The conflict has led to decades of tension,
violence, and failed peace initiatives, with both Israelis and Palestinians facing significant
challenges in finding a lasting resolution.
 Historical context:
 Late 19th Century: Rise of Zionism, a movement advocating for a Jewish homeland in
Palestine, then part of the Ottoman Empire.
 Early 20th Century: British Mandate in Palestine after World War I, with conflicting promises
to both Jews and Arabs regarding the land.
 1947:The UN partition plan of 1947 allocated approximately 55% of Palestine to the Jewish
state and 45% to the Arab state, with Jerusalem designated as a separate entity under
international control.
 1948-1949: Arab-Israeli War following Israel's declaration of independence and subsequent
invasion by Arab states.
 1967: Six-Day War, resulting in Israel's occupation of the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East
Jerusalem.
Peace treaties among Palestine and Israel:
 Oslo Accords (1993/95): Established the Palestinian Authority and outlined a framework
for Israeli-Palestinian cooperation and eventual Palestinian self-government.
 Camp David Summit (2000): Hosted by President Clinton, aimed to resolve core issues
but ended without a final agreement, leading to renewed violence.
 Wye River Memorandum (1998): Outlined steps for Israeli withdrawals from parts of the
West Bank and Gaza, and Palestinian efforts against terrorism.
 Gaza Disengagement (2005): Unilateral withdrawal of Israeli troops and settlers from the
Gaza Strip, removing all Israeli settlements from the area
Role of Yasser Arafat:
• Founder of the PLO: Established in 1964 as the voice of the Palestinian people.
• Champion of Armed Struggle: Advocated for armed resistance against Israeli occupation.
• Diplomatic Endeavors: Engaged in international diplomacy to gain recognition for
Palestinian rights.
• Recognition of Israel: Led the PLO to recognize Israel's right to exist.
• Oslo Accords: Played a key role in the peace process, resulting in the establishment of the
Palestinian Authority.
• Controversial Figure: Faced criticism for leadership style and alleged corruption.
Current authorities in Palestine:
 Palestinian Authority (PA)
 Established: Created in 1994 as part of the Oslo Accords, with limited self-governance
over parts of the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
 Hamas (Gaza Strip)
 Political Wing: Governs the Gaza Strip since 2007, after winning the Palestinian
legislative elections.
 Jerusalem: Claimed by both Israelis and Palestinians as their capital, remains a focal point
of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
Current situation in Palestine after 7 October
attack:

7 October Attack
 Hamas launched a significant attack on Israel, showcasing new tactics and capabilities,
including ground warfare in Gaza.
 Effects on Palestine and Region
 The conflict led to 30,000 Palestinian deaths in Gaza, with significant destruction of
infrastructure and cultural sites.
 Israel's Response
 Israel's heavy bombardment caused over 25,000 fatalities, mainly women and children,
leading to accusations of war crimes.
 Tensions in the Region
 The attack intensified tensions, highlighting vulnerabilities and challenges faced by both
Israel and Palestine.
Possible solutions to stop conflict:
 Two-State Solution: Establishing two separate states for Israelis and Palestinians, based
on pre-1967 borders with mutually agreed land swaps, and with East Jerusalem as the
capital of Palestine and West Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.
 One-State Solution: Creating a single, democratic state where Israelis and Palestinians
have equal rights and representation. This approach would require addressing concerns
about the preservation of national identities and security for both populations.
 Regional Peace Initiative: Involving neighboring Arab countries and regional powers to
support and facilitate a comprehensive peace agreement between Israel and Palestine,
addressing security, borders, refugees, and Jerusalem.
 International Mediation: Increasing the involvement of international mediators, such as
the United Nations, the United States, the European Union, and Arab League countries, to
facilitate negotiations and provide guarantees for agreements.
 Addressing Core Issues: Addressing core issues such as borders, security, refugees, and
the status of Jerusalem through negotiations based on international law and relevant UN
resolutions.
 People-to-People Initiatives: Promoting people-to-people initiatives, dialogue, and
cultural exchanges to foster understanding and reconciliation between Israelis and
Palestinians at the grassroots level.
Challenges to implement these solutions:

 Political Divisions: Both Israeli and Palestinian societies are politically divided, making it
challenging to achieve consensus on any proposed solution.
 Security Concerns: Ensuring the security of both Israelis and Palestinians is a major
challenge, particularly given the history of conflict and violence in the region.
 Settlements and Borders: The issue of Israeli settlements in the West Bank and East
Jerusalem, considered illegal under international law, complicates the establishment of
borders and the viability of a two-state solution.
 Jerusalem: The status of Jerusalem is highly contentious, with both Israelis and
Palestinians claiming it as their capital, making it difficult to find a mutually acceptable
solution.
 Refugees: The issue of Palestinian refugees, including their right of return to their homes,
remains a major obstacle to a comprehensive peace agreement.
 Regional Dynamics: The involvement of regional powers and neighboring countries, each
with their own interests and agendas, adds complexity to the peace process.
 Security Arrangements: Establishing security arrangements that ensure the safety and
sovereignty of both Israelis and Palestinians is a complex and sensitive issue.
 Economic Disparities: Wide disparities in economic development between Israel and the
Palestinian territories present challenges to economic cooperation and integration.
 Public Opinion: Both Israeli and Palestinian public opinion plays a significant role in
shaping political decisions and can be a barrier to implementing unpopular solutions.
 Historical Narratives: The deeply entrenched historical narratives and grievances on both
sides make it challenging to build trust and reach a mutually acceptable agreement.
Conclusion:

 the Israeli-Palestinian conflict remains a complex and challenging issue with

deep historical roots. Efforts to resolve the conflict have been hindered by
political divisions, security concerns, and differing narratives. However,
there is still hope for a peaceful resolution through continued dialogue,
compromise, and a commitment to a two-state solution. The international
community plays a crucial role in supporting these efforts and promoting a
just and lasting peace in the region.