MODULE-1

 Hours):12hrs

 Engineering Economics –

 Meaning, Nature, Scope, Basic problems of an economy, Micro economics and Macro Economics.

 Demand and Supply Analysis -

 Meaning of demand, Demand function, Law of Demand and its exceptions, Determinants of demand, Elasticity of
demand &its measurement (Simple numerical problems to be solved)

 Meaning of supply, Law of supply and its exception, Determinants of supply, Elasticity of supply, Determination of
market equilibrium (Simple numerical problems to be solved).

 Theory of Production -Production function, Laws of returns: Law of variable proportion, Law of returns to scale
 Introduction

 Engineering economy, the analysis of the economic consequences of engineering decisions,

was originated by A. M. Wellington in his The Economic Theory of Railway Location, published in 1887.
 Eugene L. Grant could be called as the father of engineering economics.
 Engineering is the branch of science and technology deals with the application of science and math to solve
problems.
 Economics is a social science concerned with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and
services.
Image-Figure 1 : Physical and Economic
Components of an Engineering System
 Physical Environment : Engineers produce products and services depending on physical laws (e.g. Ohm's law;
Newton's law).
 Physical efficiency takes the form:
 Physical Efficiency = System out put s/ System input s
 Economic Environment : Much less of a quantitative nature is known about economic environments -- this is due to
economics being involved with the actions of people, and the structure of organizations.
 Satisfaction of the physical and economic environments is linked through production and construction processes.
Engineers need to manipulate systems to achieve a balance in attributes in both the physical and economic
environments, and within the bounds of limited resources.
 Economic (efficiency ) =

" High-efficiency"?

 There are two kinds of efficiency that engineers must be concerned with.
 The first is physical efficiency, which takes the form:
 Physical Efficiency = System out put s/ System input s
 Economy efficiency= System Worth(benefit)/ System Cost
 Meaning of Engineering Economics

 Meaning of Engineering Economics:

 Engineering is the profession in which knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study
experience and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize economically the material and
forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.
 Engineering Economics is a subject of vital importance to Engineers. This subject helps one understand the
need for the knowledge of Economics for being an effective manager and decision maker. Natural resources
(from which we must build things) are becoming more scarce and more expensive. We are much more aware of negative
side-effects of engineering innovations (such as air pollution from automobiles) than ever before.
 The Economics theories are used to take decisions related to uncertain and changing business environment.
 Economics theories deal with the principles of demand, pricing, cost, production, competition, trade cycles,
and national income and so on.
 As the design and manufacturing process become more complex, the engineer is making decisions that
involve money more than ever before.
 The competent and successful engineer at present must have an improved understanding of the principles
of economics.
 The engineering economics is concerned the systematic evaluation of the benefits and costs of projects
involving engineering design and analysis.
 Engineers are planners and builders. They are also problem solvers, managers and decision makers. In the
beginning of the 20th century, engineers were mainly concerned with the design, construction, operation of
machines structures and processes.
 Apart from the conventional work, now engineers are expected not only to create novel technological
solutions but also to make skillful financial analysis of the effects of implementation.
 Definition

 “Engineering Economics refers to those aspects of economics and its tools of analysis most relevant to the
Engineer’s decision making process”.
 The Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) states that engineering "is the profession in which a knowledge of the
mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with judgment to develop ways to utilize,
economically, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind“.

Engineering Economics is the discipline, which involves

with the application of economic principles to the
engineering problems in order to take economic decisions
towards minimizing costs and maximizing benefits to
mankind or the business organization.
 Nature

 1. Engineering Economics is closely aligned with Conventional Micro-Economics.

 2. Engineering Economics is devoted to the problem solving and decision making at the operations level.
 3. Engineering Economics can lead to sub-optimisation of conditions in which a solution satisfies tactical
objectives at the expense of strategic effectiveness.
 4. Engineering Economics is useful to identify alternative uses of limited resources and to select the
preferred course of action.
 Engineering Economics is pragmatic in nature. It removes complicated abstract issues of economic theory.
 6. Engineering Economics mainly uses the body of economic concepts and principles.
 7. Engineering Economics integrates economic theory with engineering practice.
 Scope

 Scope of Engineering Economics:

 The scope of engineering economics is too broad. The topics which are covered under this heading are:
 Elementary economic analysis
 Micro economics, Macro economics
 Cash flow techniques
 Interest rate and its calculations
 Economic feasibility of engineering under-takings
 Time value of money
 Depreciation analysis
 Replacement analysis
 Economic life
 Evaluation of public-private projects
 Investment decisions
 Make or buy decisions
 Basis for comparing engineering alternatives
 Rate of return like pay-back period analysis
 Sensitivity analysis
 Financial evaluation
 Supply & demand analysis, social cost estimation, demand forecasting, inventory control, price and output
determination under different market situations, etc
 Importance of Engineering Economics:

 Engineering economics is an essential tool in an organization as it helps in:

i) Financial planning and successful promotion of an enterprise.

ii) Acquisition of funds as and when required at the minimum possible cost.

iii) Proper use and allocation of funds or resources.

iv) Making sound financial decisions.

v) Improving the profitability through financial control.

vi) Increasing the wealth(capital) of the investors there by increases of the wealth of the nation.

vii) Promotion and mobilization of individual and corporate savings.

viii) Maintaining price stability and full employment of the resources etc.
 Principles & Engineering Economics:

 The foundation of Engineering Economics is based on 7 principles:

 Principle 1:-Develop the alternative

 The decision is among alternatives. The viable alternatives need to be identified and then defined for subsequent analysis. (Problem recognition,
definition, and evaluation).

 Principle 2:-Focus on the differences

 Only the difference in expected future outcomes among the alternatives is relevant to their comparison and should be considered when making the
decision. One should be indifferent to the alternatives and make decision on the basis of random selection.(Development of feasible alternatives).

 Principle 3:-Use a consistent viewpoint

 The prospective outcomes of the alternatives economic and other should be consistently developed from a defined view point (Prospective). It is
used consistently on the description, analysis & comparison of the alternative.
 Cont..
 Principle 4:-Use a common unit of measurement

 Using a common unit of measurement to explain as many of the prospective outcomes as possible will make easier the analysis and comparison
of alternatives.

 Principle 5:-Consider all relevant criteria

 Selection of a preferred alternative (Decision making) requires the use of a criterion or several criterion.

 Principle 6:- Make uncertainty explicit

 Uncertainty is inherent in estimating the course of a action & the future outcomes of the alternatives recognized in their analyses and
comparison.

 Principle 7:-Reconsider your decision

 Improved decision making results from a adoptive process to the extent practicable, the initial projected outcomes of the selected alternative
should be subsequently compared with actual results achieved. (Performance monitoring & post – evaluation results con side ration).
 Basic problems of an economy,

 The basic problems of economic

 Sometimes called the basic or central economic problem – state that an economy's limited resources are insufficient to satisfy all human
wants and needs. It assumes that human wants are unlimited, but the means to satisfy human wants are scarce. Economic having the three
basic problems which arises in the form of questions.

 1)What to produce?

This problem involves selection of goods and services to be produced and the quantity to be produced of each selected commodity.
Every economy has limited resources and thus, cannot produce all the goods. More of one good or service usually means less of others. on
the basis of the importance of various goods, an economy has to decide which goods should be produced and in what quantities. This is a
problem of allocation of resources among different goods.

 The problem of ‘What to produce’ has two aspects:

 (i) What possible commodities to produce:

 Cont..

 2) How to produce?

 This problem refers to selection of technique to be used for production of goods and services.
 A good can be produced using different techniques of production. By ‘technique’, we mean which particular combination
of inputs to
Generally, techniques are classified as: Labor intensive techniques (LIT) and Capital intensive techniques(CIT).
 i. In Labor intensive technique, more labor and less capital (in the form of machines, etc.) is used.
 ii. In Capital intensive technique, there is more capital and less labor utilization.
 Cont…
 3) For whom to produce?

 This problem refers to selection of the category of people who will ultimately consume the goods, i.e. whether to produce goods
for more poor and less rich or more rich and less poor.
 Since resources are scarce in every economy, no society can satisfy all the wants of its people. Thus, a problem of choice arises.
 Goods are produced for those people who have the paying capacity. The capacity of people to pay for goods depends upon their
level of income. It means, this problem is concerned with distribution of income among the factors of production
(land, labour, capital and organization), who contribute in the production process.
 The problem can be categorized under two main heads:
(i) Personal Distribution: It means how national income of an economy is distributed among different groups of people.

(ii) Functional Distribution: It involves deciding the share of different Sectors of Production in the total national product of
the country. Guiding Principle of ‘For whom to Produce’: Ensure that urgent wants of each productive factor are fulfilled to the
maximum possible extent.
 Micro economics and Macro Economics.

 Micro economics and macro economics

 Economic analysis is of two types: MICRO & MACRO Analysis. In recent years the subject matter of economics has
been made to fall into two major branches

 (I) Micro economics which is the study of the economic actions of individuals & well-defined groups of individuals, and

 (II) Macro economics which is the study of broad aggregates such as total employment and national income.
 FEATURES OF MICRO ECONOMICS:

 Supply and demand in individual markets

 Individual consumer behavior. e.g. consumer choice theory
 Individual labor markets – e.g. demand for labor, wage determination

 FEATURES OF MACRO ECONOMICS:

 Monetary / fiscal policy. e.g. what effect does interest rates have on the whole economy?

 Reasons for inflation, and unemployment

 Economic growth

 International trade and globalization

 DISTINGTION BETWEEN MICRO ECONOMICS AND MACRO ECONOMICS

Basis Micro Macro

On the basis Micro economics is the study of Particular firm, Macro economics is the study of economics system as
of Definition particular household, Individual price, wage, a whole. It deals with totals or aggregates -national
income, income, output & employment, total consumption,
industry& particular commodity. saving, investment & the general level of price.
On the basis The objective of micro economics is to study the The objective of macro economics is the study of
of Objectives principles, problems & policies concerning the problems, policies of principles relating to full
optimum employment
allocation of resources. of resources & growth of resources

On the basis The subject matter of micro economics deals with The subject matter of macro economics is full-
of Subject the determination of price, consumer‘s equilibrium employment, national income, general price level,
Matter distribution & welfare etc. trade
cycle, economic growth etc.
 Queries ?