DATA

MODELLING

Grade 9 AI
2023-2024
• Data Exploration, you explored the data you had
acquired at the Data Acquisition stage for the
problem you scoped in the Problem Scoping stage.
• Now, you have visualized some trends and patterns
out of the data which would help you develop a
strategy for your project.
• To build an AI based project, we need to work
around Artificially Intelligent models or algorithms.
This could be done either by designing your own
model or by using the pre-existing AI models.
LEARNING Demonstrate the
use of Artificial
OBJECTIVE Intelligence,
Machine Learning
and Deep
Learning
 • Artificial Intelligence or AI
for short, refers to any
technique that enables
Artificial computers to mimic human
intelligence. An artificially
Intelligence intelligent machine works
or AI on algorithms and data fed
to it and gives the desired
output.
 Machine Learning or ML
• Machine Learning or ML for short, enables
machines to improve at tasks with experience.
The machine here learns from the new data
fed to it while testing and uses it for the next
iteration. It also takes into account the times
when it went wrong and considers the
exceptions too.
GOOGLE SEARCH ENGINE
 Deep Learning or DL for short,
enables software to train itself to
Deep perform tasks with vast amounts of
Learning or data. Since the system has got huge
set of data, it is able to train itself
DL with the help of multiple machine
learning algorithms working
altogether to perform a specific task.
• Artificial Intelligence is the
umbrella term which holds
both Deep Learning as well
as Machine Learning.
• Deep Learning, on the other
hand, is the very specific
learning approach which is a
subset of Machine Learning
as it comprises of multiple
Machine Learning
algorithms.”
•Artificial Intelligence is the
umbrella terminology which
covers machine and deep
learning under it and Deep
Learning comes under Machine
Learning.
•It is a funnel type approach
where there are a lot of
applications of AI out of which
few are those which come under
ML out of which very few go
into DL.
SUPPOSE
MACHINE LEARNING
MACHINE LEARNING
DEEP LEARNING
28 * 28 PIXELS
DEEP LEARNING
DEEP LEARNING
ML AND DL TOGETHER
 DEFINITIONS

1. Artificial Intelligence,refers to any technique that enables

computers to mimic human intelligence. The AI-enabled machines
think algorithmically and execute what they have been asked for
intelligently.
2. Machine Learning enables machines to improve at tasks
with experience. The machine learns from its mistakes and takes
them into consideration in the next execution. It improvises itself
using its own experiences.
3. Deep Learning enables software to train itself to perform
tasks with vast amounts of data. In deep learning, the machine is
trained with huge amounts of data which helps it into training
itself around the data. Such machines are intelligent enough to
develop algorithms for themselves.
Deep Learning is the most
advanced form of Artificial
Intelligence out of these three.

Then comes Machine Learning

which is intermediately intelligent
and Artificial Intelligence covers
all the concepts and algorithms
which, in some way or the other
mimic human intelligence
AI USED
IN
SMART
HOME
DEVICES
ML IS USED IN :
DEEP LEARNING USES:
 Once various trends/patterns are visualized
on the acquired data, we can develop
different strategies/techniques in designing
an Artificial Intelligent machine to help in
solving the problem.

The different models will be evaluated by

checking their advantages, disadvantages
MODELLING and efficiency. The best model which gives
the most efficient and reliable result will be
selected.

This component of AI Project Life cycle is

known as DATA MODELLING
 There are two approaches taken by researchers
when building AI models.

Either take a rule based approach or learning

approach.

APPROACHES
A Rule based approach is generally based on the
data and rules fed to the machine, where the
machine reacts accordingly to deliver the desired
output.

Learning approach, the machine is fed with data and

the desired output to which the machine designs its
own algorithm (or set of rules) to match the data to
the desired output fed into the machine.
 AI Modelling refers to
developing algorithms,
also called models which
can be trained to get
intelligent outputs.
Modelling That is, writing codes to
make a machine
artificially intelligent.
In Data exploration, we have seen various types
of graphical representations which can be used
for representing different parameters of data. The
graphical representation makes the data
understandable for humans as we can discover
trends and patterns out of it.

But when it comes to machine accessing and

analyzing data, it needs the data in the most basic
form of numbers (which is binary – 0s and 1s) and
when it comes to discovering patterns and trends
in data, the machine goes for mathematical
representations of the same.

The ability to mathematically describe the

relationship between parameters is the heart of
every AI model. Thus, whenever we talk about
developing AI models, it is the mathematical
approach towards analysing data which we refer
to
AI MODELS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS FOLLOWS
Differences in the two models
 In this approach , the machine learns
through experience. It uses the
models and algorithms and perform
tasks. These tasks are performed on
LEARNING the sample data which is also known
as TRAINING DATA.
BASED
APPROACH In this programmer need not to tell
what to do. The machine is fed with
data and it simply compares it with
the previous data sets and learns
from that.
 This approach is based on data set and rules
that are fed into the system to process and
gives the result. In this approach, the rules
and regulations are already fed into the AI
RULE model along with their attributes that is
each data is labeled.
BASED
APPROACH

While testing the model with an image , this

image is compared with the training data
according to the labels of the data.
Rule based •KNOWLEDGE IS ENCODED AS RULES
approach
DECISION TREE (Rule or
Learning based)
 Points to Remember

• While making Decision Trees, one should take a good look at

the dataset given to them and try to figure out what pattern
does the output leaf follow.
• Try selecting any one output and on its basis, find out the
common links which all the similar outputs have.
• Many times, the dataset might contain redundant data which
does not hold any value while creating a decision tree.
Hence, it is necessary that you note down which are the
parameters that affect the output directly and should use
only those while creating a decision tree.
• There might be multiple decision trees which lead to correct
prediction for a single dataset. The one which is the simplest
should be chosen as the best.
NEURAL NETWORKS
• The efficiency of the AI machine depends on the results. The
two data sets used in AI modelling are:
• Training Data – This is entered into the AI machine which uses
this data set with the help of algorithms and rules to predict
the output.
• Testing Data – This is used to check the efficiency of the AI
Model
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zv3bU8cnMMY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zv3bU8cnM
MY
 Machine learning algorithms

• They can be broadly classified as”

– Supervised learning : Algorithm learns from a data set which
is labelled. Algorithm used testing data to see the accuracy
of the results. Classification (example Spam filters) and
Regression come under this category
– Unsupervised learning : the algorithm learns and makes
sense by extracting features and patterns from unlabeled
data set provided. Clustering comes under this category
– Reinforcement learning: Algorithms are working towards
accomplishing the goal. This is used in gaming.
 The AI model is deployed
only if the training data and
testing data are satisfactory.

AI MODELS The three AI models are

• Classification
• Regression
• Clustering
 Classification model
C lassification is a type of
supervised learning model.
Classification models work on
datasets which are labeled and
then predict the label of the
testing dataset.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8TuRJg76sW8&ab_channel=DataScienceDojo
The spam filters in the email is an
example of how classification works.
once it is marked spam from
particular email, the next time the
email from the source will
automatically moved to spam as the
system has learned it.
 Regression is a type of supervised
learning model where the
problems are based on
continuous data.
Regression For example, an algorithm is able
model to predict the price of an
apartment in a particular location
with different kinds of facilities.

It is able to find out the

relationship between the set of
data and then predicts the output
based on the input variables
 Clustering is a type of unsupervised learning
model which uses an algorithm that helps in
making sense by extracting features and
patterns from an unlabeled dataset.

For example, it's possible to get a collection

Clustering of pictures of animals and then separate
these pictures into various groups based on
model the resemblance

In this example, the AI machine generates its

own algorithms to differentiate between the
training dataset and thus uses it to cluster
the data.
 What is a Neural network?

Artificial
neural Neural comes from the word neuron of the nervous system. The
neuron is a cell within the nervous system which is the basic unit of the
brain used to process and transmit information to all the other cells and

networks muscles. A network of search neurons is called a Neural network.

(ANN) The same type of behavior is embedded in an artificial machine and

called an artificial neural network.

A Neural Network is a series of algorithms that achieve the output after

creating relationships on the dataset and processes it like the human
brain. Therefore, a neural network means a system of neurons that are
working in a form of a network. It helps in trading based on algorithms,
security, classification , forecasting and so on.
Neural networks are loosely modelled after how
neurons in the human brain behave.

The key advantage of neural networks are that

they are able to extract data features
automatically without needing the input of the
programmer.

A neural network is essentially a system of

organizing machine learning algorithms to
perform certain tasks.

It is a fast and efficient way to solve problems for

which the dataset is very large, such as in images.
 Why do you use neural network?

• Neural networks are one of the most commonly, powerful, and

widely used algorithms which actually use deep learning
algorithms.
• they are used to solve real life complex problems.
• these networks can learn and create relationships between all the
inputs and gives the result.
• They can handle non-linear and complex problems very effectively.
• They can even work and give output If the data is missing. The
main advantage of the neural networks is that they are able to
extract data features automatically without needing any input from
the programmer.
• ANN - Artificial Neural Networks.
 How does a neural network work?

• An artificial neural network consists of neurons that

process the information and consists of multiple
layers of interconnected nodes. The picture shows
the representation of neural networks the three
layers in the models are:
• Input Layer
• Hidden Layer
• Output Layer
• Each layer is further divided into several blocks
called nodes.
 It is the first layer of a neural
network

It is used to take data as input

Input layer using this layer and thus gives
input to the neural network.

The input layer is responsible

to feed in the input and no
processing takes place here.
 It is the layer between the input and output layers.

This layer is responsible for processing the input fed into

the system.

Hidden Processing is not visible to anyone and thus is called the

hidden layer.
layer
Each node of the hidden layer has its own functionality,
and hence, the defined Machine Learning Algorithm gets
executed on the data received from the input layer.

The processed information is then given to the subsequent

hidden layer in the network.

The number of hidden layers in a neural network system

totally depends on the complexity of the function for
which the network has been designed.
 Output layer

• It is the last layer of the neural network.

• It displays the result as given by the system.
 Neurons are the basic unit of our
nervous system. Every neutron is made
up of Soma, Axon then dendrites.
Relationship
between the
Dendrites are tree-like structures that
neural network
are used to take the input.
and the human
nervous system
Soma is the cell body of the neuron
and acts like a processing unit,

Axon is used to give the output.

Artificial Neural Network Biological Neural Network Function

Input Layer Dendrites Takes input for the system

Node Soma Cell Body Responsible for the processing

of the information.

Interconnections Synapse These are the connections

between the Input and
Output.

Output Layer Axon This sends out the result