Role of Surface Forces in Fluid Flow

P M V Subbarao
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
I I T Delhi

A Form of Force for Development of Many Real

Fluid devices……
 Surface Forces


  v     
   .v v dV  FB  FS
V t  
t 

The Second term on the right-hand side of above equation

represents the resultant surface force acting on the control volume.
As discussed before, force is an extensive quantity and hence
surface force must also proportional to extent of the control
volume. surface area.
 The Surface Forces on A Fluid Flow
• The Surface forces are characterized by length scales relevant
to the microscopic dynamics of fluid flow.
• This would mean that such forces decay extremely rapidly with
distance on the macroscopic scale.
• Any infinitesimal element in a continuum description is, by
definition, must be much larger than all microscopic scales.
• The short-ranged forces will decay on distances of the order of
a mean free path.
• The effect of such forces would be negligible unless two
interacting (fluid/soilid) elements are directly in contact.
• These forces are expected to act across the contact surface.
• In other words, the short-ranged forces manifest as surface
forces, in a continuum description.
 Concept of Surface & Fluid Particle Interaction
• Interaction of Fluid Particle with
Perfectly smooth surface (ideal surface) Real surface

Φ Φ

Specular reflection Diffuse reflection

• The surface forces are defined for a combined solid and fluid
system.
• The fluid packets close to a solid wall tend to reach mechanical
equilibrium with the wall.
 Kinetic Theory of Solid Fluid Interaction
• Motion of Fluid particles near a Solid surface?
 Kinetic Theory of Gas
• The Average Speed of a Gas Molecule

3kT
v pec 
m
 Algebraic MVM

Macro View of Molecular Interactions

dU
 xy  lam
dy
• Amalgamation of Micro and Macro Views thru mean free path in
kinetic gas theory.

1
  v peclmfp
2
 The Universal Law of Nature : Equilibrium

• The fluid particles will exchange maximum possible

momentum flux with the solid wall.
• A small layer of fluid particles close to the wall come to
Mechanical, Thermal and Chemical Equilibrium With
solid wall.
• Fundamentally this fluid layer is in Thermodynamic
Equilibrium with the solid wall.
 Flux Nature of Surface Forces
• The surface forces act to transport momentum across the
boundaries of an infinitesimal element.
• In dilute gases, the momentum transport occurs due to
molecules randomly crossing the boundary.
• Carry momentum across in the appropriate direction.
• Often referred to as the kinetic contribution to the stress.
• In liquids, the transport of momentum can occur without
physical translation of molecules via short-ranged forces acting
between pairs of molecules on either side of the boundary.
• Separated by a distance comparable to the range of the inter-
molecular potential.
• Considered as the potential contribution to the stress.
• Clearly, the total effect of short-ranged forces acting on a
differential element is decided by its surface area rather than the
volume.
 The System of Surface Forces in Fluid Flows

• Mechanical forces.
• Electro-kinetic forces.
• Electroosomosic Forces
• Electrophoresic Forces
 Surface Forces are due to Surface of Control Volume

  v     
   .v v dV  FB  FS
V t  
t 
The Second term on the right-hand side of above equation
represents the resultant surface force acting on the entire control
surface.
As discussed before, force is an extensive quantity and hence
 
surface force is proportional to surface area. Fs   dFs
dFs is written as a scalar product of the SC
 
stress tensor and area vector acting on Fs  nˆ  dS
the surface element ds:
S
C

Depending on the global surface under study, this gives a force

vector which can be decomposed into a normal and a shear forces.
 Components of Forces

 
 ˆ 
nˆ     nˆ. p  t .

n is the normal unit vector that points away from the surface.
t is the tangential unit vector.
The negative signs of n and t have been chosen to indicate that the
pressure p and the shear stress  are exerted by the surroundings on
the surface S.
Thus, the surface force acting on a differential surface is:

 

dFs  nˆ. pdS  t . dS
ˆ
 Dealing with Surface Forces

  v  
 ˆ
 
t
  

 .v v dV  FB    n. p  t . dS
ˆ 
V t    SC

 v  
 ˆ
 

V t dV  S nˆ.v v dS  S  nˆ. p  t . dS  FB


C C C

In above equation, the integration must be carried out over the

entire control surface.
Fora control surface consisting of inlet, exit, and wall surfaces,
the second integral on the left-hand side gives:
   
 nˆ.v v dS 
SC
 nˆ.v v dS 
S Cin
 nˆ.v v dS 
S Cout
 nˆ.v v dS
S CW

the first integral on the right-hand side gives


 ˆ 
 ˆ 
 ˆ 
 ˆ
       
   
 nˆ. p  t . dS    nˆ. p  t . dS    nˆ. p  t . dS   nˆ. p  t . dS
SC S Cin S Cout S CW
 Superiority of Volume Integral

  v     
   .v v dV  FB  FS
V t  
t 
The total vector surface force can also be defined as surface force
per unit volume
These are the surface forces, by external agent on the sides of an unit
volume element.

 ˆ  xx ˆ  xy  
i j kˆ xz 
x x x
    

dF  ˆ  yx ˆ  yy ˆ  yz f surface    
 i j k 
dV y y y
 
  zx  zy ˆ  zz 
iˆ ˆ
j k 
 z z z 
Differential Form of Momentum Conservation
Equations for Fluid Flows

  v  
 
t
  
 

 .v v dV   f B dV      dV
V t    V t  V t 


 v    

 .v v   f B    
t
 The Fluid at Rest : Clue From Pascal’s First Law
From the definition of a fluid, the stresses parallel to planes must
vanish if the fluid is at rest.
Thus the shear stresses are zero, and the normal stresses become
equal to the hydrostatic pressure:
 xx   yy   zz   p
Parallel component of stress are represented as  xy , yz , zx etc.,...

 xy   yz   zx  0
We must ensure that the stresses in general flow reduce to this
special case when the velocity is zero.
 Localized Action & Reaction in a fluid Flow

Stress tensor is the more fundamental

quantity, characterizing the fluid response to
an imposed deformation.
 Relationship between Stress Tensor and
Deformation Tensor
• The surface forces resulting from the stress tensor causes a
deformation of fluid particles.
• An attempt to find a functional relationship between the
stress tensor and the velocity gradient is an essential
hypothesis to be invented !!!

 
  f v 
 1 
 T 1 
 
T
v  v  v  v  v
2 2


 
 
   
 v    
v  D  

 
 

  f   ,  
 