ROLE

ROLE OF
OFDN1,
DNA,RN1
RNAAND
AND
PR4T23NS
PROTEINSININTHE
THE
TRANSMISSION
TRANSMISSION
OF
OFH2R2D3T1RY
HEREDITARYTRAITS
TRAITS

BIOTECHNOLOGY 8

Prepared by: Novie Joy Catedral Hontiveros

 OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students can:

31 2
showcase their ability to
appreciate the
accurately identify
interconnected roles of
Identify the steps in the amino acids within a
DNA, RNA, and
central dogma of given sequence of
proteins in the
Molecular Biology; peptides or proteins
transmission of
through interactive
hereditary traits.
activities; and
INTRODUCTION

Our cells have different functions such

as reproduction, digestion, metabolism
and even death. These functions
depend on a sequence of organic bases
which provides a code that controls
different processes in our body as well
as in other organisms. These organic
bases are instructions that lead to the
production of proteins.
 Different types of cells carry out
different functions. The cell carries out
two important tasks: it copies its genes
so that a set can be passed on to each
daughter cell during cell division and it
uses its genes to synthesize proteins
that are involved in the expression of
hereditary traits.
DNA_vs_RNA_-_5_Differences_Between_DNA_and_R
NA(360p).mp4
 Structure of DNA
James W1ts4n
In 1953, J1m2s Watson and Francis
Crick
Crick established the structure of
DNA. The shape of DNA is a double
helix. The sides of the ladder are made
up of alternating sugar and phosphate
molecules. The sugar is deoxyribose.
PHOSPHATE
BASE

DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR
 Structure of DNA
The rungs of the ladder are pairs of
4 types of nitrogen bases. The
information in DNA is stored as a
code made up of four chemical
bases:
adenine (A)
guanine (G)
cytosine (C)
thymine (T)
 DNA Replication
DNA can replicate, or make copies
of itself. Each strand of DNA in the
double helix can serve as a pattern
for duplicating the sequence of
bases. This is an important event
when cells divide because each new
cell needs to have an exact copy of
the DNA present in the old cell.
DNA_replication,simple_animation(360p).mp4
 The Role of RNA in Transmission of
Hereditary Traits

DNA intermediate
This are considered as blueprint
message of
is called
life, and to ‘read’
messenger RNA these
(mRNA),blueprints,
and it
the double-helical
carries DNA is
the instructions forunzipped
making
to proteins.
expose theTheindividual
mRNA isstrands
then
and an enzyme
transported translates
outside them
of the nucleus,
intoorganelles
to the a mobile, intermediate
responsible for
message, called ribonucleic
manufacturing proteins, theacid
(RNA).
ribosome.
 Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
The 'Central Dogma' is the process by which the
instructions in DNA are converted into a functional
product which is protein in the form of amino acid. The
central dogma suggests that DNA contains the
information needed to make all of our proteins, and
that RNA is a messenger that carries this information to
the ribosome.
 Genes provide necessary
information for building proteins.
However, they don’t directly create
proteins. The production of
proteins is completed through two
processes: transcription and
translation
 Transcription and translation take
the information in DNA and use it
to produce proteins. Transcription
uses a strand of DNA as a template
to build a molecule called RNA. The
RNA molecule is the link between
DNA and the production of
proteins.
 Translation is the process where
the information carried in mRNA
molecules is used to create
proteins. The specific sequence of
nucleotides in the mRNA molecule
provide the code for the production
of a protein with a specific
sequence of amino acids.
From_DNA_to_protein_-_3D(360p).mp4
 The Genetic Code
The genetic code is the set of "rules"
that a cell uses to interpret the
nucleotide sequence within a
molecule of mRNA
RNA molecules only contain four
different types of nitrogenous bases
but there are 20 different amino
acids that are used to build
proteins.
 Reading the Genetic Code
Methionine is specified by the
codon AUG, which is also known
as the start codon. Consequently,
methionine is the first amino acid
to dock in the ribosome during the
synthesis of proteins. The codons
UAA, UAG, and UGA are the stop
codons that signal the termination
of translation.
 Valine
Cysteine
Lysine
Serine
Leucine
 The Genetic Code
Each three-base ‘word’ is called a
‘codon’ and the series of codons hold
the information for the production of the
polypeptide chain.

The three-letter nature of codons means

that the four nucleotides found in mRNA
(A, U, G, and C) can produce a total of
64 different combinations.
The Genetic Code Table
The Genetic Code Chart

RNA DNA
 Reading The Genetic Code
Use the codon chart to determine the amino acid
sequence. Remember to read through the strand and
ONLY start on AUG and STOP when it tells you to stop.
DNA: AGA CGG TAC CTC CGG TGG GTG CTT GTC TGT ATC CTT CTC
RNA: UCU GCC AUG GAG GCC ACC CAC GAA CAG ACA UAG GAA GAG
Protein: start- glu- ala- thre- hist- asp- glu- thre- stop
acid acid

Adenine (A)=Uracil (U)

Thymine (T) =Adenine (A
Guanine (G)=Cytosine (C)
Brainstorm with your group and create a concept map to
elaborate your understanding about the topic. Prepare to
discuss your output in the class.

“Concept Mapping”
Done